3.3: Grammaire - présentation
- Page ID
- 153450
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)French has two future tenses -- the futur proche and the futur simple. The futur proche is formed with the auxiliary aller which is followed by an infinitive (Je vais partir. 'I'm going to leave'). The futur simple doesn't have an auxiliary. Instead, the infinitive form becomes the stem to which future endings are added (Je partirai. 'I will leave').
The two tenses are virtually interachangeable in most contexts, especially in spoken French. So what is the difference? In general, the two tenses differ in their level of formality; the future proche is used in more informal contexts and the simple future in more formal contexts. Thus, the futur proche is primarily used in speech and less frequently in writing. According to traditional grammars, the two tenses also differ in their relative distance to the present moment. The future proche, also called the futur immédiat, typically refers to a time very close to the present moment, i.e, the near or immediate future. The futur simple, on the other hand, is often used for events in the more distant future. Because the futur simple is associated with distant future events, it often takes on a detached, objective quality making it the preferred tense for future events that represent general truths.
For example: Qui vivra, verra (Whoever will live, will see)
The two tenses also indicate a difference in the speaker's perception of the future event. The futur proche indicates that the speaker is relatively certain that the future event will actually happen. In contrast, the futur simple indicates that the speaker is less certain of the future event coming to pass.
Suppose that a very disturbed man has just climbed out onto the ledge of a skyscraper. The man begins to lose his balance. A horrified onlooker sees the man beginning to teeter and screams (choose what is more plausible):
1. Il tombera ! (futur simple) 2. Il va tomber ! (futur proche)
- Answer
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2. Il va tomber ! (futur proche)
The 'simple' future (le futur) is so-named because it is a one-word tense. In other words, its formation is simple because there is no auxiliary.
The endings for the simple future are: -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont. The future stem for -er and -ir verbs is the infinitive. For regular -re verbs, the stem is the infinitive minus the final e. In all cases, the future stem ends in -r: this sound characterizes the future and the conditional. The French simple future tense is generally translated into English with the modal auxiliary 'will.'
| nager 'to swim' | |
| je nagerai, I will swim | nous nagerons, we will swim |
| tu nageras, you will swim | vous nagerez, you will swim |
| il, elle / on nagera, he, she (it) / one will swim |
ils / elles nageront, they will swim |
Some -er verbs with spelling changes in the present form their future regularly, that is, their future stem is the infinitive. These include verbs like préférer (je préférerai), manger (je mangerai) and commencer (je commencerai). Other -er verbs with spelling changes in the present (appeler, employer, acheter) have irregular future stems.
| réfléchir 'to think' | |
| je réfléchirai, I will think | nous réfléchirons, we will think |
| tu réfléchiras, you will think | vous réfléchirez, you will think |
| il, elle / on réfléchira, he, she (it) / one will think | ils / elles réfléchiront, they will think |
| rendre 'to give back' | |
| je rendrai, I will give back | nous rendrons, we will give back |
| tu rendras, you will give back | vous rendrez, you will give back |
| il, elle / on rendra, he, she (it) / one will give back | ils / elles rendront, they will give back |
Many verbs which are irregular in the present tense have regular formations in the future. Their future stems are the infinitive or the infinitive minus the final e. Such verbs include sortir (je sortirai), partir (je partirai), dormir (je dormirai), boire (je boirai), dire (je dirai), écrire (j'écrirai), lire (je lirai), mettre (je mettrai), prendre (je prendrai), and suivre (je suivrai).
1. Les étudiants de UH (partir) en France en été. 2. Shasta (manger) de la viande ce weekend. 3. Je (choisir) mon futur partenaire en prenant en compte notre compatibilté astrologique.
- Answer
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1. partiront 2. mangera 3. choisirai
Some irregular verbs also have irregular future stems. Nevertheless, the future endings are the same for all verbs: -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont. The future stem for the verb être is ser- and the future stem for the verb avoir is aur-.
| être 'to be' | |
| je serai, I will be | nous serons, we will be |
| tu seras, you will be | vous serez, you will be |
| il, elle / on sera, he, she (it) / one will be | ils / elles seront, they will be |
| avoir 'to have' | |
| j'aurai, I will have | nous aurons, we will have |
| tu auras, you will have | vous aurez, you will have |
| il, elle / on aura, he, she (it) / one will have | ils / elles auront, they will have |
Here are the most common verbs that have irregular future stems:
| infinitive | stem | future | translation |
| aller | ir- | j'irai | I will go |
| courir | courr- | je courrai | I will run |
| devoir | devr- | je devrai | I will be obliged to |
| envoyer | enverr- | j'enverrai | I will send |
| faire | fer- | je ferai | I will do |
| falloir | faudr- | il faudra | it will be necessary |
| mourir | mourr- | je mourrai | I will die |
| obtenir | obtiendr- | j'obtiendrai | I will obtain |
| pleuvoir | pleuvr- | il pleuvra | it will rain |
| pouvoir | pourr- | je pourrai | I will be able |
| recevoir | recevr- | je recevrai | I will receive |
| savoir | saur- | je saurai | I will know |
| tenir | tiendr- | je tiendrai | I will hold |
| venir | viendr- | je viendrai | I will come |
| voir | verr- | je verrai | I will see |
| vouloir | voudr- | je voudrai | I will want |
Verbs with spelling changes like appeler, employer, and acheter add -r to the present tense je form to create their future stems, but other -er verbs verbs with spelling changes including préférer, manger, and commencer have regular future stems.
| present tense | stem | future | translation |
| j'appelle | appeller- | j'appellerai | I will call |
| j'emploie | emploier- | j'emploierai | I will use |
| j'achète | achèter- | j'achèterai | I will buy |
1. Les étudiants de UH (voir) la Tour Eiffel à Paris. 2. Shasta (faire) du sport le weekend prochain. 3. Dans dix ans tu (être) heureux.
- Answer
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1. verront 2. fera 3. seras
Pronominal verbs often express reflexive actions, that is, the subject performs the action on itself. If the subject performs the action on someone else, the verb is not reflexive.
For example : Je me lave vs. Je lave mon chien.
However, some pronominal verbs are idiomatic and do not represent reflexive actions per se. s'amuser (to have fun) and se reposer (to rest) are examples of pronominal verbs with idiomatic meanings. The following list includes common idiomatic pronominal verbs:
| s'amuser, to have fun |
| se dépêcher, to hurry |
| s'endormir, to fall asleep |
| s'ennuyer, to be bored |
| s'entendre, to get along |
| se fâcher, to get angry |
| se marier, to get married |
| se passer, to happen |
| se reposer, to rest |
| se sentir, to feel |
| se souvenir de, to remember |
| se taire, to be silent |
| se tromper, to make a mistake |
| se trouver, to be (situated) |
A third category of pronominal verbs expresses a reciprocal action between more than one person, s'aimer or se parler, for example. The English equivalent often uses the phrase 'each other' to represent this reciprocal action. Here is a list of common reciprocal verbs:
| s'aimer, to love each other |
| se détester, to hate each other |
| se disputer, to argue |
| s'embrasser, to kiss |
| se parler to talk to each other |
| se quitter, to leave each other |
| se regarder, to look at each other |
| se retrouver, to meet each other |
| se téléphoner, to telephone each other |
To form the imperative of pronominal verbs, drop the subject pronoun and then attach the reflexive pronoun with a hyphen to the right side of the verb. The reflexive pronoun te becomes toi when used in the imperative. Dépêche-toi! Hurry up!, Souvenons-nous. Let's remember., Amusez-vous! Have fun!
1. Je (ne pas s'ennuyer) pendant mes cours. 2. Nous (se dépêcher) pour arriver à l'heure. 3. Mes amis (s'amuser) bien en boîtes de nuit.
- Answer
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1. je ne m'ennuie pas... 2. nous nous dépêchons... 3. Mes amis s'amusent...
This page is an adoptation of Francais Interactif. For more information, see the following links:
https://www.laits.utexas.edu/tex/gr/taf4.html
https://www.laits.utexas.edu/tex/gr/...x/gr/vpr1.html
https://www.laits.utexas.edu/tex/gr/vpr1.html