5.5: Phonétique
- Page ID
- 219911
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)French has a system of phonetic linking called liaison:
Example: Shasta joue avec ses ͜ amis.
Liaison is similar to the distinction in English between a and an:
Example: A boy eats a banana. A boy eats an ͜ apple.
Depending on the environment, liaison can be either obligatory (obligatoire), optional (facultatif), or forbidden (interdit).
Below is a summary of some of these environments and the appropriate level of liaison.
1. determiner + noun
Examples: un ͜ acteur, son ͜ ordinateur, les ͜ écrans, mes ͜ amis, trois ͜ enfants
2. determiner + adjective / adjective + noun
Examples: les ͜ autres ͜ entreprises, les petites ͜ annonces, les grands ͜ écrivains
3. after a preposition or a short adverb
Examples: sans ͜ elle, très ͜ utile
4. pronoun + verb
Examples: ils ͜ écrivent, on ͜ apprécie
1. singular noun + adjective
Example: un client×honnête
2. any noun that is a subject + the following verb
Example: Vincent×arrive. L'enfant×est petit.
3. before h-aspiré
Example: des×haricots verts, ces×hérissons
1. after trop, pas, plus
Example: trop important ou trop ͜ important, pas intelligent ou pas ͜ intelleigent
2. plural noun + adjectif
Example: les langues autochtones ou les langues ͜ autochtones, trois ͜ enfants adorables ou trois ͜ enfants ͜ adorables
The words starting with an H aspiré are of a Germanic origin. By contrast, words that start with an H muet are of a Latin origin. Long time ago, the H aspiré was not silent, it was pronounced. Now, although it is silent, H aspiré still behaves like a consonant: there is no élision before words beginning with an H aspiré and no liaison either. Try to remember which words have an H aspiré at the onset.
Examples of H aspiré: la honte, la haine, un× handicap, le héros, la Hollande, des× hérissons, un× hibou, le hasard, la hiérarchie.
Lisez les expressions suivantes.
ces petits enfants
ils arrivent
deux héros
pas encore
de grands éléphants
le premier hôtel
aux écoliers
aux anciens invités
des étudiants ennuyés
un petit éléphant
des handicaps
en Égypte
Aknowledgment: some parts of this page are partially adopted from Francais Interactif.