3.3: Grammaire - présentation
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Les verbes irréguliers en IR (comme ouvrir)
A very limited group of verbs with infinitives ending in -ir are irregular, that is, they do not follow the pattern of regular ir-verbs like finir. Verbs like ouvrir are conjugated in present instead like regular er-verbs.
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Verbs conjugated like ouvrir include:
| couvrir, to cover |
| découvrir, to discover |
| offrir, to offer, to give (a gift) |
| souffrir, to suffer |
1. Nous .... (offrir / souffrir) des cadeaux à nos parents. 2. Mes amis ... (couvrir / découvrir) la France pour la première fois. 3. Je ... (souffrir / couvrir) ma tête pour me protéger du soleil.
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1. offrons 2. découvrent 3. couvre
A direct object is a noun following the verb that answers the questions 'what?' or 'whom?' Remember a pronoun replaces a noun, and in this case the noun is a direct object. For example, Sasha might ask: 'Shasta, will you hug me ?', where the direct object pronoun 'me' stands for Sasha. Whether a verb takes a direct object or not depends on whether the specific verb is transitive or intransitive.
Direct object pronouns in French agree in number and gender with the nouns they replace.
Examples: Je vois ma copine => Je la vois.
Je vois mes amis => Je les vois.
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Note that le/l' can replace an adjective or a verb.
Exampes: Sasha et Shasta sont amoureux ? - Oui, ils le sont.
Est-ce que tu vas manger ? Oui, je vais le faire.
1. Shasta écoute la musique. => Shasta ... écoute. 2. Sasha regarde le match. => Sasha .... regarde. 3. Les étudiants adorent les sports. => Les étudiants ... adorent.
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1. l' 2. le 3. les
Direct object pronouns precede the verb of which they are the object. In a composed tense (like the passé composé), the pronoun precedes the auxiliary. In infinitive constructions, the pronoun goes immediately before the infinitive. When the conjugated verb is negative, the ne precedes the object pronoun.
Examples: Obélix adore la viande = > Obélix l'adore.
Hier, Obélix a célébré son anniversaire. => Obélix l'a célébré.
Shasta va regarder ce film. => Shasta va le regarder.
In the negative imperative, the pronoun follows the normal placement before the verb. However, in the affirmative imperative, the object pronoun goes after the verb and is attached to it by a hyphen. In addition, me and te become moi and toi.
Examples: N'achète pas ces cartes. => Ne les achète pas.
Achète ce gâteau => Achète-le.
Embrasse-moi.
1. Tu as fait tes devoirs ? Oui, ... Non....
2. Est-ce que Shasta va porter ce T-shirt rouge ? Oui, ... Non ...
3. Tu envoies cet email ? => Oui, ... Non, ....
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1. Oui, je les ai faits. Non, je ne les ai pas faits.
2. Oui, Shasta va le porter. Non, Shasta ne va pas le porter.
3. Oui, je l'envoie. Non, je ne l'envoie pas.
The past participle agrees in gender and in number with a preceding direct object. In other words, if the direct object pronoun is feminine, add an e to the end of the past participle; if the pronoun is masculine plural, add an s (unless the past participle already ends in s); if it is feminine plural, add es.
Examples: J'ai fait mes devoirs, je les ai faits.
J'ai envoyé cette lettre, je l'ai envoyée.
1. Cette belle voiture, je l'ai acheté (?). 2. Ce beau film, je l'ai regardé (?). 3. Mes vieux amis, je les ai vu (?).
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1. Cette belle voiture, je l'ai achetée 2. Ce beau film, je l'ai regardé 3. Mes vieux amis, je les ai vus.
An indirect object is a person which receives the action of a verb indirectly. In French the indirect object is always preceded by the preposition à and in English by the preposition 'to' : Shasta offre des fleurs à Sasha. (Shasta gives flowers to Sasha.) An indirect object pronoun indicates à + a person. In the sentence 'Shasta offre des fleurs à Sasha', 'Sasha' is the indirect object. The indirect object pronoun that replaces 'à Sasha' is lui: Shasta lui offre des fleurs. (Shasta gives flowers to her.) Following are the French indirect object pronouns:
| me / m' (to me) | nous (to us) |
| te / t' (to you) | vous (to you) |
| lui (to him/to her) | leur (to them) |
An indirect object pronoun is placed just before the verb of which it is the object. In a composed tense (like the passé composé), the pronoun precedes the auxiliary. In infinitive constructions, the pronoun goes immediately before the infinitive. When the conjugated verb is negative, the ne precedes the object pronoun. Note that, in compound tenses (such as the passé composé), there is no agreement between the past participle and the indirect object. In the affirmative imperative, the indirect object pronoun is placed after the verb it is the object of and attached to it by a hyphen. In addition, me and te become moi and toi.
Examples: Obélix offre de la potion magique à Astérix. => Obélix lui offre de la potion magique.
Hier, Shasta a téléphoné à ses amis. Hier, Shasta leur a téléphoné.
Nous allons donner un cadeau à notre maman. => Nous allons lui donner un cadeau.
Donne-lui un cadeau ! Ne leur téléphone pas !
1. Est-ce que tu as parlé au professeur ? - Oui, .... / Non, ....
2. Est-ce que vous aimez offrir des cadeaux à vos amis ? - Oui, ... / Non, ...
3. Les étudiants écrivent-ils souvent à leurs parents ? - Oui, ... / Non, ...
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1. Oui, je lui ai parlé. / Non, je ne lui ai pas parlé.
2. Oui, nous aimons leur offrir des cadeaux. / Non, nous n'aimons pas leur offrir des cadeaux.
3. Oui, les étudiants leur écrivent souvent. / Non, les étudiants ne leur écrivent pas souvent.
The imperfect tense (l'imparfait), one of several past tenses in French, is used to describe states of being and habitual actions in the past. It also has several idiomatic uses.
| verb | present tense 'nous' form |
imparfait stem |
| -er verbs: parler | nous parlons | parl- |
| -ir verbs: finir | nous finissons | finiss- |
| -re verbs: descendre | nous descendons | descend- |
| faire | nous faisons | fais- |
| prendre | nous prenons | pren- |
| partir | nous partons | part- |
| être | nous sommes | ét- |
The stem of the imparfait is the first person plural (nous) form of the present tense, minus the -ons. The imparfait stem is regular for all verbs except être. To the stem, add the endings -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, and -aient. Listen carefully to the pronunciation of the verbs danser, finir and être in the imparfait tense. Note that -ais, -ais, -ait, and -aient are all pronounced alike. That means that the singular forms and 3rd person plural (the boot) all sound the same!
| danser 'to dance' | |
| je dansais | nous dansions |
| tu dansais | vous dansiez |
| il / elle / on dansait | ils / elles dansaient |
| finir 'to finish' | |
| je finissais | nous finissions |
| tu finissais | vous finissiez |
| il / elle / on finissait | ils / elles finissaient |
| être 'to be' | |
| j'étais | nous étions |
| tu étais | vous étiez |
| il / elle / on était | ils / elles étaient |
Stem-changing verbs like voyager and commencer add an e or ç to maintain the soft g or s sound, before imparfait endings which begin with a (je voyageais, tu voyageais, il / elle / on voyageait, ils / elles voyageaient), in other words, before all forms except nous and vous (nous voyagions, vous voyagiez).
The imparfait of pronominal verbs is regular, with the addition of the reflexive pronoun:
| s'amuser 'to have fun' | |
| je m'amusais | nous nous amusions |
| tu t'amusais | vous vous amusiez |
| il / elle / on s'amusait | ils / elles s'amusaient |
The negation is formed as usual by placing ne ... pas around the conjugated verb: Je ne dansais pas (I wasn't dancing / I didn't used to dance), Tu ne t'amusais pas (You weren't having a good time / You didn't used to have a good time).
1. Shasta joue au foot. 2. Tu aimes offrir les cadeaux. 3. Les étudiants sont motivés. 4. Nous achetons des bougies.
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1. Shasta jouait au foot. 2. Tu aimais offrir les cadeaux. 3. Les étudiants étaient motivés. 4. Nous achetions des bougies.
The imperfect tense (l'imparfait) has two primary uses: to describe on-going actions and states of being in the past, and to state habitual actions in the past. The imparfait also has several idiomatic uses. The passé composé and imparfait are each used quite differently in narration.
states of being or past description
The imparfait is used to describe people, places, conditions or situations in the past. Some verbs occur more frequently in the imparfait when they are in the past since they typically describe states of being: être, avoir, vouloir, pouvoir. But these verbs do sometimes occur in the passé composé.
Examples: Shasta était heureux car l'équipe de UH a gagné un match de foot.
Quand j'avais 10 ans j'étais très timide.
habitual actions in the past
The imparfait is also used to state habitual actions in the past. These past habits are often translated as 'used to, or 'would.' Distinguish between the use of 'would' for habitual past actions (imparfait) and the use of 'would' for the conditionnal. Note that the imparfait may also be translated by the simple past in English; however, the context, and often adverbs, let you know the action is a past habit.
Examples: Quand Obélix était petit il allait souvent dans la forêt et jouait à cache-cache avec ses amis. On s'amusait beaucoup !
idiomatic uses
1. Suggestions: the imparfait is used to suggest an action in phrases beginning with Si on ... ?
Example: Et si on allait au cinéma ce soir ?
2. Wishes: The imparfait is used to express wishes such as 'If only we didn't have a test this week!' The French equivalent structure, si + imparfait, may, or may not, contain the adverb seulement:
Example: Si seulement nous avions beaucoup d'argent!
1. Si on organisait une petite célébration ce weekend ? 2. Sasha était nerveuse à cause du grand match. 3. Marion Cotillard jouait souvent dans le théâtre de son père quand elle était petite.
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1. suggestion 2. state of being in the past 3. habitual action in the past
Aknowledgment: some parts of this page are partially adopted from Francais Interactif.