1.3: Dependent Vowels, and Vowel-Consonant Conjugation
Dependent Vowels
Vowels in Hindi can be written independently (we learned this in the last part) and dependently. When we write a word we need to conjugate consonant with vowel letter. In order to write that consonant and vowel clusters, we need to use dependent vowel marking attached with consonant. Here is a list of dependent vowel markers.
| Independent | अ | आ | इ | ई | उ |
| Dependent |
Ø |
ा |
ि |
ी |
ु |
| Independent | ऊ | ए | ऐ | ओ | औ |
| Dependent |
ू |
े |
ै |
ो |
ौ |
| Independent | अं | अ: | ऋ | ||
| Dependent |
ं |
ः |
ृ |
Dependent Vowel Letters with Consonant Letters
Please watch the following video to learn how dependent vowels conjugate with consonant letters. Table 7 also shows examples of how half consonants are conjugating with dependent vowels.
Instructor Video: Dependent vowel and consonant conjugation
| Half consonants | |||||||||
| क् | ग् | त् | द् | प् | व् | स् | ह् | ||
|
Independent
Vowels
|
Dependent
Vowels |
Conjugated consonant letters | |||||||
|
अ |
Ø |
क | ग | त | द | प | व | स | ह |
|
आ |
ा |
का | गा | ता | दा | पा | वा | सा | हा |
| इ |
ि |
कि | गि | ति | दि | पि | वि | सि | हि |
| ई |
ी |
की | गी | ती | दी | पी | वी | सी | ही |
| उ |
ु |
कु | गु | तु | दु | पु | वु | सु | हु |
| ऊ |
ू |
कू | गू | तू | दू | पू | वू | सू | हू |
| ए |
े |
के | गे | ते | दे | पे | वे | से | हे |
| ऐ |
ै |
कै | गै | तै | दै | पै | वै | सै | है |
| ओ |
ो |
को | गो | तो | दो | पो | वो | सो | हो |
| औ |
ौ |
कौ | गौ | तौ | दौ | पौ | वौ | सौ | हौ |
| अं |
ं |
कं | गं | तं | दं | पं | वं | सं | हं |
| अ: |
ः |
क: | ग: | त: | द: | प: | व: | स: | x |
| ऋ |
ृ |
कृ | गृ | तृ | दृ | पृ | वृ | सृ | हृ |
Test Yourself
https://openbooks.lib.msu.edu/ll151/?p=681
Reading and Writing Task
Please try to read the words in Worksheet 4 (below). You can write them down in Roman script then watch the video and check your answer.
| काका | काला | काकी | कोख | घी |
| गमला | कुछ | चाचा | झकाझक | चखो |
| कई | आग | कोई | कौआ | अचूक |
| जाओ | आओ | टोपी | डाकू | ढीली |
| बगीचा | माता | थोड़ा | लड़का | लड़की |
| कठिनाई | किताब | देवनागरी | बारिश | शाबाश |
| सिलाई | ऋण | कृपया | भाषण | पृथ्वी |
| प्रकाश | कार्य | प्रगति | ग्राहक | वर्तमान |
| कुर्सी | चक्र | नम्रता | पर्व | मर्द |
Instructor Video: Feedback on Worksheet 4
Consonants Cluster/Conjunct Consonants
Similar Consonants Cluster
In Hindi, similar consonants can come together in a word. They are pronounced as a lengthened consonants.
For example:
| प क्का | ब च्चा | कु त्ता |
| pa kka a | ba chcha a | ku tta a |
Different Consonants Cluster
In Hindi, different consonants can come together in a word. For pronunciation, one should start with the place of articulation of the first consonant, but move the tongue position to the second consonant before releasing the air.
For example:
| स त्य | प्या र | त्व चा |
| sa ty | pya ar | twa chaa |
Dependent Vowel-Consonants Cluster Conjugation
When the dependent vowels come together with the consonant clusters, the dependent vowels are marked at the second consonant in a consonant cluster.
Exception the short “i” [इ/ि) marker, the short “i” marker comes before the half/first consonant in a consonant cluster.
For example:
| आ | इ | ई | उ | ऊ | ए | ऐ | ओ | औ |
| ा | ि | ी | ु | ू | े | ै | ो | ौ |
| क्या | श क्ति | पत्नी | च्युत | न्यूनतम | क्लेश | द्वैत | त्योहार | प्रौढ़ |
| kyaa | shakti | patnii | chyut | nyoonatam | klesh | dvait | tyohaar | prauRh |
Test Yourself
Reading and Writing Task
Please try to read the words in Worksheet 5 (below). You can write them down in Roman script then watch the video and check your answer.
| मुख्य | सत्य | मक्खन | क्लास | ग्लास |
| बच्चा | ग्रहण | मट्ठा | ज्ञान | ज्यादा |
| मध्य | विद्या | त्वचा | वत्स | न्याय |
| स्वाद | शक्ति | प्यार | स्तम्भ | कक्षा |
| स्तब्ध | वात्सल्य | भक्ति | वृद्ध | पृष्ट |
Instructor Video: Feedback on Worksheet 5
धन्यवाद !