1.28: The Imperfect and Aorist Indicative of λέγω, ἔχω, ἐργάζομαι, δίδωμι, τίθημι
Module 23
© 2021 Philip S. Peek, CC BY 4.0 https://doi.org/ 10.11647/OBP.0264. 28
The Verb
In Greek and in English verbs have the same definition and functions. Verbs are words that represent actions ( throw ) and states of being ( be or exist ). They differ in the same fundamental way that Greek nouns differ from their English counterparts: they use endings to create meaning in a way that English does not. The Greek verb ( ῥῆμα ) in its finite form has an ending that indicates what person and number the subject is. The Greek infinitive has an ending that indicates that it is unmarked for person and number .
μι- Verbs Contrasted with ω- Verbs
μι -Verbs conjugate in the same way that ω -verbs do but employ different stems and endings in some tenses. With regard to the concepts of aspect and time, ω-verbs and μι-verbs are the same. They are also the same in how they form their augments. As is the case with ω -verbs , to conjugate μι -verbs with accuracy, you must add the correct ending to the correct tense stem.
The Past Indicative Augment
Past time is indicated in verbs that begin with a consonant by adding the prefix, ἐ - , called the past indicative augment . In verbs that begin with a vowel or diphthong the past indicative augment is created as outlined in the chart found below.
|
Unaugmented Stem Vowel |
Augmented Stem Vowel |
|
α |
η |
|
ᾱ |
η |
|
η |
η |
|
ε |
η |
|
ι |
ῑ |
|
ῑ |
ῑ |
|
ο |
ω |
|
υ |
ῡ |
|
ῡ |
ῡ |
|
αι |
ῃ |
|
αυ |
ηυ |
|
ει |
ῃ |
|
ευ |
ηυ |
|
οι |
ῳ |
|
ου |
ου |
|
ω |
ω |
The imperfect, aorist, and pluperfect indicative tenses have a past indicative augment. Consider the different ways that the English verb creates past tenses and compare and contrast them with how the Greek verb does. Also take note that when a verb has a prefix, the accent never moves beyond the past indicative augment,
προ εῖδον Ι or they forsaw .
Tense-Aspect
Time (tense) refers to the past, present, and future. Aspect refers to whether an action is incomplete (imperfective), complete (perfective), or in a state (stative). The present tense stem, which is used to form the present and imperfect tenses, communicates an incomplete action. The beginnings and ends of the action are undefined. Thus the tense-aspect for the present is present ongoing or repeated and the tense-aspect for the imperfect is past ongoing or repeated (imperfective). The aorist tense stem communicates a completed action as a single whole. The boundaries of the action’s beginning and end define the action as complete (perfective). The future tense stems have a temporal value but no aspect, showing no distinction between the imperfective (incomplete) and perfective (complete) aspect ( CGCG 33.4–6).
The Gnomic Aorist
When it refers to actions that state a general truth or commonality, the aorist tense stresses the universality of the verb’s action or state of being. Read the following sentences,
τέχνη τύχην ἔστερξε καὶ τύχη τέ χνην (Agathon, fragment 6 TrGF 39F6),
Skill loves fortune and fortune loves skill;
and
ῥώμη δὲ μετὰ μὲν φρονήσεως ὠφέλησεν (Isokrates, To Demonikos 5–8),
Strength combined with intelligence creates;
and
παθόντες ἐμάθομεν (Greek proverb),
From suffering we learn.
In each sentence the aorist tense— ἔστερξε ( loves ), ὠφέλησεν ( creates ), ἐμάθομεν ( learn )—is used to express a timeless truth. For more examples, see CGCG 33.31.
The Aorist Contrasted with the Imperfect Tense
Both tenses typically refer to actions that have occurred in past time. The aorist and the imperfect differ in aspect in accordance with what you have just read.
The First Aorist and the Second Aorist
If the third principal part ends in – α or – αμην , it is called a first aorist and if it ends in – ον or – ομην , it is referred to as a second aorist. There is no difference in meaning. Consider the following verbs. Look at the third principal part and note whether it ends in – α , – αμην or – ον , – ομην . First aorist endings are highlighted. Second aorist endings are underlined.
|
ἄγω , ἄξω , ἤγαγ ον do, drive, lead |
second aorist |
|
αἰσθάνομαι , αἰσθήσομαι , ᾐσθ όμην perceive |
second aorist |
|
βουλεύω , βουλεύσω , ἐβούλευσ α plan |
first aorist |
|
γράφω , γράψω , ἔγραψ α write |
first aorist |
|
ἐργάζομαι , ἐργάσομαι , ἠργασ άμην be busy, work at; do |
first aorist |
|
------, ἐρέω , εἶπ ον say |
second aorist |
|
ἔχω , ἕξω or σχ ήσω , ἔσχ ον have, hold |
second aorist |
|
ἔρχομαι , ἐλεύσομαι , ἦλθ ον come, go |
second aorist |
|
θύω , θύσω , ἔθυσ α sacrifice |
first aorist |
|
λέγω , λέξω , ἔλεξ α say, tell, speak |
first aorist |
- In the top 250 vocabulary, this textbook combines the principal parts of λέγω and ------, ἐρέω .
The Aorist of μι- Verbs
The type of aorist a μι - verb has is often ambiguous. Consider these μι -verbs ,
|
δίδωμι |
δώσω |
ἔδωκα * |
δ έδωκα |
δέδομαι |
ἐδόθην |
|
δείκνῡμι |
δεί ξω |
ἔδειξα |
δέδειχα |
δέδειγμαι |
ἐδείχθην |
|
ἵημι |
ἥσω |
- ἧκα * |
- εἷκα |
- εἷμαι |
- εἷθην |
|
ἵ στημι |
στήσω |
ἔστησα |
ἕστηκα |
ἕσταμαι |
ἐστάθην |
|
ἔστην ** |
|||||
|
τίθημι |
θήσω |
ἔθηκα * |
τέθηκα |
τέ θειμαι |
ἐτέθην |
|
φημί |
φήσω |
ἔφησα |
------ |
------ |
------ |
noting that the forms marked by a single asterisk, ἔδωκα , ἔθηκα , and - ἧκα , are referred to as mixed aorists because they use a combination of endings from ω -verbs and μι -verbs . These third principal parts are indistinguishable from first aorist forms. For this reason, you must memorize which μι - verbs have a mixed aorist. The form marked by two asterisks, ἔστην , is called a root aorist because it uses a long-vowel grade in forming the singular and plural of the aorist active and middle. Unmarked forms ἔδειξα , ἔστησα , ἔφησα are first aorists and are conjugated just like first aorists of ω -verbs .
The Infinitive
Remember that in English and in Greek the infinitive is unmarked for person and for number. Ι t is classified as a verbal noun and is best understood by thinking of its function as completing or enhancing the meaning of adjectives, clauses, nouns, and verbs. This is why the infinitive is referred to as a complement. Sometimes classified as a mood, the infinitive is potential in meaning, ἐν δυνάμει , because its action may or may not be realized. There are two types of infinitives, the declarative and the dynamic. Both the declarative and the dynamic infinitives refer to actions which exist potentially or ἐν δυνάμει . The dynamic infinitive is negated by the abverb μή not and not οὐ not . οὐ not typically negates the declarative infinitive with some exceptions.
The Aorist Infinitive Contrasted with the Present Infinitive
Except in indirect statements, covered in detail in Module 25 , where the infinitive stands for an original finite verb, the only difference in meaning between the aorist and present infinitives is aspectual: the aorist infinitive communicates a completed aspect as a single whole; the present infinitive has an incomplete action, whose beginnings and ends are undefined.
Compare and contrast the forms and aspects of the two infinitives:
|
λέγειν to say (incomplete aspect) |
|
λέξαι to say (completed aspect) |
|
εἰπεῖν to say (completed aspect) |
|
ἔχειν to have (incomplete aspect) |
|
σχεῖν to have (completed aspect) |
|
ἐργάζεσθαι to do (incomplete aspect) |
|
ἐργάσασθαι to do (completed aspect) |
|
διδόναι to give (incomplete aspect) |
|
δοῦναι to give (completed aspect) |
Stems for the Imperfect and Aorist Tenses of ω- Verbs
Imperfect Active, Middle, and Passive Tense Stem. To obtain the imperfect tense stem of ω -verbs , remove the ending from the first principal part. What remains is the present and imperfect active, middle, and passive tense stem. If the stem begins with a consonant, add the past indicative augment, ἐ - , to the stem’s beginning. If the stem begins with a vowel or diphthong, augment it in accordance with the past indicative augment chart found above.
The Aorist Active, Middle, and Passive Tense Stem of ω-verbs. The aorist tense stems are formed from principal part III (active and middle) and principal part VI (passive). To obtain the aorist tense stem of ω -verbs , remove the ending from the third or sixth principal part. What remains is the aorist tense stem. In the lexical entries, these forms are already augmented . Consider the principal parts of λύω ,
λύω , λύσω , ἔ λυσα (active and middle), λέλυκα , λέλυμαι , ἐ λύθην (passive),
noting that the third and sixth principal parts are already augmented and that the augmented aorist stems are ἔλυσ - and ἐλ ύθ - .
Endings for the Imperfect and Aorist Tenses of ω- Verbs
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
- In the second person singular of secondary middle and passive and secondary middle endings, intervocalic sigma drops out and the vowels contract: epsilon and omicron, ε + ο , becomes the diphthong ου and alpha and omicron, α + ο , becomes omega, ω .
|
Secondary Passive |
||
|
(Aorist) |
||
|
S |
Pl |
|
|
1 st |
- ην |
- ημεν |
|
2 nd |
- ης |
- ητε |
|
3 rd |
- η |
- ησαν |
First Aorist Infinitive Active
- αι (accent fixed on the penult)
Second Aorist Infinitive Active
- εῖν (accent fixed on the ultima)
First Aorist Infinitive Middle
- ασθαι
Second Aorist Infinitive Middle
- έσθαι (accent fixed on the penult)
Aorist Infinitive Passive
- ῆναι (accent fixed on the penult)
In what follows you learn how to combine stems and endings and how to translate each form into its English equivalent.
Secondary Middle and Passive Endings
The following secondary middle and passive endings are used in forming many of the tenses you learn for the middle and passive voices.
Secondary Middle and Passive
|
S |
P |
|
|
1 st |
- μην |
- μεθα |
|
2 nd |
- σο |
- σθε |
|
3 rd |
- το |
- ντο |
It is a good idea to memorize them now.
Endings in Summary
The charts below restate the same information as is found above, but in a condensed form. Look over the chart and make sure that you understand how to read it.
These ending sets form two past tenses, the imperfect and the aorist, each differing from the other in terms of aspect not time.
Use these endings to form the aorist infinitive. Memorizing the endings now before reading on is recommended.
Conjugation of λέγω, ἔχω, and ἐργάζομαι
The principal parts are these:
λέγω , λέξω , ἔλεξα , ------, λ έλεγμαι , ἐλέχθην
ἔχω (imp. εἶχον ), ἕξω or σχήσω , ἔσχον , ἔσχηκα , - ἔσχημαι , ------
ἐργάζομαι (augments to εἰ and ἠ ), ἐργάσομαι , ἠργασάμην ( εἰργασάμην ), ------, εἴργασμαι , ἠργάσθην
- In the top 250 vocabulary, this texbook combines the principal parts of λέγω and ------, ἐρέω : λέγω , ἐρέω or λέξω , εἶπον or ἔλεξα , εἴρηκα , εἴρημαι or λέλεγμαι , ἐλέχθην or ἐρρήθην say, tell, speak ;
Remember that to conjugate correctly, you need to combine the correct stem with the correct endings.
Imperfect Indicative Active of λέγω
To obtain the imperfect tense stem of λέγω , remove the ending - ω from the first principal part. What remains is the present and imperfect active, middle, and passive tense stem, λεγ - . To this stem, λεγ -, add the past indicative augment, ἐ - , and the imperfect and second aorist active endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and # |
|
ἔλεγον |
I said, was saying, used to say |
1 st person singular |
|
ἔλεγες |
you said, were saying, used to say |
2 nd person singular |
|
ἔλεγε ( ν ) |
he, she, it said, was saying , used to say |
3 rd person singular |
|
ἐ λέγομεν |
we said, were saying, used to say |
1 st person plural |
|
ἐλέγετε |
you said, were saying, used to say |
2 nd person plural |
|
ἔλεγον |
they said, were saying, used to say |
3 rd person plural |
Imperfect Indicative Middle of λέγω
Use the same augmented stem as you did for the active voice, ἐλεγ - . To this stem, add the imperfect and second aorist middle and passive endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and # |
|
ἐλεγ όμην |
I chose, was choosing, used to choose |
1 st person singular |
|
ἐλέγου ( εσο ) |
you chose, were choosing, used to choose |
2 nd person singular |
|
ἐ λέγετο |
he, she, it chose, was choosing, used to choose |
3 rd person singular |
|
ἐλεγόμεθα |
we chose, were choosing, used to choose |
1 st person plural |
|
ἐ λέγεσθε |
you chose, were choosing, used to choose |
2 nd person plural |
|
ἐλέγοντο |
they chose, were choosing, used to choose |
3 rd person plural |
Imperfect Indicative Passive of λέγω
Use the same augmented stem as you did for the active and middle voices, ἐλεγ - . To this stem, add the imperfect and second aorist middle and passive endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and # |
|
ἐλεγόμην |
I was said, used to be said |
1 st person singular |
|
ἐλέγου ( εσο ) |
you were said, used to be said |
2 nd person singular |
|
ἐλέγε το |
he, she, it was said, used to be said |
3 rd person singular |
|
ἐλεγόμεθα |
we were said, used to be said |
1 st person plural |
|
ἐλέγε σθε |
you were said, used to be said |
2 nd person plural |
|
ἐλέγοντο |
they were said, used to be said |
3 rd person plural |
First Aorist Indicative Active of λέ γω
To obtain the aorist tense stem of λέγω , remove the ending - α from the third principal part. What remains is the augmented aorist active and middle tense stem, ἐλεξ - . To this stem, ἐλεξ - , add the first aorist active endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and Number |
|
ἔλεξα |
I said |
1 st person singular |
|
ἔλεξας |
you said |
2 nd person singular |
|
ἔλεξε ( ν ) |
he, she, it said |
3 rd person singular |
|
ἐλέξαμεν |
we said |
1 st person plural |
|
ἐλέξατε |
you said |
2 nd person plural |
|
ἔλεξαν |
they said |
3 rd person plural |
First Aorist Infinitive Active of λέγω
To obtain the stem , remove the past indicative augment from ἐλεξ - . What remains, λεξ - , is the unaugmented stem. To this stem, add the first aorist active infinitive ending, - αι .
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and Number |
|
λέξαι |
to say |
unmarked |
- Note that the first aorist infinitive active is ALWAYS accented on the penult. Thus its accent is persistent. Remember that final - αι and - οι count as short for purposes of accentuation except in the optative, a mood learned in Part II of the 21st-Century series.
First Aorist Indicative Middle of λέγω
Use the same stem as you did for the active voice, ἐλεξ - . To this augmented stem add the first aorist middle endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and Number |
|
ἐλεξάμην |
I chose |
1 st person singular |
|
ἐλέξω ( ασο ) |
you chose |
2 nd person singular |
|
ἐλέξατο |
he, she, it chose |
3 rd person singular |
|
ἐλεξάμεθα |
we chose |
1 st person plural |
|
ἐ λέξασθε |
you chose |
2 nd person plural |
|
ἐλέξαντο |
they chose |
3 rd person plural |
- In the second person singular, intervocalic sigma drops out and the vowels contract: alpha and omicron, α + ο , to ω .
First Aorist Infinitive Middle of λέγω
To obtain the stem remove the past indicative augment from ἐλεξ - . What remains is the unaugmented stem, λεξ - . To this stem add the first aorist middle infinitive ending, - ασθαι .
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and Number |
|
λέξασθαι |
to choose |
unmarked |
- Remember that final - αι and - οι count as short for purposes of accentuation except in the optative, a mood learned in Part II of the 21st-Century series.
Aorist Indicative Passive of λέγω
To obtain the aorist tense stem of λέγω , remove the ending - ην from the sixth principal part. What remains is the augmented aorist passive tense stem, ἐλ έχθ - . To this stem, ἐλέχθ - , add the aorist passive endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and Number |
|
ἐλέχθην |
I was said |
1 st person singular |
|
ἐλέχθης |
you were said |
2 nd person singular |
|
ἐλέχθη |
he, she, it was said |
3 rd person singular |
|
ἐλέ χθημεν |
we were said |
1 st person plural |
|
ἐλέχθητε |
you were said |
2 nd person plural |
|
ἐλέχθησαν |
they were said |
3 rd person plural |
Aorist Infinitive Passive of λέγω
To obtain the stem remove the past indicative augment from ἐλέχθ - . What remains is the unaugmented stem, λ έχθ - . To this stem, add the aorist passive infinitive ending, - ῆναι .
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and Number |
|
λεχθῆναι |
to be said |
unmarked |
- Remember that the aorist infinitive passive is ALWAYS accented on the penult. Thus its accent is persistent. Remember that final - αι and - οι count as short for purposes of accentuation except in the optative, a mood learned in Part II of the 21st-Century series.
Imperfect Indicative Active of ἔχω
To obtain the imperfect tense stem of ἔχω , remove the ending - ω from the first principal part to obtain the stem ἔχ - . Augment the stem, noting that the augmented stem is not the expected eta η - , but rather the diphthong ει - . To this augmented stem, εἰχ - , add the imperfect active endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and # |
|
εἶχον |
I have, was having, used to have |
1 st person singular |
|
ε ἶχες |
you have, were having, used to have |
2 nd person singular |
|
εἶχε ( ν ) |
he, she, it has, was having, used to have |
3 rd person singular |
|
εἴ χομεν |
we have, were having, used to have |
1 st person plural |
|
εἴχετε |
you have, were having, used to have |
2 nd person plural |
|
εἶ χον |
they have, were having, used to have |
3 rd person plural |
- Note that according to the chart the expected past indicative augment for ἔχω is η - . ἔχω is an exception to the general rule for augmenting verbs that begin with vowels.
Imperfect Indicative Middle of ἔχω
Use the same augmented stem as you used for the active voice, εἰχ - . To this stem, add the imperfect middle and passive endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and # |
|
εἰχόμην |
I clung, was clinging, used to cling |
1 st person singular |
|
εἴχου ( εσο ) |
you clung, were clinging, used to cling |
2 nd person singular |
|
εἴχετο |
he, she, it clung, was clinging, used to cling |
3 rd person singular |
|
εἰχόμεθα |
we clung, were clinging, used to cling |
1 st person plural |
|
εἴχεσθε |
you clung, were clinging, used to cling |
2 nd person plural |
|
εἴχοντο |
they clung, were clinging, used to cling |
3 rd person plural |
- In the second person singular, intervocalic sigma drops out and the vowels contract: epsilon and omicron, ε + ο , to ου .
Imperfect Indicative Passive of ἔχω
Use the same stem as you used for the active and middle voices, εἰχ - . To this stem, add the imperfect middle and passive endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and # |
|
εἰχόμην |
I was held, used to be held |
1 st person singular |
|
εἴχου ( εσο ) |
you were held, used to be held |
2 nd person singular |
|
εἴχετο |
he, she, it was held, used to be held |
3 rd person singular |
|
εἰχόμεθα |
we were held, used to be held |
1 st person plural |
|
εἴχεσθε |
you were held, used to be held |
2 nd person plural |
|
εἴχοντο |
they were held, used to be held |
3 rd person plural |
- In the second person singular, intervocalic sigma drops out and the vowels contract: epsilon and omicron, ε + ο , to ου .
Second Aorist Indicative Active of ἔχω
To obtain the aorist tense stem of ἔχω , remove the ending - ον from the third principal part. What remains is the augmented aorist active and middle tense stem, ἐσχ - . To this stem, ἐ σχ - , add the second aorist active endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and Number |
|
ἔσχον |
I had |
1 st person singular |
|
ἔσχες |
you had |
2 nd person singular |
|
ἔ σχε ( ν ) |
he, she, it had |
3 rd person singular |
|
ἔσχομεν |
we had |
1 st person plural |
|
ἔσχετε |
you had |
2 nd person plural |
|
ἔσχον |
they had |
3 rd person plural |
Second Aorist Infinitive Active of ἔχω
To obtain the stem, remove the past indicative augment from ἐσχ - . To this unaugmented stem, σχ - , add the second aorist active infinitive ending, - εῖν .
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and Number |
|
σχεῖν |
to have |
unmarked |
- Note that the second aorist infinitive active is ALWAYS accented on the ultima. Thus its accent is persistent.
Second Aorist Indicative Middle of ἔχω
Use the same stem, ἐσχ - , as you used for the active voice. To this augmented stem, ἐσχ - , add the second aorist middle endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and Number |
|
ἐσχόμην |
I clung |
1 st person singular |
|
ἔσχου ( εσο ) |
you clung |
2 nd person singular |
|
ἔσχετο |
he, she, it clung |
3 rd person singular |
|
ἐσχόμεθα |
we clung |
1 st person plural |
|
ἔ σχεσθε |
you clung |
2 nd person plural |
|
ἔσχοντο |
they clung |
3 rd person plural |
- In the second person singular, intervocalic sigma drops out and the vowels contract: epsilon and omicron, ε + ο , to ου .
Second Aorist Infinitive Middle of ἔχω
To obtain the stem, remove the past indicative augment from ἐσχ - . To this unaugmented stem, σχ - , add the second aorist middle infinitive ending, - έ σθαι .
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and Number |
|
σχέσθαι |
to cling |
unmarked |
- Note that the second aorist infinitive middle is ALWAYS accented on the penult. Thus its accent is persistent. Remember that final - αι and - οι count as short for purposes of accentuation except in the optative, a mood learned in Part II of the 21st-Century series.
Imperfect Indicative of ἐργάζομαι
To obtain the imperfect tense stem of ἐργάζομαι , remove the ending - ομαι from the first principal part to obtain the stem ἐ ργαζ - . Augment the stem to an eta, η - . To this augmented stem, ἠργαζ - , add the imperfect middle and passive endings. Remember that deponent verbs are similar to ω -verbs , except that they have middle and passive forms but active meanings. Deponent ω -verbs conjugate just as ἐργάζομαι does. In the readings use your knowledge of ἐργάζομαι to recognize and translate the forms of other deponent ω -verbs .
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and # |
|
ἠργαζόμην |
I did, was doing, used to do |
1 st person singular |
|
ἠργάζου ( εσο ) |
you did, were doing, used to do |
2 nd person singular |
|
ἠργάζετο |
he, she, it did, was doing, used to do |
3 rd person singular |
|
ἠργαζόμεθα |
we did, were doing, used to do |
1 st person plural |
|
ἠργάζεσθε |
you did, were doing, used to do |
2 nd person plural |
|
ἠργάζοντο |
they did, were doing, used to do |
3 rd person plural |
- In the second person singular, intervocalic sigma drops out and the vowels contract: epsilon and omicron, ε + ο , to ου .
Aorist Indicative of ἐργάζομαι
To obtain the aorist tense stem of ἐργάζομαι , remove the ending - αμην from the third principal part to obtain the augmented stem ἠργασ - . To this stem, ἠργασ - , add the aorist middle endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and Number |
|
ἠργασάμην |
I did |
1 st person singular |
|
ἠργ άσω ( ασο ) |
you did |
2 nd person singular |
|
ἠργάσατο |
he, she, it did |
3 rd person singular |
|
ἠργασ άμεθα |
we did |
1 st person plural |
|
ἠργάσασθε |
you did |
2 nd person plural |
|
ἠργά σαντο |
they did |
3 rd person plural |
- In the second person singular, intervocalic sigma drops out and the vowels contract: alpha and omicron, α + ο , to ω .
Aorist Infinitive of ἐ ργάζομαι
To obtain the stem of ἐργάζομαι , remove the augment from ἠργασ - . To this unaugmented stem, ἐργασ - , add the first aorist middle infinitive ending, - ασθαι .
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and Number |
|
ἐργάσασθαι |
to do |
unmarked |
- Remember that final - αι and - οι count as short for purposes of accentuation except in the optative, a mood learned in Part II of the 21st-Century series.
Stems for the Imperfect and Aorist Tenses of δίδωμι
Imperfect Tense Stems for the Active Voice of δίδωμι:
|
long vowel grade |
short vowel grade |
|
(use for the singular) |
(use for the plural) |
|
διδου - |
διδο - |
Imperfect Tense Stem for the Middle and Passive Voice of δίδωμι:
|
short vowel grade |
|
(use for the singular and plural) |
|
διδο - |
Aorist Tense Stems for the Active Voice of δίδωμι:
|
ω -verb consonant stem |
short vowel grade |
|
(use for the singular) |
(use for the plural) |
|
δωκ - |
δο - |
Aorist Tense Stem for the Middle Voice of δίδωμι:
|
short vowel grade |
|
(use for the singular and plural) |
|
δο - |
Aorist Tense Stem for the Passive Voice of δίδωμι:
|
ω -verb consonant stem |
|
(use for the singular and plural) |
|
δοθ - |
Endings for the Imperfect and Aorist Tenses of δίδωμι
Add these endings and the past indicative augment to the correct tense stem.
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Conjugation of δίδωμι
The principal parts are these:
δίδωμι, δώσω, ἔδωκα, δέδωκα, δέδομαι, ἐδόθην
Remember that to conjugate correctly, you need to combine the correct stem with the correct endings.
Imperfect Indicative Active of δίδωμι
Singular: long vowel grade, διδου - + past indicative augment and secondary active endings. Plural: short vowel grade, διδο - , + past indicative augment and secondary active endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and # |
|
ἐδ ίδουν |
I was giving, used to give |
1 st person singular |
|
ἐδίδους |
you were giving, used to give |
2 nd person singular |
|
ἐδίδου |
he, she, it was giving, used to give |
3 rd person singular |
|
ἐδίδομεν |
we were giving, used to give |
1 st person plural |
|
ἐδίδοτε |
you were giving, used to give |
2 nd person plural |
|
ἐδίδοσαν |
they were giving, used to give |
3 rd person plural |
Imperfect Indicative Middle of δίδωμι
Short vowel grade stem, διδο - , + past indicative augment and secondary middle and passive endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and # |
|
ἐδιδόμην |
I was devoting, used to devote |
1 st person singular |
|
ἐδίδοσο |
you were devoting, used to devote |
2 nd person singular |
|
ἐδίδοτο |
he, she, it was devoting, used to devote |
3 rd person singular |
|
ἐδιδόμεθα |
we were devoting, used to devote |
1 st person plural |
|
ἐδίδοσθε |
you were devoting, used to devote |
2 nd person plural |
|
ἐδίδοντο |
they were devoting, used to devote |
3 rd person plural |
Imperfect Indicative Passive of δίδωμι
Short vowel grade stem, διδο - , + past indicative augment and secondary middle and passive endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and # |
|
ἐδιδόμην |
I was being given, used to be given |
1 st person singular |
|
ἐδ ίδοσο |
you were being given, used to be given |
2 nd person singular |
|
ἐδίδοτο |
he, she, it was being given, used to be given |
3 rd person singular |
|
ἐδιδόμε θα |
we were being given, used to be given |
1 st person plural |
|
ἐδίδοσθε |
you were being given, used to be given |
2 nd person plural |
|
ἐδίδοντο |
they were being given, used to be given |
3 rd person plural |
Aorist Indicative Active of δίδωμι
Singular: ω - verb augmented stem, ἐδωκ - , + first aorist endings. Plural: short vowel grade stem, δο - , + past indicative augment and secondary active endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and # |
|
ἔ δωκα |
I gave |
1 st person singular |
|
ἔδωκας |
you gave |
2 nd person singular |
|
ἔδωκε ( ν ) |
he, she, it gave |
3 rd person singular |
|
ἔδομεν |
we gave |
1 st person plural |
|
ἔδοτε |
you gave |
2 nd person plural |
|
ἔδοσαν |
they gave |
3 rd person plural |
Aorist Infinitive Active of δίδωμι
Long vowel grade, δου - , + active infinitive ending, - ναι .
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and Number |
|
δοῦναι |
to give |
unmarked |
- Note that infinitives with the ending - ναι are ALWAYS accented on the penult. Thus their accent is persistent. Remember that final - αι and - οι count as short for purposes of accentuation except in the optative, a mood learned in Part II of the 21st-Century series.
Aorist Indicative Middle of δίδωμι
Short vowel grade, δο - , + past indicative augment and secondary middle endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and # |
|
ἐδόμην |
I devoted |
1 st person singular |
|
ἔδου ( ἔδοσο ) |
you devoted |
2 nd person singular |
|
ἔδοτο |
he, she, it devoted |
3 rd person singular |
|
ἐδόμεθα |
we devoted |
1 st person plural |
|
ἔδοσθε |
you devoted |
2 nd person plural |
|
ἔδοντο |
they devoted |
3 rd person plural |
- Note that in the second person singular intervocalic sigma drops out and the two omicrons, ο + ο , contract to the diphthong ου .
Aorist Infinitive Middle of δίδωμι
Short vowel grade, δο -, + middle infinitive ending, - σθαι .
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and Number |
|
δόσθαι |
to devote |
unmarked |
Aorist Indicative Passive of δίδωμι
ω -verb augmented consonant stem, ἐδοθ - , + ω - verb aorist passive endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and # |
|
ἐδόθην |
I was given |
1 st person singular |
|
ἐδόθης |
you were given |
2 nd person singular |
|
ἐδόθη |
he, she, it was given |
3 rd person singular |
|
ἐδόθημεν |
we were given |
1 st person plural |
|
ἐδόθητε |
you were given |
2 nd person plural |
|
ἐδόθησαν |
they were given |
3 rd person plural |
Aorist Infinitive Passive of δίδωμι
ω - verb consonant stem, δοθ - , + aorist passive infinitive ending, - ηναι .
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and Number |
|
δοθῆναι |
to be given |
unmarked |
- Note that infinitives with the ending - ναι are ALWAYS accented on the penult. Thus their accent is persistent. Remember that final - αι and – οι count as short for purposes of accentuation except in the optative, a mood learned in Part II of the 21st-Century series.
Stems for the Imperfect and Aorist Tenses of τίθημι
Imperfect Tense Stems for the Active Voice of τίθημι:
|
long vowel grade |
short vowel grade |
|
(use for the singular) |
(use for the plural) |
|
τιθη - or τιθει - |
τιθε - |
Imperfect Tense Stem for the Middle and Passive Voice of τίθημι:
|
short vowel grade |
|
(use for the singular and plural) |
|
τιθε - |
Aorist Tense Stems for the Active Voice of τίθημι:
|
ω -verb consonant stem |
short vowel grade |
|
(use for the singular) |
(use for the plural) |
|
θηκ - |
θε - |
Aorist Tense Stem for the Middle Voice of τίθημι:
|
short vowel grade |
|
(use for the singular and plural) |
|
θε - |
Aorist Tense Stem for the Passive Voice of τίθημι:
|
ω -verb consonant stem |
|
(use for the singular and plural) |
|
τεθ - |
Endings for the Imperfect and Aorist Tenses of τίθημι
Add these endings to the correct tense stem.
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Conjugation of τίθημι
The principal parts are these:
τίθημι, θήσω, ἔθηκα, τέθηκα, τέθειμαι, ἐτέθην
Remember that to conjugate correctly, you need to combine the correct stem with the correct endings.
Imperfect Indicative Active of τίθημι
Singular: long vowel grades, τιθη - and τιθει - , + past indicative augment and secondary active endings; plural: short vowel grade, τιθε - , + past indicative augment and secondary active endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and # |
|
ἐτίθην |
I was placing, used to place |
1 st person singular |
|
ἐτίθεις |
you were placing, used to place |
2 nd person singular |
|
ἐ τίθει |
he, she, it was placing, used to place |
3 rd person singular |
|
ἐτίθεμεν |
we were placing, used to place |
1 st person plural |
|
ἐ τίθετε |
you were placing, used to place |
2 nd person plural |
|
ἐτίθεσαν |
they were placing, used to place |
3 rd person plural |
Imperfect Indicative Middle of τί θημι
Short vowel grade stem, τιθε - , + past indicative augment and secondary middle and passive endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and # |
|
ἐτιθέμην |
I was setting, used to set |
1 st person singular |
|
ἐτίθεσο |
you were setting, used to set |
2 nd person singular |
|
ἐτίθετο |
he, she, it was setting, used to set |
3 rd person singular |
|
ἐτιθέμεθα |
we were setting, used to set |
1 st person plural |
|
ἐτίθεσθε |
you were setting, used to set |
2 nd person plural |
|
ἐτίθεντο |
they were setting, used to set |
3 rd person plural |
Imperfect Indicative Passive of τίθημι
Short vowel grade stem, τιθε - , + past indicative augment and secondary middle and passive endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and # |
|
ἐτιθέμην |
I was being placed, used to be placed |
1 st person singular |
|
ἐτί θεσο |
you were being placed, used to be placed |
2 nd person singular |
|
ἐτίθετο |
he, she, it was being placed, used to be placed |
3 rd person singular |
|
ἐτιθέμεθα |
we were being placed, used to be placed |
1 st person plural |
|
ἐτίθεσθε |
you were being placed, used to be placed |
2 nd person plural |
|
ἐτίθεντο |
they were being placed, used to be placed |
3 rd person plural |
Aorist Indicative Active of τίθημι
Singular: augmented ω -verb stem, ἐθηκ - , + first aorist active endings. Plural: short vowel grade stem, θε - , + past indicative augment + secondary active endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and # |
|
ἔθηκα |
I placed |
1 st person singular |
|
ἔθηκας |
you placed |
2 nd person singular |
|
ἔθηκε ( ν ) |
he, she, it placed |
3 rd person singular |
|
ἔ θεμεν |
we placed |
1 st person plural |
|
ἔθετε |
you placed |
2 nd person plural |
|
ἔθεσαν |
they placed |
3 rd person plural |
Aorist Infinitive Active of τίθημι
Long vowel grade, θει - , + active infinitive ending, - ναι .
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and Number |
|
θεῖναι |
to place |
unmarked |
- Note that infinitives with the ending - ναι are ALWAYS accented on the penult. Thus their accent is persistent. Remember that final - αι and - οι count as short for purposes of accentuation except in the optative, a mood learned in Part II of the 21st-Century series.
Aorist Indicative Middle of τίθημι
Short vowel grade, θε - , + past indicative augment and secondary middle endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and # |
|
ἐ θέμην |
I set |
1 st person singular |
|
ἔθου ( ἔθεσο ) |
you set |
2 nd person singular |
|
ἔθετο |
he, she, it set |
3 rd person singular |
|
ἐθέμεθα |
we set |
1 st person plural |
|
ἔθεσθε |
you set |
2 nd person plural |
|
ἔθεντο |
they set |
3 rd person plural |
- Note that in the second person singular intervocalic sigma drops out and the epsilon and omicron, ε + ο , contract to the diphthong ου .
Aorist Infinitive Middle of τίθημι
Short vowel grade, θε - , + aorist middle infinitive ending, - σθαι .
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and Number |
|
θέσθαι |
to set |
unmarked |
Aorist Indicative Passive of τίθημι
ω -verb augmented consonant stem, ἐτεθ - , + ω - verb aorist passive endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and # |
|
ἐτέθην |
I was placed |
1 st person singular |
|
ἐτέθης |
you were placed |
2 nd person singular |
|
ἐτέθη |
he, she, it was placed |
3 rd person singular |
|
ἐτέθημεν |
we were placed |
1 st person plural |
|
ἐτέθητε |
you were placed |
2 nd person plural |
|
ἐτέθησαν |
they were placed |
3 rd person plural |
Aorist Infinitive Passive of τ ίθημι
ω - verb unaugmented consonant stem, τεθ - , + aorist infinitive passive ending, - ηναι .
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and Number |
|
τεθῆναι |
to be placed |
unmarked |
- Note that infinitives with the ending - ναι are ALWAYS accented on the penult. Thus their accent is persistent. Remember that final - αι and - οι count as short for purposes of accentuation except in the optative, a mood learned in Part II of the 21st-Century series.
Practice Translating the Imperfect and Aorist Indicative Active. Check your understanding with the translations in the Answer Key .
- ἡμᾶς κακὰ ἐποίουν .
- αὐτοὺς ἔρχεσθαι ἔπειθον .
- αὐτοὺς ἐλαύνειν ἔπεισα .
- τί ἔφυγον ἔρομαι .
- ταῦτα σφίσιν ἔγραψας ;
- αὐτοὺς ἐν τῇ γῇ ηὗρον .
- πολλὰ ὑπὸ ἐκείνων ἐπάθομεν .
- ζάειν εἰς αἰεὶ ἠθέλησαν .
- αὐτοὺς παρασχεῖν τὰ χρήματα ἐκέλευσε .
- ταῦτα αἱρήσειν ἐμέλλομεν .
Vocabulary
* αἱρέω , αἱρήσω , εἷλον take, seize, grab, capture; (mid.) choose
* γράφω , γράψω , ἔγραψα write
* ἐθέ λω , ἐθελήσω , ἠθέλησα wish, be willing
* ἔρομαι ( εἴ ρομαι ), ἐρήσομαι ( εἰρήσομαι ), ἠρόμην ask
* εὑρίσκω , ε ὑρήσω , ηὗρον find
* ἔχω , ἕξω or σχήσω , ἔσχον have, hold; be able + inf.; καλῶς ἔχειν to be well
* ζάω live
* κελεύω , κελεύσω , ἐκέλευσα bid, order, command
* μ έλλω , μελλήσω , ἐμέλλησα be about to, be going to; be likely to + inf. (fut. inf. in Attic)
* πάσχω , πείσομαι , ἔπαθον suffer, have done to one
* πείθω , πείσω , ἔπεισα persuade ; (mid. or pass.) listen to, obey + dat. or gen.
* ποιέω , ποιήσω , ἐποίησα do, make, cause; (mid.) consider
* φεύγω , φεύξομαι , ἔφυγον flee
- The asterisk indicates the top 250 most frequently occurring vocabulary, which you are to memorize.
Philoktetes, Φιλοκτήτης . Philoktetes was born in Thessaly to Poias and Demonassa, king and queen of Meliboia, a Thessalian city. A Greek hero, Philoktetes was a famous archer, a suitor to Helen, and a participant in the Trojan War. At least four different tragic plays told his story. Sophokles’ version is the only one to survive. In Iliad Book 2, Homer mentions his exile on the island of Lemnos, his snake-bite, and his recall from Lemnos back to Troy. Philoktetes enters the story of Herakles when Herakles, in pain from wearing a shirt poisoned by the blood of Nessos, asks him to end his agony by lighting his funeral pyre. Previously, Herakles had asked several people for assistance but they all refused. Philoktetes agrees to help him and lights the pyre. In gratitude Herakles gives him his bow and poisoned arrows. Philoktetes was also a suitor to Helen. All suitors swore an oath to Helen’s mortal father, Tyndareus, promising that they would defend Helen and the suitor chosen to be her spouse. Menelaos was chosen and married her. When Paris abducted Helen, Philoktetes honored his oath and participated in the quest to reclaim Menelaos’ bride. En route to Troy with many other Greeks, Philoktetes suffered a wound to his foot. The wound festered. The smell was so foul and Philoktetes’ suffering so loud that the Greeks left him stranded on the island of Lemnos. Ten years later because there was a prophecy that they would not conquer Troy without his help and his bow, the Greeks returned to Lemnos to ask Philoktetes to help them win the war and Helen back. Sophokles’ play, Philoktetes , concerns convincing, forcing, or tricking Philoktetes into returning to Troy. Odysseus counsels using trickery. Neoptolemos, Akhilleus’ son, counsels force and transparency.
Practice Translating. Translate the sentences below, which have been adapted from Sophokles’ Philoktetes ( Φιλοκτήτης ). Remember the meanings and functions of the cases presented in Module 7 . Use your memory to identify endings and their functions. If you forget an ending or a function, consult the Adjective, Adverb, Noun, and Pronoun Chart in Appendix VIII and the Case and Function Chart in Appendix I. Check your understanding with the translations in the Answer Key , making sure that you understand why each word translates as it does. Now go back and read each sentence two or three times, noticing with each rereading how much better your understanding of the sentence becomes. Make this a habit and you will improve quickly.
|
Νεοπτόλεμος : οὐκ αἰ σχρὸν ἡμῖν δῆτα τὸ ψευδὲς λέγειν ; |
|
|
Ὀδυσσεύς : οὐκ εἰ τὸ σωτή ριον γε τὸ ψεῦδος φέρει . |
|
|
Νεοπτόλεμος : πῶ ς οὖν ἔχει τις βλέπων ταῦτα τολμᾷ λακεῖν ; |
|
|
Ὀδυσσεύς : εἴ τι δρᾷ ς εἰς κέρδος , οὐκ ὀκνεῖν πρέπει . |
|
|
5 |
Νεοπτόλεμος : κέρδος δ ’ ἐ μοὶ τί εἰ οὗτος ἐς Τροίαν μολεῖ ; |
|
Ὀδυσσεύς : αἱρε ῖ τὰ τόξα τὴν Τροίαν μόνα . |
|
|
Νεοπτόλεμος : οὐκ ἆρα π έρσω , ὡς ἐμοὶ ἐφάσκετʼ , ἐγώ ; |
|
|
Ὀδυσσεύς : οὔτε πέρσεις σ ὺ κείνων χωρὶς οὔτ ’ ἐκεῖνα σοῦ . |
|
|
Νεοπτόλεμος : ταῦτα οὖ ν δεῖ λαβεῖν , εἴπερ ὧδ ’ ἔχει . |
|
|
10 |
Ὀδυσσεύς : τοῦτό γ ’ ἔ ρδων , δύο οἴσεις δωρήματα . |
|
Νεοπτόλεμος : ποῖα ; ἐκ σοῦ ταῦτα μανθά νων , οὐκ ἀρνήσομαι δρᾶν . |
|
|
Ὀδυσσεύς : σὲ σοφόν τε καὶ ἀγαθὸ ν σὲ καλοῦσιν ἅμα . |
|
|
Νεοπτόλεμος : οἴμοι . ταῦτα ποιήσω καὶ πᾶ σαν αἰσχύνην ἀφήσω . |
|
|
Ὀδυσσεύς : ἦ μνημονεύσεις οὖν ἃ σο ὶ παρῄνεσα ; |
|
|
15 |
Νεοπτόλεμος : σάφ ’ οἶσθα , ἐπείπερ εἰσάπαξ συνῄνεσα . |
A dverbs and Verbs
|
* αἱρέω , αἱρ ήσω , εἷλον take, seize, grab, capture; (mid.) choose |
μνημονεύω , μνημονεύσω , ἐμνημόνευσα remember; mention, say |
|
ἆρα indicates a question, often expects the answer no; ἆρα οὐ expects a yes |
οἴμοι alas |
|
ἀρνέομαι , ἀρνήσομαι , ἠρνησάμην deny, disown; decline, refuse + inf. |
ὀκνέω , ὀκνήσω , ὤκνησα shrink, scruple, hesitate + inf. |
|
ἀφ ίημι , ἀφήσω , ἀφῆκα send forth, discharge, let go, call off; suffer, permit |
παραινέω , - αινέσω , - ῄνεσα exhort, advise + inf. |
|
βλώσκω , μολέομαι , ἔμολον come, go |
πέρθω , πέρσω , ἔπερσα waste, ravage, sack, destroy |
|
* δεῖ it is necessary + ‘x’ in gen. or dat. or acc. + inf., δεῖ ἐλθεῖν it is necessary to come |
* ποιέω , ποιήσω , ἐποίησα do, make, cause; (mid.) consider |
|
δῆτα certainly, of course |
πρέπει (impers.) it is fitting + inf. |
|
δράω , δράσω , ἔδρᾱσα do, accomplish, act |
σάφα clearly, evidently |
|
* εἰμί , ἔσομαι be, be possible |
συναινέω , - αινέσω , - ῄνεσα praise; concede, give; agree, consent + inf. |
|
εἰσάπαξ at once, once, already |
τολμάω ( τολμέω Ionic), τολμήσω , ἐτόλμησα dare, be daring, undertake + inf. |
|
* ἔχω , ἕξω or σχήσω , ἔσχον have, hold; be able + inf.; καλῶς ἔχειν to be well |
φάσκω say, affirm, assert |
|
* καλέω , καλέω , ἐκάλεσα call |
* φέρω , οἴσω , ἤνεγκα or ἤνεγκον bring , bear, carry; endure |
|
λακέω scream, shout; utter |
χωρίς apart from, seperately + gen. |
|
* λέγω , λέξω or ἐρέω , ἔλεξα or εἶπον say, tell, speak |
ὧδε in this wise, thus |
Adjectives, Nouns, Pronouns
|
* ἀγαθός , ἀγαθή , ἀγαθόν good, noble |
* μόνος , μόνη , μόνον only, sole, alone, solitary; one |
|
α ἰσχρός , αἰσχρά , αἰσχρόν shameful, disgrasceful, ugly, base |
* πᾶσα , πάσης ἡ all, each, whole |
|
αἰ σχύνη , αἰσχύνης ἡ shame, dishonor |
ποῖος , ποία , ποῖον of what sort |
|
βλέπων , βλέ ποντος ὁ looking at, seeing |
σοφός , σοφή , σοφόν wise |
|
* δύο two |
σωτήριον , σωτηρίου τό safety, security |
|
δώρημα , δωρήματος τό gift, present |
τόξον , τόξου τό bow |
|
ἔρδων , ἔρδοντος ὁ doing |
Τροία , Τροίας ἡ Troy |
|
* κεῖνος = ἐ κεῖνος |
ψευδής , ψευδές false |
|
κέρδος , κέρδεος (- ους ) τό gain, profit |
ψεῦδος , ψεύδεος (- ους ) τό falsehood, lie |
|
* μανθ άνων , μανθάνοντος ὁ learning, learning how to; understanding |
- The asterisk indicates the top 250 most frequently occurring vocabulary, which you are to memorize.
Practice Parsing Greek Sentences. Parse each word of the sentence found below. For nouns and pronouns, give case and function. For verbs, give person, number, tense, mood, and voice. For adverbs and conjunctions, identify them. For prepositional phrases, give the preposition and the preposition’s object. For adjectives, specify the noun they agree with in gender, number, and case.
σὲ σοφόν τε καὶ ἀγαθὸν σὲ καλέουσιν ἅμα .
Check your answers with those in the Answer Key .
Module 23 Top 250 Vocabulary to be Memorized. Like learning the alphabet and endings, memorizing vocabulary is essential to acquiring language. The better you memorize the top 250 most frequently occurring vocabulary words, the greater mastery of the language you will have.
Nouns
δῆμος , δήμου ὁ people
στρατηγός , στρατηγοῦ ὁ general
τρόπος , τρόπου ὁ way, manner, turn; (pl.) character
υἱός , υἱοῦ ὁ son, child
ψυχή , ψυχῆς ἡ life, soul, spirit
Verbs
ἀπόλλυμι , ἀπολέ ω , ἀπώλεσα (trans.) or ἀπωλόμην (intrans.), ἀπολώλεκα (trans.) or ἀπόλωλα (intrans.), ------, ------ kill, lose ; (mid. and intrans.) die, cease to exist
γράφω , γράψω , ἔγραψα , γέγραφα , γέγραμμαι , ἐγράφην write
δείκνῡμι , δείξω ( δέξω ), ἔδειξα ( ἔδεξα ), δέδειχα , δέδειγμαι , ἐδείχθην show, display
χρή ( inf. χρῆναι < χρὴ + εἶναι ; imp. ἐχρῆν or χρῆν < χρὴ + ἦν ; fut. χρήσει ), χρῆσται ( χρὴ + ἔσται ) it is necessary + inf.