1.29: Contract Verbs
- Page ID
- 170969
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© 2021 Philip S. Peek, CC BY 4.0 https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0264.29
The Verb
In Greek and in English verbs have the same definition and functions. Verbs are words that represent actions (throw) and states of being (be or exist). They differ in the same fundamental way that Greek nouns differ from their English counterparts: they use endings to create meaning in a way that English does not. The Greek verb (ῥῆμα) in its finite form has an ending that indicates what person and number the subject is. The Greek infinitive has an ending that indicates that it is unmarked for person and number.
Contract Verbs
As you have seen in Modules 10, 17, and 19, contractions occur when the stem of the first or second principal part ends in an alpha or epsilon. Contractions also occur when the stem ends in an omicron. These vowels contract with the initial vowel or diphthong of the ending in specific ways.
Accenting Contract Verbs
When creating the form of a contract verb, you must accent before you contract: ποιοῦμεν < ποιέομεν, not ποίουμεν.
Contract Verbs in Alpha
If the stem of principal part I or II ends in alpha, the alpha contracts with the endings in accordance with the following chart:
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Present Indicative Active of ὁράω
To the present active, middle, and passive tense stem ὁρα-, add the correct endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and Number |
|
ὁρῶ (ὁράω) |
I see |
1st person singular |
|
ὁρᾷς (ὁράεις) |
you see |
2nd person singular |
|
ὁρᾷ (ὁράει) |
he, she, it sees |
3rd person singular |
|
ὁρῶμεν (ὁράομεν) |
we see |
1st person plural |
|
ὁρᾶτε (ὁράετε) |
you see |
2nd person plural |
|
ὁρῶσι (ν) (ὁράουσι (ν)) |
they see |
3rd person plural |
Present Infinitive Active of ὁράω
To the tense stem ὁρα-, add the active infinitive ending.
|
ὁρᾶν (ὁράειν < ὁράεεν) |
- Note the absence of the iota subscript.
Imperfect Indicative Active of ὁράω
To the augmented tense stem ἑωρα-, add the correct endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and # |
|
ἑώρων (ἑώραον) |
I was seeing, used to see, saw |
1st person singular |
|
ἑώρᾱς (ἑώραες) |
you were seeing, used to see, saw |
2nd person singular |
|
ἑώρᾱ (ἑώραε) |
he, she, it was seeing, used to see, saw |
3rd person singular |
|
ἑωρῶμεν (ἑωράομεν) |
we were seeing, used to see, saw |
1st person plural |
|
ἑωρᾶτε (ἑωράετε) |
you were seeing, used to see, saw |
2nd person plural |
|
ἑώρων (ἑώραον) |
they were seeing, used to see, saw |
3rd person plural |
- nu-movable is NEVER added to the third person singular of the imperfect indicative active of contracted verbs. Thus ἑώρᾱ but ἐβάδιζε (ν).
- The accent on a contracted ultima is a circumflex. Accents elsewhere are determined by the rules for possibilities of accent.
Contract Verbs in Epsilon
If the stem of principal part I or II ends in epsilon, the epsilon contracts with the endings in accordance with the following chart:
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Present Indicative Active of δοκέω
To the present active, middle, and passive tense stem δοκε-, add the correct endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and Number |
|
δοκῶ (δοκέω) |
I think |
1st person singular |
|
δοκεῖς (δοκέεις) |
you think |
2nd person singular |
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δοκεῖ (δοκέει) |
he, she, it thinks |
3rd person singular |
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δοκοῦμεν (δοκέομεν) |
we think |
1st person plural |
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δοκεῖτε (δοκέετε) |
you think |
2nd person plural |
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δοκοῦσι (ν) (δοκέουσι (ν)) |
they think |
3rd person plural |
Present Infinitive Active of δοκέω
To the present active, middle, and passive tense stem δοκε-, add the active infinitive ending.
|
δοκεῖν (δοκέειν) |
Imperfect Indicative Active of δοκέω
To the augmented tense stem ἐδοκ-, add the correct endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and # |
|
ἐδόκουν (ἐδόκεον) |
I was thinking, used to think, thought |
1st person singular |
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ἐδόκεις (ἐδόκεες) |
you were thinking, used to think, thought |
2nd person singular |
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ἐδόκει (ἐδόκεε) |
he, she, it was thinking, used to think, thought |
3rd person singular |
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ἐδοκοῦμεν (ἐδοκέομεν) |
we were thinking, used to think, thought |
1st person plural |
|
ἐδοκεῖτε (ἐδοκέετε) |
you were thinking, used to think, thought |
2nd person plural |
|
ἐδόκουν (ἐδόκεον) |
they were thinking, used to think, thought |
3rd person plural |
- nu-movable is NEVER added to the third person singular of the imperfect indicative active of contracted verbs. Thus ἐδόκει but ἐβάδιζε (ν).
- The accent on a contracted ultima is a circumflex. Accents elsewhere are determined by the rules for possibilities of accent.
Contract Verbs in Omicron
If the stem of principal part I or II ends in omicron, the omicron contracts with the endings in accordance with the following chart:
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Present Indicative Active of ἀξιόω
To the present active, middle, and passive tense stem ἀξιο-, add the correct endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and Number |
|
ἀξιῶ (ἀξιόω) |
I esteem |
1st person singular |
|
ἀξιοῖς (ἀξιόεις) |
you esteem |
2nd person singular |
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ἀξιοῖ (ἀξιόει) |
he, she, it esteems |
3rd person singular |
|
ἀξιοῦμεν (ἀξιόομεν) |
we esteem |
1st person plural |
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ἀξιοῦτε (ἀξιόετε) |
you esteem |
2nd person plural |
|
ἀξιοῦσι (ν) (ἀξιόουσι (ν)) |
they esteem |
3rd person plural |
Present Infinitive Active of ἀξιόω
To the present active, middle, and passive tense stem ἀξιο-, add the active infinitive ending.
|
ἀξιοῦν (ἀξιόειν < ἀξιόεεν) |
- Note the absence of the iota.
Imperfect Indicative Active of ἀξιόω
To the augmented tense stem ἠξιο-, add the correct endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and # |
|
ἠξίουν (ἠξίοον) |
I was esteeming, used to esteem, esteemed |
1st person singular |
|
ἠξίους (ἠξίοες) |
you were esteeming, used to esteem, esteemed |
2nd person singular |
|
ἠξίου (ἠξίοε) |
he, she, it was esteeming, used to esteem, esteemed |
3rd person singular |
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ἠξιοῦμεν (ἠξιόομεν) |
we were esteeming, used to esteem, esteemed |
1st person plural |
|
ἠξιοῦτε (ἠξιόετε) |
you were esteeming, used to esteem, esteemed |
2nd person plural |
|
ἠξίουν (ἠξίοον) |
they were esteeming, used to esteem, esteemed |
3rd person plural |
- nu-movable is NEVER added to the third person singular of the imperfect indicative active of contracted verbs. Thus ἠξίου but ἐβάδιζε (ν).
- The accent on a contracted ultima is a circumflex. Accents elsewhere are determined by the rules for possibilities of accent.
Practice Translating Contract Verbs. Translate the below sentences, adapted from a variety of ancient Greek writers. To come to an accurate understanding of the sentences, use your knowledge of endings and their functions. If you forget an ending or function, remember to use the Case and Function Chart in Appendix I and the Adjective, Adverb, Noun, and Pronoun Chart in Appendix VIII to assist you. After you finish translating each sentence, check your understanding with the answer in the Answer Key. After you have read through all of the sentences once, read them again at least two more times. In each subsequent reading, your understanding improves.
- ταύτην μὲν οὖν χρὴ νομίζειν οὐ τὴν αἰτίαν τῶν πάντων κακῶν εἶναι (Lysias).
- μετὰ δὲ ταύτην ἡ Δράκοντος πολιτεία ἦν, ἐν ᾗ καὶ τῶν νόμων ἀριθμὸν ἔγραψε πρῶτον. ἐν ἐκείνοις τοῖς νόμοις μία ζημία, θάνατος. οἱ θεσμοὶ ἐκαλοῦντο χαλεποί.
- ὁ μὲν τὰ ἔπη ἐν ἐλαφρῷ ποιεῖ καὶ ἄπαρνός ἐστι μὴ νοσέειν· οἱ δὲ αὐτῷ πιστεύουσιν ὥστε αὐτὸν κτείνουσι καὶ ἐσθίουσι (Herodotos).
- αἱ γυναῖκες δοκοῦσιν ἐμοὶ ταὐτὰ* τοῖς ἀνδράσι ποιεῖν. *ταὐτά = τὰ αὐτά
- τὴν αὐτὴν ζημίαν καὶ ἐπὶ ταῖς παλλακαῖς τε καὶ γυναιξὶν ἠξίου γίγνεσθαι (Lysias).
- πίστεις οὐ γὰρ ἔχω εἰπεῖν ἀλλ’ ἢ ταύτας ὅτι οὐδὲν εἰς τοῦτον πρότερον ποιήσω ἢ πρὸς αὐτοὺς λέγω. αἱροῦμαι λέγειν πρῶτον μᾶλλον ἢ ποιεῖν.
- οὐ γὰρ ἀξιῶ οὔτ’ ἐγὼ φεύγειν τὴν ἐμαυτοῦ πατρίδα οὔτε ἀξιῶ τοῦτον τοσαύτην δίκην παρ’ ἐμοῦ λαβεῖν.
- μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα, ἐπειδὴ ἔκτεινεν οὓς αὐτὸς περὶ πλείστου ποιεῖται, δρόμῳ ἔφυγε.
- ἐπεὶ ταῦτα πρὸς ἐμαυτὸν ἐνόουν, ἔγνων ὡς γραῦς ἐμὲ διδράσκειν ἕτοιμον οὐ βλέψει (Lucian).
- οἶδα ὅτι αὐτὸς φέρω εὐγενῶς τὰ ἐν ποσὶ καὶ προθύμως βαδίζω καὶ μὴ νοῶ τὰ κακὰ ἃ οἴσω. ἐδόκει ἐμοὶ φεύγειν τάχιστα (Lucian).
Adverbs, Conjunctions, and Verbs
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*αἱρέω, αἱρήσω, εἷλον (ἑλεῖν) take, seize, grab, capture; (mid.) choose |
*καλέω, καλέω, ἐκάλεσα call |
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*ἀξιόω, ἀξιώσω, ἠξίωσα deem worthy, think fit + ‘x’ in acc. + inf.; expect + ‘x’ in acc. + inf; to deem ‘x’ in acc. worthy of ‘y’ in gen. |
κτείνω, κτενέω, ἔκτεινα or ἔκτανον kill, slay, slaughter |
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βαδίζω, βαδιέω or βαδίσω, ἐβάδισα go, walk |
*λαμβάνω, λήψομαι, ἔλαβον take, receive; capture |
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βλέπω, βλέψω, ἔβλεψα see, have the power of sight |
*λέγω, λέξω or ἐρέω, ἔλεξα or εἶπον say, tell, speak |
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*γίγνομαι, γενήσομαι, ἐγενόμην be, be born, happen, become |
νοέω, νοήσω, ἐνόησα or ἔνωσα perceive by the eyes, observe, notice; intend |
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*γιγνώσκω, γνώσομαι, ἔγνων know, recognize; decide + inf. |
*νομίζω, νομιέω, ἐνόμισα believe, think, have the custom of, hold as custom |
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*γράφω, γράψω, ἔγραψα write |
νοσέω, νοσήσω, ἐνόσησα be sick, ail |
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διδράσκω, δράσομαι, ἔδρην run away, escape |
*ὁράω (ἑώραον), ὄψομαι, εἶδον (ἰδεῖν) see |
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*δοκέω, δόξω, ἔδοξα seem, think; seem best, think best + inf. |
πιστεύω, πιστεύσω, ἐπίστευσα trust, believe, confide in, rely on + dat. |
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*ἔγνων (γιγνώσκω) I thought |
*ποιέω, ποιήσω, ἐποίησα do, make, cause; (mid.) consider |
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*εἰπεῖν > λέγω |
προθύμως eagerly, earnestly |
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ἐπειδή when, since |
*φέρω, οἴσω, ἤνεγκα or ἤνεγκον bring, bear, carry; endure |
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ἐσθίω, ἔδομαι, ἔφαγον or ἤδεσα eat |
*φεύγω, φεύξομαι, ἔφυγον flee; be banished, be in exile; be a defendant |
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εὐγενῶς well, nobly |
*χρή (inf. χρῆναι; imp. ἐχρῆν or χρῆν; fut. χρήσει), χρῆσται it is necessary + inf. |
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*ἔχω, ἕξω or σχήσω, ἔσχον have, hold; be able + inf.; καλῶς ἔχειν to be well |
Adjectives, Nouns, and Pronouns
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αἴτιος, αἰτίᾱ, αἴτιον responsible for, the cause of, guilty of + gen. |
ἑτοῖμος, ἑτοίμη, ἑτοῖμον at hand, ready, prepared, able + inf. |
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*ἀληθής, ἀληθές true |
ζημία, ζημίας ἡ loss, damage, penalty |
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*ἀνήρ, ἀνδρός ὁ man, husband |
θάνατος, θανάτου ὁ death |
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*ἄξιος, ἀξίᾱ, ἄξιον worthy, deserving + gen. |
θεσμός, θεσμοῦ ὁ law |
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ἄπαρνος, ἄπαρνον denying + inf. or gen. |
*κακός, κακή, κακόν bad, evil, cowardly |
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*ἀριθμός, ἀριθμοῦ ὁ number |
*νόμος, νόμου ὁ law, custom |
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γραῦς, γραός ἡ old woman |
παλλακή, παλλακῆς ἡ concubine |
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*γυνή, γυναικός ἡ woman, wife |
πίστις, πίστεως (-ιος) ἡ faith, honesty, trust, promise |
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*δίκη, δίκης ἡ custom, usage; judgment; order, right; penalty, sentence; lawsuit |
πολιτεία, πολιτείας ἡ government, commonwealth, constitution |
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Δράκων, Δράκοντος ὁ Drako, an Athenian lawgiver, living about the 7th century B.C.E. |
πούς, ποδός ὁ foot; κατὰ πόδας on the heels |
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δράκων, δράκοντος ὁ a snake |
*πρότερος, προτέρᾱ, πρότερον prior, before, sooner |
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δρόμος, δρόμου ὁ course, race, running; flight, escape; race-course |
*πρῶτος, πρώτη, πρῶτον first, for the present, just now |
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*ἐμαυτοῦ, ἐμαυτῆς, ἐμαυτοῦ myself |
*τοσοῦτος, τοσαύτη, τοσοῦτο so much, so many |
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ἔπος, ἔπεος (ἔπους) τό word, speech; song; saying; verse |
- The asterisk indicates the top 250 most frequently occurring vocabulary, which you are to memorize.
Practice Translating. Translate the sentences below, which have been adapted from Euripides’ Helen (Ἑλένη). Remember the meanings and functions of the cases presented in Module 7. Use your memory to identify endings and their functions. If you forget an ending or a function, consult the Adjective, Adverb, Noun, and Pronoun Chart in Appendix VIII and the Case and Function Chart in Appendix I. Check your understanding with the translations in the Answer Key, making sure that you understand why each word translates as it does. Now go back and read each sentence two or three times, noticing with each rereading how much better your understanding of the sentence becomes. Make this a habit and you will improve quickly.
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Γραῦς: τίς πρὸς πύλαις; οὐκ ἀπαλλάξῃ δόμων; πρὸς αὐλείοις στήσεις πύλαις ὄχλον παρέχων δεσπόταις; εἰ σὺ εἶ Ἕλλην, καταθανῇ· αὐτοῖς γὰρ οὐκ ἐπιστροφαί. |
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Μενέλαος: ὦ γραῖα, σοὶ τὰ αὐτὰ ταῦτ’ ἔπη καὶ ἄλλως λέγειν ἔξεστι· πείσομαι γὰρ ἀλλὰ δεῖ ἀνιέναι λόγον. |
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5 |
Γραῦς: χρὴ δ’ ἀπέρχεσθαι. ἐμοὶ γὰρ τοῦτο πρόσκειται, ξένε· ἔξεστι μηδένα πελάζειν τοῖς Ἑλλήνων δόμοις. |
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Μενέλαος: τί προσειλέεις χεῖρα καί με ὠθῇ βίᾳ; |
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Γραῦς: πείθῃ οὐδὲν τούτων ἃ λέγω. σὺ δ’ αἴτιος. |
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Μενέλαος: κελεύω σοι ἀγγέλλειν δεσπόταις τοῖς σοῖς . . . |
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10 |
Γραῦς: πικρῶς ἄρ’ οἶμαι γ’ εἰ ἀγγέλλω τοὺς σοὺς λόγους. |
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Μενέλαος: . . . ναυαγὸς ἥκω ξένος, ἀσύλητον γένος. |
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Γραῦς: ὥρα οἶκον πρὸς ἄλλον νῦν ἀντὶ τοῦδ’ ἔρχεσθαι. |
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Μενέλαος: οὔκ, ἀλλ’ ἔσω παρελεύσομαι καὶ σύ μοι πείσῃ. |
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Γραῦς: ὀχληρῶς ἔχεις καὶ τάχ’ ὠθήσομαι βίᾳ. |
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15 |
Μενέλαος: τὰ κλεινὰ ποῦ ἐστί μοι στρατεύματα; |
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Γραῦς: χῶρός τις ἵνα που σεμνὸς εἶ ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἐνθάδε. |
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Μενέλαος: ὦ δαῖμον, ὡς ἀνάξι’ ἀτιμούμεθα. |
Adverbs and Verbs
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ἀγγέλλω, ἀγγελέω, ἤγγειλα announce, report, tell |
καταθνῄσκω, καταθανέομαι, κατέθανον die, perish |
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ἄλλως otherwise, differently |
*κελεύω, κελεύσω, ἐκέλευσα bid, order, command |
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ἀνίημι, ἀνήσω, ἀνῆκα send up or forth; let go; abate; loose; allow + inf.; dissolve |
*λέγω, λέξω or ἐρέω, ἔλεξα or εἶπον say, tell, speak |
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ἀπαλλάττω, ἀπαλλάξω, ἀπήλλαξα set free, release, deliver from; escape; depart |
οἶμαι I think |
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ἀπέρχομαι, ἀπελεύσομαι, ἀπῆλθον depart, leave |
ὀχληρῶς bothersome, irksome |
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ἀτιμόω, ἀτιμώσω, ἠτίμωσα dishonor, punish |
παρέρχομαι, παρελεύσομαι, παρῆλθον come forward, pass by, go by |
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*δεῖ it is necessary + ‘x’ in gen. or dat. or acc. + inf., δεῖ ἐλθεῖν it is necessary to come |
*πείθω, πείσω, ἔπεισα persuade + inf.; (mid. or pass.) listen to, obey + dat. or gen. |
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*εἰμί, ἔσομαι be, be possible |
πελάζω, πελάσω, ἐπέλᾰσα approach, come near + dat. |
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ἐνθάδε here |
πικρῶς bitterly |
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ἔξεστι it is possible |
ποῦ where, in what place |
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*ἔρχομαι, ἐλεύσομαι, ἦλθον come, go |
προσειλέω, προσειλήσω press, force |
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ἔσω within, inside |
πρόσκειμαι be placed at; lie by, lie upon |
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*ἔχω, ἕξω or σχήσω, ἔσχον have, hold; be able + inf.; καλῶς ἔχειν to be well |
τάχα quickly, presently; perhaps |
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*ἥκω, ἥξω have come, be present |
*χρή (inf. χρῆναι; imp. ἐχρῆν or χρῆν; fut. χρήσει), χρῆσται it is necessary + inf. |
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*ἵστημι, στήσω, ἔστηκα stand, make stand, place |
ὠθέω, ὠθήσω, ὤθησα push, shove, thrust; (mid.) press forward |
Adjectives, Nouns, Pronouns
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αἴτιος, αἰτίᾱ, αἴτιον responsible, guilty |
κλεινός, κλεινή, κλεινόν famous |
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*ἄλλος, ἄλλη, ἄλλο another, other |
*λόγος, λόγου ὁ word, speech, story; reason, account |
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ἀνάξιος, ἀναξίᾱ, ἀνάξιον (-ος, -ον) unworthy + gen. |
ναυαγός, ναυαγόν shipwrecked |
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ἀσύλητος, ἀσύλητον inviolate |
ξένος (ξεῖνος), ξένου (ξείνου) ὁ stranger; guest-friend |
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αὔλειος, αὐλεία, αὔλειον (-ος, -ον) of the courtyard |
οἶκος, οἴκου ὁ house, palace |
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βία, βίας ἡ strength, force |
ὄχλος, ὄχλου ὁ throng, mob; trouble |
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*γένος, γένεος (-ους) τό race, kind, sort; birth, origin |
*παρέχων, παρέχοντος ὁ furnishing; causing; allowing |
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γραῖα, γραίᾱς ἡ old lady |
πύλη, πύλης ἡ gates |
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δαίμων, δαίμονος ὁ god, deity |
σεμνός, σεμνή, σεμνόν revered, holy |
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δεσπότης, δεσπότου ὁ master |
*σός, σή, σόν your |
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δόμος, δόμου ὁ house, houses |
στράτευμα, στρατεύματος τό campaign; army |
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*Ἕλλην, Ἕλληνος ἡ ὁ Greek |
*χείρ, χειρός ἡ (dat pl. χερσίν) hand; force, army |
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ἔπος, ἔπεος (ἔπους) τό word, speech; song; saying; verse |
χῶρος, χώρου ὁ ground, place |
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ἐπιστροφή, ἐπιστροφῆς ἡ turning; business |
ὥρα, ὥρας ἡ season, period, time |
- The asterisk indicates the top 250 most frequently occurring vocabulary, which you are to memorize.
Practice Parsing Greek Sentences. Parse each word of the sentence found below. For nouns and pronouns, give case and function. For verbs, give person, number, tense, mood, and voice. For adverbs and conjunctions, identify them. For prepositional phrases, give the preposition and the preposition’s object. For adjectives, specify the noun they agree with in gender, number, and case.
ὀχληρῶς ἔχεις καὶ τάχ’ ὠθήσομαι βίᾳ.
Check your answers with those in the Answer Key.
Prophecy and Seers
Many Greeks believed in the existence of a multitude of divine beings and believed that the deities took such an interest in mortal affairs that they intervened, caused events to happen, and predicted the future. Seers or prophets served as intermediaries between the divine and mortal spheres. The Greeks consulted seers for a variety of different reasons including decisions like should they marry, should they go to war, and who their parents were. Called a bastard while dining at a banquet, Oidipous consulted the oracle at Delphi to find out who his parents were. Uncertain about whether he should wage war against the Persians, Kroisos (Croesus), king of the Lydians, consulted many oracles to determine which ones were genuine. Kroisos’ test affirmed the validity of the oracle of Apollo at Delphi. Kroisos offered the oracle abundant gifts and asked if he should wage war against the Persians. To both Oidipous and Kroisos the oracle gave ambiguous answers. To Oidipous it replied that he would kill his dad and marry his mom. To Kroisos it replied that if he went to war, he would destroy a great empire. Oidipous tried to keep the oracle’s prediction from coming true by avoiding his parents. In fleeing from the prophecy and whom he thought were his parents, Oidipous fulfilled it, killing his biological dad Laios and marrying his birth mother Jocasta. Kroisos waged war against the Persians and destroyed a great empire, his own. To the common question of marrying, the Delphic oracle gave straightforward yes or no answers. Consulting the oracle about possibly doing something that was considered wrong—like handing over to an enemy someone to whom you have granted asylum—could result in divine vengeance and your death (Herodotos, Book I.159). When the Greeks, intent on sailing to Troy to recover Helen, were at Aulis stranded by contrary winds, they consulted a seer who replied that favorable winds would be granted if Agamemnon sacrificed his daughter Iphigeneia to the goddess Artemis. It may be that Artemis’ demand for a sacrifice was her divine punishment of Agamemnon for wanting to wage the Trojan war, causing much needless death and suffering. Dreams and portents also serve as intermediaries, giving mortals an indication of what may or may not happen. Today prediction, prophecy, and portents remain an integral part of our culture and play a significant role in literature, in science, and in people’s belief systems. Einstein’s theory of relativity predicts that the past, present, and future all exist concurrently. Time has been proven to be relative, slowing down the faster we approach the speed of light. If the future is already here, does this mean that prediction is merely the statement of what already is?
Module 24 Top 250 Vocabulary to be Memorized. Like learning the alphabet and endings, memorizing vocabulary is essential to acquiring language. The better you memorize the top 250 most frequently occurring vocabulary words, the greater mastery of the language you will have.
Adjective and Nouns
ἡμέρᾱ, ἡμέρᾱς ἡ day
ἱππεύς, ἱππῆος (ἱππέως) ὁ knight, cavalryman; horseman, rider
ἵππος, ἵππου ἡ ὁ horse; (fem.) cavalry
νέος, νέᾱ, νέον new, fresh, young; strange, unexpected
ποταμός, ποταμοῦ ὁ river
τέλος, τέλεος (τέλους) τό end, boundary; power; office; (acc.) finally
τόπος, τόπου ὁ place, spot
Verbs
πάσχω, πείσομαι, ἔπαθον, πέπονθα, ------, ------ suffer, have done to one
φεύγω, φεύξομαι, ἔφυγον, πέφευγα, ------, ------ flee; be banished; be in exile; be a defendant