12.9: Chapter Summary and Key Terms
- Page ID
- 198585
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Chapter Summary
By the end of the 1990s there was a great deal of optimism around the world. Most of the countries had moved decidedly toward democracy and economic growth was everywhere. World peace seemed to be at hand and the threat of another world war appeared to be a distant memory. Anti-racist movements brought voting rights to historically disenfranchised minorities. However, below the surface, major problems were looming. Anti-democratic and anti-feminist religious movements had significant power and many people were negatively affected by globalization. The internet offered a new form of communication that could be used to further democracy but could also be used to promote xenophobia, sexism, religious intolerance, and racism. Many of the problems that became very apparent after 2000 had their roots in the 1970s and 1980s.
Key Terms
Evangelical Protestants: American Protestants who held traditional values and were uneasy with many of the social changes taking place in the USA since the 1960s.
Theocracy: A political system where religious leaders ruled and people were governed under religious laws
Orthodox Jews: Religious Jews who embraced traditional and often patriarchic values
National Front: A broad alliance in Iran of socialists, communists, liberals, and clerics who supported nationalist and often times democratic goals.
Council of the Islamic Revolution: Group of Iranian clerics who sought to overthrow the Shah and set up a theocracy.
Glasnost: A policy of openness promoted by Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union; it led to the opening of many prisons and gulags as well as demands for greater transparency within the government.
Perestroika: The restructuring of Soviet business and production during Mikhail Gorbachev’s tenure as the leader of the Soviet Union.
Apartheid: A government policy in South Africa which mandated racial segregation in all spheres of society and deprived Blacks of political and civil rights.