4.7: Oblique Case
- Page ID
- 187517
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Instructor Video: Oblique Case in Urdu
Case is a property of a word which indicates its uses within a phrase or sentence. In Urdu, based on form, there are two types of case: (a) Direct Case and (b) Oblique Case.
(a) Direct Case: The direct case is used with a nominal phrase is not followed by a post-position. (b) Oblique Case: The oblique case is used with a nominal phrase is followed by a post-position. Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and verbs change in oblique case form when followed by a post-position. Note: Please note that when a nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and verbs are in oblique case form, they do not change their meanings. It is just a grammatical form which has nothing to do with the meaning of those words. This is why, typically, Hindi learners struggle to acquire this very crucial, but meaningless, feature of Hindi language.Oblique Noun
Masculine Singular Oblique Nouns
Only singular masculine nouns that end inآ- change into ے- to the oblique case form. Others (singular masculine that do not end inآ- and singular feminine) do not change.
For Example:(آ- changes into ے- ) “boy’s name” لڑکا- لڑکے کا نام
(no change) “man’s name” آدمی- آدمی کا نام
Feminine Singular Oblique Nouns
When a feminine singular noun is followed by any post-position, it does not change its form.
For Examples:(No change) “girl’s name” لڑکی- لڑکی کا نام
(No change) “book’s name” کتاب- کتاب کا نام
Plural Oblique Nouns
All plural nouns (masculine and feminine) change into وں “o” in their oblique case forms.
For Examples:
“Boys’ names” لڑکے- لڑکوں کے نام
“Cities’ names” شہر- شہروں کے نام
“Girls’ names” لڑکیاں- لڑکیوں کے نام
“Books’ names” کتابیں- کتابوں کے نام
Oblique Nouns Summary
| Masculine | Feminine | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Type I | Type II | Type I | Type II |
| آ- changes in ے- | No change | No change | No change | |
|
لڑکا- لڑکے کا کمرہ- کمرے میں |
گھر- گھر پر مکان- مکان میں |
لڑکی- لڑکی کو کھڑکی- کھڑکی پر |
کتاب- کتاب میں میز- میز پر |
|
| Plural | Type I | Type II | Type I | Type II |
| All masculine and feminine plural nouns change into وں “o”. | ||||
|
لڑکے- لڑکوں کو کمرے- کمروں میں |
گھر- گھروں کے مکان- مکانوں میں |
لڑکیوں- لڑکیوں ک کھڑکیاں- کھڑکیوں پر |
کتابیں- کتابوں میں مزین- میزوں پر |
|
Oblique Adjectives
As we know, Urdu adjectives can be classified into marked and unmarked adjectives. Marked adjectives (that ends in آ- ) change to ے- for oblique adjective form. For Example:“good boy’s name” اچھا- اچھا لڑکا — اچھے لڑکے کا نام
“in sweet fruits” میٹھا- میٹھا پھل — میٹھے پھلوں میں
Unmarked adjectives (that do not end in आ ) do not change in oblique adjective form.(No change) “beautiful girl’s name” خوبصورت- خوبصورت لڑکی — خوبصورت لڑکی کا نام
(No change) “In an airy room” ہوادار- ہوادار کمرہ — ہوادار کمرے میں
Summary of Oblique Adjectives
| Oblique Adjectives | ||
|---|---|---|
| Marked | Unmarked | |
| Rules | آ- changes into ے- | No change |
| Examples |
اچھا- اچھا لڑکا — اچھے لڑکے کا میٹھا- میٹھا پھل — میٹھے پھلوں میں |
خوبصورت- خوبصورت لڑکی — خوبصورت لڑکی کا نام ہوادار- ہوادار کمرہ — ہوادار کمرے میں |
Oblique Verbs
We will learn more about verbs in the next chapters (5 and 6). Here, please know that all the verbs in Hindi end inآ-, to be specific, نا- . For Example:- “To eat” کھانا
- “To read” پڑھنا
- “To sleep” سونا
“in order to eat/to eat” کھانے کے لئے — “to eat” کھانا
“by reading” پڑھنے سے — “to read” پڑھنا
“before sleeping” سونے سے پہلے — “to sleep” سونا
Oblique Pronouns
Urdu pronouns also change into oblique case form when followed by a post-position.| Examples of Pronouns with Post-Position | Pronouns in Hindi | Pronouns in English | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| سے + Pronouns | کو + Pronouns | Oblique | Direct | |
| مجھ سے | مجھے/مجھکو | مجھ | میں | I |
| ہم سے | ہمیں/ہمکو | ہم | ہم | We |
| تجھ سے | تجھے/تجھ کو | تجھ | تو | You |
| تم سے | تمھیں/تم کو | تم | تم | You |
| آپ سے | آپ کو | آپ | آپ | You |
| اس سے | اسکو | اس | یہ | S/he (near) |
| اس سے | اسکو | اس | وہ | S/he (far) |
| ان سے | انکو | ان | یہ | They (near) |
| ان سے | انکو | ان | وہ | They (far) |
| کس سے | کسکو | کس | کون | Who (Sing.) |
| کن سے | کنکو | کن | کون | Who (Plu.) |
| کس سے | کسکو | کس | کیا | What (Sing.) |
| کن سے | کنکو | کن | کیا | What (Plu.) |
Test Yourself
An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here:
https://openbooks.lib.msu.edu/urdu/?p=97#h5p-18
An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here:
https://openbooks.lib.msu.edu/urdu/?p=97#h5p-19
!شکریہ