1.32: Additional Common Adjectives- πᾶς, μέγας, πολύς, ἡδύς, ἀληθής, and -ᾱς, -ᾱσα, -αν

Module 26

© 2021 Philip S. Peek, CC BY 4.0 https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0264.32

Adjectives

Remember that Greek and English adjectives have the same function, though the Greek adjective has endings and the English adjective does not. Adjectives in both languages are words that describe nouns. In the phrase the happy and sad blues, the, happy, and sad describe the noun blues. The Greek adjective has endings because the endings enable it to agree in gender, case, and number with the noun it modifies.

Additional Common Adjectives

Review the below paradigms carefully and note that you have already memorized the majority of the endings. Remember that the letter nu in parentheses is a nu-movable. It may be added to the ending when the following word begins with a vowel or at the end of clauses or verses. Otherwise, it is left off.

πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν all, each, every, whole
Singular   M F N N πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν A πάντα πᾶσαν πᾶν G παντός πάσης παντός D παντί πάσῃ παντί V πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν	Plural   M F N N πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα G πάντας πάσᾱς πάντα D πάντων πασῶν πάντων A πᾶσι (ν) πάσαις πᾶσι (ν) V πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα
Singular   M F N N πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν G παντός πάσης παντός D παντί πάσῃ παντί A πάντα πᾶσαν πᾶν V πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν	Plural   M F N N πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα G πάντων πασῶν πάντων D πᾶσι (ν) πάσαις πᾶσι (ν) A πάντας πάσᾱς πάντα V πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα

1. Τhe adjectives ἅπᾱς, ἅπᾱσα, ἅπᾱν all, each, every, whole and σύμπᾱς, σύμπᾱσα, σύμπᾱν all, whole, entire decline like πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν.
2. The stem for the masculine and neuter, παντ-, differs from the stem, πασ-, for the feminine.
3. The letter nu in the masculine and neuter dative plural is a nu-movable. It may be added to the ending when the following word begins with a vowel or at the end of clauses or verses. Otherwise, it is left off.

   μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα big, great
   Singular   M F N N μέγας μεγάλη μέγα A μέγαν μεγάλην μέγα G μεγάλου μεγάλης μεγάλου D μεγάλῳ μεγάλῃ μεγάλῳ V μεγάλε μεγάλη μέγα	Plural   M F N N μεγάλοι μεγάλαι μεγάλα A μεγάλους μεγάλᾱς μεγάλα G μεγάλων μεγάλων μεγάλων D μεγάλοις μεγάλαις μεγάλοις V μεγάλοι μεγάλαι μεγάλα
   Singular   M F N N μέγας μεγάλη μέγα G μεγάλου μεγάλης μεγάλου D μεγάλῳ μεγάλῃ μεγάλῳ A μέγαν μεγάλην μέγα V μεγάλε μεγάλη μέγα	Plural   M F N N μεγάλοι μεγάλαι μεγάλα G μεγάλων μεγάλων μεγάλων D μεγάλοις μεγάλαις μεγάλοις A μεγάλους μεγάλᾱς μεγάλα V μεγάλοι μεγάλαι μεγάλα

πολύς, πολλή, πολύ much, many
Singular   M F N N πολύς πολλή πολύ A πολύν πολλήν πολύ G πολλοῦ πολλῆς πολλοῦ D πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ	Singular   M F N N πολλοί πολλαί πολλά A πολλούς πολλάς πολλά G πολλῶν πολλῶν πολλῶν D πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς
Singular   M F N N πολύς πολλή πολύ G πολλοῦ πολλῆς πολλοῦ D πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ A πολύν πολλήν πολύ	Plural   M F N N πολλοί πολλαί πολλά G πολλῶν πολλῶν πολλῶν D πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς A πολλούς πολλάς πολλά

1. πολύ is often found in the accusative as an accusative of respect. It translates well into English as the adverb very.

ἡδύς, ἡδεῖα, ἡδύ sweet
Singular   M F N N ἡδύς ἡδεῖα ἡδύ A ἡδύν ἡδεῖαν ἡδύ G ἡδέος ἡδείᾱς ἡδέος D ἡδεῖ ἡδείᾱͅ ἡδεῖ V ἡδύ ἡδεῖα ἡδύ	Plural   M F N N ἡδεῖς ἡδεῖαι ἡδέα A ἡδεῖς ἡδείᾱς ἡδέα G ἡδέων ἡδειῶν ἡδέων D ἡδέσι (ν) ἡδείαις ἡδέσι (ν) V ἡδεῖς ἡδεῖαι ἡδέα
Singular   M F N N ἡδύς ἡδεῖα ἡδύ G ἡδέος ἡδείᾱς ἡδέος D ἡδεῖ ἡδείᾱͅ ἡδεῖ A ἡδύν ἡδεῖαν ἡδύ V ἡδύ ἡδεῖα ἡδύ	Plural   M F N N ἡδεῖς ἡδεῖαι ἡδέα G ἡδέων ἡδειῶν ἡδέων D ἡδέσι (ν) ἡδείαις ἡδέσι (ν) A ἡδεῖς ἡδείᾱς ἡδέα V ἡδεῖς ἡδεῖαι ἡδέα

1. The Adjective εὐθύς, εὐθεῖα, εὐθύ straight, direct declines like ἡδύς, ἡδεῖα, ἡδύ sweet.
2. The letter nu in the masculine and neuter dative plural is a nu-movable. It may be added to the ending when the following word begins with a vowel or at the end of clauses or verses. Otherwise, it is left off.

   ἀληθής, ἀληθές true
   	Singular
   	M/F	N
   N	ἀληθής	ἀληθές
   A	ἀληθέα, ἀληθῆ	ἀληθές
   G	ἀληθέος, ἀληθοῦς	ἀληθέος, ἀληθοῦς
   D	ἀληθεῖ	ἀληθεῖ
   V	ἀληθές	ἀληθές
   	Plural
   	M/F	N
   N	ἀληθέες, ἀληθεῖς	ἀληθέα, ἀληθῆ
   A	ἀληθεῖς	ἀληθέα, ἀληθῆ
   G	ἀληθέων, ἀληθῶν	ἀληθέων, ἀληθῶν
   D	ἀληθέσι (ν)	ἀληθέσι (ν)
   V	ἀληθέες, ἀληθεῖς	ἀληθέα, ἀληθῆ
   	Singular
   	M/F	N
   N	ἀληθής	ἀληθές
   G	ἀληθέος, ἀληθοῦς	ἀληθέος, ἀληθοῦς
   D	ἀληθεῖ	ἀληθεῖ
   A	ἀληθέα, ἀληθῆ	ἀληθές
   V	ἀληθές	ἀληθές
   	Plural
   	M/F	N
   N	ἀληθέες, ἀληθεῖς	ἀληθέα, ἀληθῆ
   G	ἀληθέων, ἀληθῶν	ἀληθέων, ἀληθῶν
   D	ἀληθέσι (ν)	ἀληθέσι (ν)
   A	ἀληθεῖς	ἀληθέα, ἀληθῆ
   V	ἀληθέες, ἀληθεῖς	ἀληθέα, ἀληθῆ

1. The adjectives ψευδής, ψευδές false and ἀκριβής, ἀκριβές exact, accurate, precise decline like ἀληθής, ἀληθές.
2. In the dative singular the intervocalic sigma dropped out (εσι) and the vowels contracted to form -εῖ.
3. The letter nu in the masculine/feminine and neuter dative plural is a nu-movable. It may be added to the ending when the following word begins with a vowel or at the end of clauses or verses. Otherwise, it is left off.

Mixed Declension Adjectives

As is the case with -ων, -ουσα, -ον (Module 20), the masculine and neuter genders decline like nouns of sets 9 and 10. The feminine declines like short-alpha nouns of set 3.

M F N N/V -ᾱς -ᾱσα -αν A -αντα -ᾱσαν -αν G -αντος -ᾱσης -αντος D -αντι -ᾱσῃ -αντι	M F N N/V -αντες -ᾱσαι -αντα A -αντας -ᾱσᾱς -αντα G -αντων -ᾱσῶν -αντων D -ᾱσι (ν) -ᾱσαις -ᾱσι (ν)
M F N N/V -ᾱς -ᾱσα -αν G -αντος -ᾱσης -αντος D -αντι -ᾱσῃ -αντι A -αντα -ᾱσαν -αν	M F N N/V -αντες -ᾱσαι -αντα G -αντων -ᾱσῶν -αντων D -ᾱσι (ν) -ᾱσαις -ᾱσι (ν) A -αντας -ᾱσᾱς -αντα

1. After removing the past indicative augment, add these endings to the third principal parts of first aorist ω-verbs.
2. Note that technically these forms are participles, which are defined as verbal adjectives. For now, treat these forms like any other adjective, making sure that you know what noun the participle agrees with in gender, case, and number; or supplying a noun based on the participle’s gender and number; or supplying a noun from context for the participle to modify. In part I of the 21st-Century series, aorist participles are glossed like so, ἄρξᾱς, ἄρξαντος ὁ ruling, having ruled.
3. The letter nu in the masculine and neuter dative plural is a nu-movable. It may be added to the ending when the following word begins with a vowel or at the end of clauses or verses. Otherwise, it is left off.
4. Τhe endings for the second aorist participle are the same as those for the present and future participles. To refresh your memory, see Module 20. These endings are also similar to the participle of εἰμί, ὤν, οὖσα, ὄν without the breathings: λιπών, λιποῦσα, λιπόν leaving, having left. Note the fixed accent. Participles will be explained fully in Part II of the 21st-Century series.

Practice Translating Additional Adjectives. Check your understanding with the translations in the Answer Key, making sure that you understand why each word translates as it does. Now go back and read each sentence two or three times, noticing with each rereading how much better your understanding of the sentence becomes. Make this a habit and you will improve quickly.

1. πάντα ῥύει; οὐδὲν ἀσφαλές.
2. ἡδὺ φαγέειν, πίνειν, γελάειν.
3. πολλὰ λέγειν ἀλλὰ οὐ πολὺς χρόνος.
4. μέγα βιβλίον τὸ ἴσον τῷ μεγάλῳ κακῷ.
5. ὁ ποταμὸς εἰς θάλατταν ῥύει εὐθύ.
6. ἔφη πολλοὺς μισήσειν τοῦτον, ὃς κακὰ ἀεὶ λαλέειν ἐθέλει.
7. τοῖς ἀχρημάτοις κλέπτειν ἀναγκαίως ἔχει πολύ.
8. ἐπεὶ τῆς ἡμέρᾱς ὀψὲ ἦν, οἶνος ἡμῖν καὶ λόγος πολύς.
9. ὥστε χρόνος τὰ κρυπτὰ πάντα πρὸς τὸ φῶς ἄγει.
10. γέλως ἄκαιρος πᾶσι βροτοῖς φέρει δεινὸν κακόν.

Vocabulary

*ἄγω, ἄξω, ἤγαγον do, drive, lead; χάριν ἄγω I give thanks	*ἵσος, ἴση, ἴσον equal, similar + dative
ἄκαιρος, ἄκαιρον inopportune, untimely	*κακός, κακή, κακόν bad, evil, cowardly
ἀναγκαίως necessarily, with necessity	κρυπτός, κρυπτή, κρυπτόν hidden, secret
ἀχρήματος, ἀχρήματον without money, poor	λαλέω talk, chat, prattle, babble, speak nonsense
βιβλίον, βιβλίου τό book	*λόγος, λόγου ὁ word, speech, reason
βροτός, βροτοῦ ὁ mortal	μισέω, μισήσω, ἐμίσησα hate
γελάω, γελάσομαι, ἐγέλασα laugh	οἶνος, οἴνου ὁ wine
γέλως, γέλωτος ὁ laughter	ὀψέ late + gen.
*δεινός, δεινή, δεινόν awesome, fearsome, terrible	πίνω drink
*ἐθέλω (θέλω), ἐθελήσω, ἐθέλησα wish, be willing	*ποταμός, ποτάμου ὁ river
*ἔφη he, she, it said	ῥύω flow
*ἡμέρᾱ, ἡμέρᾱς ἡ day	φαγέω eat
*ἦν he, she, it was	*φέρω, οἴσω, ἤνεγκα or ἤνεγκον bring, bear, carry; endure
*θάλασσα (θάλαττα), θαλάσσης ἡ sea	φῶς, φωτός τό light
	*χρόνος, χρόνου ὁ time

1. The asterisk indicates the top 250 most frequently occurring vocabulary, which you are to memorize.

Homer

Homer, Ὅμηρος, lived about 750 BCE. He is conventionally credited with the composition of the epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey. The Iliad centers on the character of Akhilleus and the Trojan War, both dating to about 1100 BCE. The Odyssey concerns Odysseus and his attempt to return home at the end of the ten-year Trojan War. In the poems Homer speaks of his own modern day (c. 750 BCE) and refers to it regularly. When telling the stories of Akhilleus and Odysseus, he refers to these events as existing in ancient times. Of the many accounts of Homer’s life, the most common is that he was a blind bard from Ionia—blindness being associated with excellence in the poetic craft.

The Homeric Question asks who authored the epics. One view holds that Homer did and exalts him and the genius of his work. At the other extreme, scholars question Homer’s existence, do not believe that one person authored both epics, and believe the poems are the result of layers of different poems combined through the years into a single faulty and incomplete whole. Some scholars, who conclude that Homer authored both epics, accept the argument that the epics are the result of layering but argue that they form a beautifully complete whole. In his own day and for many centuries later, scholars and lay people considered Homer’s poetic ability so good that many poets shied away from writing epic poetry.

This textbook offers a small selection from the Odyssey where Penelope and her husband in disguise, Odysseus, interrogate each other, verbally sparring as the reader wonders if Penelope has seen through her husband’s disguise and who is testing whom.

Practice Translating. Translate the sentences below, which have been adapted from Homer’s Odyssey (Ὀδύσσεια). Remember the meanings and functions of the cases presented in Module 7. Use your memory to identify endings and their functions. If you forget an ending or a function, consult the Adjective, Adverb, Noun, and Pronoun Chart in Appendix VIII and the Case and Function Chart in Appendix I. Check your understanding with the translations in the Answer Key, making sure that you understand why each word translates as it does. Now go back and read each sentence two or three times, noticing with each rereading how much better your understanding of the sentence becomes. Make this a habit and you will improve quickly.

	Πηνελόπεια: ἀλλὰ δεῖ σοι τὸν ὄνειρον ὑποκρίνασθαι καὶ ἀκοῦσαι. χῆνές μοι κατὰ οἶκον εἴκοσι πυρὸν ἔδουσιν ἐξ ὕδατος, καί τούτοις ἰαίνομαι εἰσορόουσα. ἦλθε δʼ ἐξ ὄρεος μέγας αἰετὸς ἀγκυλοχείλης καὶ πᾶσι αὐχένας κατἦξε καὶ ἔκτανεν. οἱ μὲν χέονται ἀθρόοι ἐν μεγάροις· ὁ δʼ ἐς αἰθέρα δῖαν ἀέρθη. αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ ἔκλαιον καὶ ἐκώκυον ἔν περ ὀνείρῳ. ἀμφὶ δʼ ἔμʼ ἠγερέθοντο εὐπλοκαμῖδες Ἀχαιαί, οἴκτρα τε ὀλοφύρομαι ὅτι μοι αἰετὸς ἔκτανε χῆνας. ὁ δ’ ἂψ ἐλθὼν ἄρʼ ἕζεται ἐπὶ μελάθρῳ· φωνῇ δὲ βροτείᾳ κατερητύει φώνησέν τε·
	αἰετός: δεῖ σοὶ θαρσέειν, Ἰκαρίου κούρη τηλεκλειτοῦ· οὐκ ὄναρ, ἀλλʼ ὕπαρ ἐσθλόν, ὅ τοι τετελεσμένον ἔσται. χῆνες μὲν μνηστῆρες· ἐγὼ δέ τοι αἰετὸς ὄρνις ἦν πάρος, νῦν αὖτε τεὸς πόσις ἥκω, ὃς πᾶσι μνηστήρεσσιν ἀεικέα πότμον ἐφήσω.
	Πηνελόπεια: αὐτὰρ ἐμὲ μελιηδὴς ὕπνος ἀνῆκε. ἐγὼ δὲ χῆνας ἐν μεγάροις ἐπάπτηνα καὶ νόησα. οἱ δὲ πυρὸν ἐρέπτονται παρὰ πύελον, ἧχι πάρος περ.
	Ὀδυσσεύς ξεῖνος: οὔ πως ἔστιν ὑποκρίνασθαι ὄνειρον ἄλλῃ, ἐπεὶ ἦ ῥὰ αὐτὸς Ὀδυσσεὺς εἶπε ὅπως τελέει. μνηστήρεσσιν δὲ φαίνεται ὄλεθρος πᾶσι μάλ’, οὐδέ τις θάνατον καὶ κῆρας ἀλύξει.
	Πηνελόπεια: ξεῖνʼ, ἦ τοι μὲν ὄνειροι ἀμήχανοι ἀκριτόμυθοι γίγνοντ’, οὐδέ τι πάντα τελέεται ἀνθρώποις.

Adverbs and Verbs

ἀείρω, ἀρέω, ἤειρα, ἧρκα, ἧρμαι, ἀέρθην lift, heave, raise up; (pass.) be suspended, hang	ἧχι where
*ἀκούω, ἀκούσομαι, ἤκουσα hear, hear of or about, listen, heed + gen. or acc. of thing or gen. of person	θαρσέω, θαρσήσω, ἐθάρσησα take courage, dare
ἀλύσκω, ἀλύξω, ἤλυξα flee from, shun, avoid, forsake	ἰαίνω heat, relax; warm, cheer
ἀμφί about, for the sake of + gen; about, around + dat.; about, around (motion often implied) + acc.	κατάγνυμι, -ἄξω, -ἤξα break, shatter
ἀνίημι, ἀνήσω, ἀνῆκα send up or forth; let go; abate; loose; allow + inf.; dissolve	κατερητύω hold back, detain; check
αὐτάρ but, besides, moreover	κλαίω, κλαιήσω or κλᾱήσω, ἔκλαυσα weep, lament, wail
αὖτε furthermore, again	κτείνω, κτενέω, ἔκτεινα or ἔκτανον kill, slay, slaughter
ἄψ back	κωκύω, κωκύσω, ἐκώκυσα cry, wail
*γίγνομαι, γενήσομαι, ἐγενόμην be, be born	*λέγω, λέξω or ἐρέω, ἔλεξα or εἶπον say, tell, speak
*δεῖ it is necessary + ‘x’ in gen. or dat. or acc. + inf., δεῖ ἐλθεῖν it is necessary to come	μάλα very
ἔδω eat	νοέω, νοήσω, ἐνόησα or ἔνωσα perceive by the eyes, observe, notice; think, deem; intend + inf.
ἕζομαι seat, sit	παπταίνω, ------, ἐπάπτηνα watch, gaze
*εἰμί, ἔσομαι be, be possible	πάρος before, formerly
ἐρέπτομαι feed on	πως somehow, someway
*ἔρχομαι, ἐλεύσομαι, ἦλθον come, go	τελέω, τελέω or τελέσω, ἐτέλεσα fulfill, accomplish, bring to an end; pay (taxes);
ἐφίημι, -ἥσω, -ἧκα send on or against; let go, yield; (mid.) command; (mid.) aim at, long for + gen.; (mid.) allow + inf.	τοι you know, mark you, surely, in truth
ἦ in truth, verily	ὑποκρίνομαι reply, answer; interpret
ἠγερέθομαι gather, assemble	*φαίνω, φανέω, ἔφηνα show, reveal; (pass.) come to light, appear
*ἥκω, ἥξω have come, be present	φωνέω speak, utter
ἦν he, she, it was	χέω, χέω, ἔχεα, κέχυκα, κέχυμαι, ἐχύθην pour; (pass.) be heaped up

Adjectives, Nouns, and Pronouns

ἀγκυλοχείλης, ἀγκυλοχείλεος ὁ with hooked beak	μέλαθρον, μελάθρου τό roof beam, roof
ἀεικής, ἀεικές pitiful, mean; strange	μελιηδής, μελιηδές honey-sweet
ἀθρόος, ἀθρόα, ἀθρόον in crowds, heaps	μνηστήρ, μνηστῆρος ὁ (epic dat. pl. μνηστήρεσσιν) suitor
αἰετός, αἰετοῦ ὁ eagle	ξεῖνος (ξένος), ξείνου (ξένου) ὁ stranger; guest-friend
αἰθήρ, αἰθέρος ὁ ἡ ether, sky, air, heaven	οἶκος, οἴκου ὁ house, palace
ἀκριτόμυθος, ἀκριτόμυθον babbling incoherently, difficult to interpret; reckless	οἶκτρος, οἴκτρα, οἶκτρον pitiable, lamentable; wailing
*ἄλλος, ἄλλη, ἄλλο another, other	ὄλεθρος, ὀλέθρου ὁ ruin, death
ἀμήχανος, ἀμήχανον without resource, helpless, impossible; inexplicable	ὄναρ, ὀνείρου τό dream
*ἄνθρωπος, ἀνθρώπου ἡ ὁ human, person	ὄνειρος, ὀνείρου ὁ dream
Ἀχαιός, Ἀχαιά, Ἀχαιόν Greek, Akhaian	ὄρνις, ὄρνιθος ὁ ἡ bird, bird of omen
αὐχήν, αὐχένος ὁ throat, neck	ὄρος, ὄρεος (-ους) τό mountain
βρότειος, βρότειον (-ος, -α, -ον) mortal	πόσις, πόσεως ὁ husband
δῖος, δῖα, δῖον divine, noble	πότμος, πότμου ὁ fate, destiny, lot
εἴκοσι (ν) twenty	πύελος, πυέλου ἡ feeding-trough; bathing-tub
εἰσορόουσα, εἰσοροούσης ἡ looking upon	πυρός, πυροῦ ὁ wheat
ἐλθών, ἐλθόντος ὁ coming, going; having come, having gone	τεός, τεή, τεόν your
ἐσθλός, ἐσθλή, ἐσθλόν noble, fine, good	τετελεσμένος, τετελεσμένη, τετελεσμένον accomplished, completed
εὐπλοκαμίς, εὐπλοκαμῖδος fair-tressed, with comely hair	τηλεκλειτός, τηλεκλειτόν far-famed
θάνατος, θανάτου ὁ death	ὕδωρ, ὕδατος τό water; pond
Ἰκάρίος, Ἰκαρίου ὁ Ikarios	ὕπαρ, ὕπαρος τό waking vision
κήρ, κῆρος ἡ doom, death, fate	ὕπνος, ὕπνου ὁ sleep
κούρη (κόρη), κούρης ἡ daughter, girl	φωνή, φωνῆς ἡ sound; voice; tone
μέγαρον, μεγάρου τό great hall	χήν, χηνός ὁ ἡ goose

1. The asterisk indicates the top 250 most frequently occurring vocabulary, which you are to memorize.

Practice Parsing Greek Sentences. Parse each word of the sentences found below. For nouns and pronouns, give their case and function. For verbs, give their person, number, tense, mood, and voice. For adverbs and conjunctions, identify them. For prepositional phrases, give the preposition and the preposition’s object. For adjectives, tell what noun they agree with in gender, number, and case.

τί νομίζεις τὴν δημοκρατίαν πoλλῷ ἡδίονα τυραννίδος;

ὁ δ’ ἂψ ἐλθὼν ἄρʼ ἕζεται ἐπὶ μελάθρῳ· φωνῇ δὲ βροτείᾳ κατερητύει φώνησέν τε·

Check your answers with those in the Answer Key.

Module 26 Top 250 Vocabulary to be Memorized. Like learning the alphabet and endings, memorizing vocabulary is essential to acquiring language. The better you memorize the top 250 most frequently occurring vocabulary words the greater mastery of the language you will have.

Adjectives and Nouns

δίκαιος, δικαίᾱ, δίκαιον just

ὀλίγος, ὀλίγη, ὀλίγον few, little, small

πάθος, πάθεος (πάθους) τό suffering; experience; passion; emotion

πλεῖστος, πλείστη, πλεῖστον most, greatest, largest

φύσις, φύσιος (φύσηος, φύσεως) ἡ nature

Verbs

δέω, δεήσω, ἐδέησα, δεδέηκα, δεδέημαι, ἐδεήθην want, lack, miss, stand in need of, want + gen.; long or wish for + gen.; ask for ‘x’ in gen. or acc. from ‘y’ in gen., τοῦτο (or τούτου) ὑμῶν δέομαι I ask you for this

ἵστημι, στήσω, ἔστησα (trans.) or ἔστην (intrans.), ἕστηκα (intrans.), ἕσταμαι, ἐστάθην stand, make stand, place

καθίστημι (trans.) appoint, establish, put into a state; (intrans.) be established, be appointed, enter into a state

κεῖμαι, κείσομαι, ------, ------, ------, ------ lie

1.	κεῖμαι conjugates like so,
	S Pl 1st κεῖμαι κείμεθα 2nd κεῖσαι κεῖσθε 3rd κεῖται κεῖνται
	Infinitive: κεῖσθαι

Etymology Corner XXVI by Dr. E. Del Chrol

Technical Terms 22, Parts of Speech

Verbs cont. We touched on the difference between tense and aspect above. This is an important distinction, and one that frequently causes difficulty because of how English handles tenses. Here is yet another situation where Greek is perfectly clear but English is not. Two of the signs to help you distinguish the tenses are reduplication and augments.

• Some verbs show their tense by reduplication, that is, repeating the sound of the base, or doubling it again (re, again, like in redo or repeat, and duplicare, to weave twice, or more simply, duplicate). For example, the perfect of λύω is λέλυκα (λέ- repeats the lambda sound) and the perfect of πέμπω is πέπεμμαι (with the pi sound repeated). You can hear how the λ or the π is doubled again.
• Some tenses need an augment, like how the imperfect tense gets an epsilon, ἐ-, added as a prefix. You could say that the stem has grown or increased by that prefix, the meaning of the Latin verb underpinning the word, augere.

Luckily, the etymologies for the various tenses can also help you out in distinguishing and translating them.

• Present comes from the Latin praesens which in turn comes from the roots to be in front of/ to be at hand (pre, in front of, and esse, to be). A verb happening in the present tense is happening right now, before your eyes.
• The Future Tense comes from the future of esse in the previous definition, futurus, will be/going to be. Future tenses haven’t happened yet, they are going to be happening.
• Perfect tense verbs either signify a completed action in a state (stative, στάσις), or a present impact of a completed action. Think about οἶδα. It means I know, and has present meaning but perfect tense endings. This has a logic to it because knowing something means you came to know it in the past and continue to know it now. This is a present impact of a past action. The etymology for perfect comes from two Latin roots meaning thoroughly completed (per, thoroughly/through and through, like a perforation pokes through and object, or someone who has perished has thoroughly gone + facere/feci, to make/do, as in a factory is where people make things). Therefore, a verb in the perfect tense has been thoroughly completed.
• This leads naturally to a discussion of the imperfect tense, which has all the same etymology but adding that in- prefix we’ve seen that means not. An imperfect verb is not completely done, indicating a continuous action in the past, or a habitual one. Imperfects are often paired with a perfect or an aorist to indicate what went on until something stopped it. For example, “Nikos was walking and checking Insta until he hit a lamp-post” has two incomplete action verbs interrupted by a completed action verb.
• Let’s say you want to talk about something more in the past than another past action, such as, “He had eaten a whole pizza then felt sick.” You use the Pluperfect Tense. I’m pretty sure your math teacher didn’t explain that the symbol + which signifies plus is the Latin for more. Therefore the pluperfect tense is the tense that talks about actions more thoroughly completed.
• The most common past tense is the aorist. As you will discover the more Greek you read, the aorist is a flexible tense, which reflects its origin ἀόριστος, not limited (ἀ-, without, like in asymptomatic meaning without showing symptoms + ὁρίζειν, to limit, where we get horizon meaning the limit of where we can see on the earth). It can mean a simple completed action like he ate the snow but also in general sayings of wisdom like don’t eat yellow snow.

What to Study and Do 26. Before moving on to the next module, make sure that you refresh your memory on noun and adjective agreement and how adjectives can function as substantives. Also memorize the five additional common adjectives and pronouns presented in this module. From this point on their forms will not be glossed.

Learning Tip 26: Cultivating Creativity. It is not certain how we come to see things in fundamentally new ways. Deep learning and thinking remain mysterious. Achieving them involves a letting go of control. You cannot will creativity to produce what you seek. You can encourage it to occur. Meditation, novelty, and travel are supposed to help. At some point in the letting go, you move from viewing the situation from the normal point of view to a resolution to the problem that is fundamentally different and at the same time obvious and inevitable. The meaning of τῶν καλῶν in a sentence may make little sense to you at first, but as you work with it the meaning becomes as fundamentally obvious as 1 + 1 = 10 is to the mathematician. Awareness, open mindedness, contemplating conflict, tension, and incoherence require our sustained effort. Through sustained effort the difficult is rendered easy and familiar.