1.20: The Future Indicative and Infinitive Active of ἔχω, ἐλαύνω, ἔρχομαι and the Dynamic Infinitive
Module 17
© 2021 Philip S. Peek, CC BY 4.0 https://doi.org/ 10.11647/OBP.0264. 20
The Verb
In Greek and in English, verbs have the same definition and functions. Verbs are words that represent actions ( throw ) and states of being ( be or exist ). They differ in the same fundamental way that Greek nouns differ from their English counterparts: they use endings to create meaning in a way that English does not. The Greek verb ( ῥῆμα ) in its finite form has an ending that indicates what person and number the subject is. The Greek infinitive has an ending that indicates that it is unmarked for person and number .
The Future Indicative Active
The future tense refers to actions that will occur in the future. The future tense stems have a temporal value but no aspect, showing no distinction between the imperfective (incomplete) and perfective (completed) aspect ( CGCG 33.4–6). To review what is meant by the aspect of verbs, reread Verb Tense-Aspect in Module 9 .
Future Tense Stems
To obtain the future tense stem remove the ending from the second principal part. What remains is the future active and middle tense stem. To this stem, add the future tense endings.
Future Tense Endings
Add to the correct tense stem.
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Primary Active (use for the present and future active tenses) |
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S |
Pl |
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1 st |
- ω |
- ομεν |
|
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2 nd |
- εις |
- ετε |
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3 rd |
- ει |
- ουσι ( ν ) |
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Infinitive Active (use for the present and future active tenses) |
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- ειν |
- Almost all verb forms have recessive accent.
-
The letter nu in the third person plural, present indicative active is a nu-movable. It may be added to the ending when the following word begins with a vowel or at the end of clauses or verses. Otherwise it is left off.
Primary Middle and Passive (use to form the active voice of deponent verbs)
S
Pl
1 st
- ομαι
- ομεθα
2 nd
-ει or -ῃ (-εσαι)
- εσθε
3 rd
- εται
- ονται
Infinitive Active (use to form the active voice of deponent verbs)
- εσθαι
- Almost all verb forms have recessive accent. Remember that final - αι and - οι count as short for purposes of accentuation except in the optative, a mood learned in Part II of the 21st-Century series.
- In the second person singular intervocalic sigma dropped out ( - εσαι ), resulting in the two endings - ει and - ῃ .
- Deponent verbs are active in meaning and middle and passive in form.
The Conjugation of ἔχω
All ω -verbs combine their stems and endings just as ἔχω does. In the readings that follow, use your knowledge of ἔ χω to recognize and translate the forms of other ω -verbs .
Future Indicative Active of ἔχω
To the future active and middle tense stems ἕξ - or σχήσ - , add the correct endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and Number |
|
ἕξω |
I will have |
1 st person singular |
|
ἕξεις |
you will have |
2 nd person singular |
|
ἕξει |
he, she, it will have |
3 rd person singular |
|
ἕξομεν |
we will have |
1 st person plural |
|
ἕξετε |
you will have |
2 nd person plural |
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ἕξουσι ( ν ) |
they will have |
3 rd person plural |
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and Number |
|
σχήσω |
I will have |
1st person singular |
|
σχήσεις |
you will have |
2 nd person singular |
|
σχήσει |
he, she, it will have |
3 rd person singular |
|
σχήσομεν |
we will have |
1 st person plural |
|
σχήσετε |
you will have |
2 nd person plural |
|
σχήσουσι ( ν ) |
they will have |
3 rd person plural |
Future Infinitive Active of ἔχω
To the future active and middle tense stems ἕξ - or σχήσ - , add ειν .
|
ἕξειν or σχήσειν |
to be about to have |
unmarked |
- Only the tense stem distinguishes the future indicative active from the present indicative active. Contrast the present stem of ἔχ ω with the future stem of ἕξ ω and σχήσ ω .
The Conjugation ἐλαύνω, ἐλάω
ἐλάω is referred to as a contract ω -verb because its stem ends in alpha in the first person singular, future indicative active of the second principal part. When the stem of principal part I or II ends in alpha, the alpha may contract with the endings in accordance with the chart below. In the readings that follow, use your knowledge of ἐλ άω to recognize and translate the forms of other alpha contract ω -verbs.
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|
Future Indicative Active of ἐλαύνω, ἐλάω
To the future active and middle tense stem ἐλα - , add the correct endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and Number |
|
ἐλῶ ( ἐλάω ) |
I will march |
1st person singular |
|
ἐλᾷς ( ἐλάεις ) |
you will march |
2 nd person singular |
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ἐλᾷ ( ἐλάει ) |
he, she, it will march |
3 rd person singular |
|
ἐλῶμεν ( ἐλάομεν ) |
we will march |
1 st person plural |
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ἐλᾶτε ( ἐλάετε ) |
you will march |
2 nd person plural |
|
ἐλῶσι ( ν ) ( ἐλάουσι ( ν ) |
they will march |
3 rd person plural |
Future Infinitive Active of ἐ λαύνω, ἐλάω
To the future active and middle tense stem ἐλα- , add ειν .
|
ἐλᾶν ( ἐλάειν < ἐλάεεν ) |
to be about to march |
unmarked |
The Conjugation of ἔρχομαι
Deponent ω -verbs are similar to ω -verbs except that they have middle and passive forms but active meanings. All deponent ω -verbs form their present and future indicative actives just as ἔρχομαι does. In the readings that follow, use your knowledge of ἔρχομαι to recognize and translate the forms of other deponent ω -verbs .
Future Indicative of ἔρχομαι
To the future tense stem ἐλεύσ - , add the correct endings.
|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and Number |
|
ἐλεύσομαι |
I will go |
1 st person singular |
|
ἐλεύσει, ἐλεύσῃ |
you will go |
2 nd person singular |
|
ἐλεύσεται |
he, she, it will go |
3 rd person singular |
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ἐλευσόμεθα |
we will go |
1 st person plural |
|
ἐλεύσεσθε |
you will go |
2 nd person plural |
|
ἐλεύσονται |
they will go |
3 rd person plural |
Future Infinitive of ἔρχομαι
To the future tense stem ἐλεύσ - , add - εσθαι .
|
ἐλεύσεσθαι |
to be about to go |
unmarked |
The Infinitive
Remember that in English and in Greek the infinitive is unmarked for person and for number. Ι t is classified as a verbal noun and is best understood by thinking of its function as completing or enhancing the meaning of adjectives, clauses, nouns, and verbs. This is why the infinitive is referred to as complement. Sometimes classified as a mood, the infinitive is potential in meaning, ἐν δυνάμει , because its action may or may not be realized. There are two types of infinitives, the declarative and the dynamic. Both the declarative and the dynamic infinitives refer to actions that exist potentially or ἐ ν δυνάμει .
The Dynamic Infinitive
The dynamic infinitive refers to actions that exist potentially, ἐν δυνάμει . It is negated by the abverb μή not and not οὐ not . For more on the dynamic infinitive , see CGCG 51. Consider its use as a complement in these examples.
1. As a complement to modal verbs:
|
δεῖ it is necessary |
δεῖ ποιέειν |
It is necessary to create. |
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δύναμαι be able |
δ ύναμαι αἱρέεσθαι |
I am able to choose. |
|
ἔξεστι it is possible |
ἔξεστι πειρ άειν |
It is possible to try. |
|
ἔχω be able |
ἔχω μιμνήσκειν |
I am able to remember. |
|
κινδυνεύ ω risk |
κινδυεύω θανεῖν |
I run the risk of dying. |
|
προσήκει it is fitting |
προσ ήκει μανθάνειν |
It is fitting to learn. |
|
χρή it is necessary |
χρὴ αἰσθά νεσθαι |
It is necessary to perceive. |
2. As a complement to verbs of wishing and desiring:
|
αἱρέομαι choose |
αἱρέομαι ὀ ρχέεσθαι |
I choose to dance. |
|
βουλεύω resolve |
βουλεύω βαδίζειν |
I resolve to go. |
|
βούλομαι want, prefer |
βούλομαι ἐσθίειν |
I want to eat. |
|
διανοέομαι decide, intend |
διανοέομαι διδόναι |
I intend to give. |
|
δοκέει it seems best |
δοκέει πλέειν |
It seems best to sail. |
|
ἐθέλω be willing, wish |
ἐθέλω λε ίπειν |
I wish to leave. |
|
σπουδάζω strive, be eager |
σπουδάζω φέρειν |
I strive to endure. |
3. As a complement to knowledge verbs:
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διδάσκω teach, teach how |
διδάσκω ἑλληνίζειν |
I teach how to speak Greek. |
|
ἐπ ίσταμαι know, know how |
ἐπίσταμαι ἀείδειν |
I know how to sing. |
|
μανθάνω learn, learn how |
μανθάνω πείθειν |
I learn how to persuade. |
4. As a complement to verbs of command, compulsion, and persuasion:
|
αἰτέω ask, require |
αἰτέω σὲ νομίζειν |
I ask you to believe. |
|
ἀναγκάζω force, compel |
ἀναγκάζω σὲ λύειν |
I compel you to free. |
|
δέομαι ask, require |
δέομαι σοῦ γράφειν |
I ask you to write. |
|
κελεύω command, bid |
κελεύ ω σὲ πέμπειν |
I bid you to send. |
|
πείθω persuade |
πείθω σὲ διδόναι |
I persuade you to give. |
|
ποιέω cause |
ποιέω σὲ ἔ ρχεσθαι |
I cause you to go |
5. As a complement to verbs of starting and stopping:
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ἄρχομαι begin |
ἄρχομαι εἰδέναι |
I begin to know. |
|
μέλλω be about |
μέλλω πείσεσθαι |
I am about to suffer. |
|
παύω stop |
παύω σὲ μάχεσθαι |
I stop you from fighting. |
6. Epexegetically as a complement to adjectives and nouns:
|
ἀγαθό ν good |
ἀγαθὸν οἴεσθαι |
It is good to think. |
|
ἄξιον worthy |
ἄξιον λέγειν |
It is worthy to say. |
|
δεινόν fearsome, awesome |
δεινόν ὁράειν |
It is awesome to see. |
|
καλόν good |
καλὸν πράττειν |
It is good to act. |
|
καιρ ός opportunity |
καιρὸς συμβαίνειν |
There is an opportunity to come to terms. |
|
νομός custom, law |
νομὸ ς εὑρίσκειν |
It is custom to discover. |
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σχολή leisure |
σχολὴ ἀκού ειν |
There is time to listen. |
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ὥρα time |
ὥρα ἄρχειν |
It is time to begin. |
7. As a complement of purpose often with verbs of giving, motion, receiving, and taking:
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ἔρχομαι go, come |
σῖτον ἐσθίειν ἐρχόμεθα |
we go to eat food. |
|
δίδωμι give |
χώραν δίδωμι αὐτοῖς διαρπάσαι |
I give them the country to plunder. |
Practice Translating the Infinitive. Translate each of the below, which have been adapted from folk songs and a variety of ancient Greek writers. Remember the meanings and functions of the cases presented in Module 7 . Nominative case endings are bolded; genitive endings are italicized; dative endings are highlighted; and accusative endings are underlined. Check your understanding with the translations in the Answer Key . Now go back and read each sentence two or three times, noticing with each rereading how much better your understanding of the sentence becomes. Make this a habit and you will improve quickly.
Praxilla of Sikyon, Πράξιλλα Σικυών c. 451 BCE. Praxilla was a Greek lyric poet of high renown. Only a few fragments of her work have survived. Antipater of Thessalonike (c. 15 BCE) lists her as one of the nine immortal-tongued female poets. Aristophanes parodies her in two of his comedies. The famous sculptor Lysippos (c. 350 BCE) sculpted her in bronze.
Athenaios of Naukratis, Ἀθήναιος ὁ Nαυκρατίτης , c. 190 CE. Athenaios was a Greek rhetorician and grammarian. His fifteen-volume Scholars at Dinner, Δειπνοσοφισταί , on the art of dining, mostly survives. Among other things, the work provides information about Greek literature, quoting from the works of about 700 Greek authors and 2,500 different works. Topics discussed in the volumes include, art, food, music, philology, sex, and wine.
Julian, Flavius Claudius Julianus, c. 331 CE. Julian was Roman emperor from 361 to 363 CE. He was also a philosopher and author of many works written in Greek. About fifteen have survived. Julian rejected Christianity and promoted Neoplatonic Hellenism. For this the Christian Church named him Julian the Apostate. His work, The Caesars , quoted below, was a satire that describes Roman emperors vying for the title of best emperor.
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Case |
Ending |
Function |
|
Nominative |
- α , - ις , - ο , - ον , - ος , - ω , - ων |
subject of the verb |
|
Genitive |
- ου |
dependence, possession; object of a preposition |
|
Dative |
- ᾳ , - ι , - ῳ |
indirect object; object of a prefix, preposition |
|
Accusative |
- α , - αν , - ας , - ην , - ον , - ος, - ους |
object of a verb |
- ἀγαθ ὸν ὑπὸ παντ ὶ λίθ ῳ σκορπί ον φυλάσσειν (Praxilla).
- οὐ βούλομαι κάλλιστ ον μὲν ἐγ ὼ λείπειν φά ος ἡλί ου (Praxilla).
- ὁ θάνατ ός μο ι κελεύει ἄστρ α φαειν ὰ λείπειν (Praxilla).
- ἄρχομαι καὶ ὡραί ους σικύ ους καὶ μῆλ α καὶ ὄγχν ας λείπειν (Praxilla).
- ἔρχεται χελιδ ὼν καλ ὰς ὥρ ας ἄγειν (Folk Song).
- νόμ ος ἀνοιγνύναι τ ὴν θύρ αν χελιδόν ι (Folk Song).
- Ἠριφαν ὶς ἐπίσταται τ οὺς ἀνημερωτάτ ους συνδακρῦσαι τ ῷ πάθε ι (Athenaios, Scholars at Dinner , quoting Klearkhos speaking about Eriphanis).
- θέλει γὰρ ὁ θε ὸς ὀρθ ὸς διὰ μ έσ ου βαδίζειν (Athenaios, Scholars at Dinner , quoting Semos of Delos, speaking about the Ithyphalloi).
- καιρ ὸς δὲ καλέει μηκέ τι μέλλειν (Julian, The Caesars ).
- Ῥέ α ἐν Φρυγί ᾳ μὲν τ οὺς Κορύβαντ ας ὀρχέεσθαι πείθει (Lucian, The Dance ).
Adverbs and Verbs
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* ἄγω , ἄξω do, drive, lead |
λείπω , λείψω leave |
|
ἀνοίγνυμι open |
* μέλλω , μελλήσω be about to, be going to; be likely to + inf. (fut. inf. in Attic) |
|
* ἄρχομαι , ἄρξομαι begin |
μηκέτι no longer |
|
βαδίζω , βαδιέω or βαδίσω go |
ὀρχέομαι , ὀρχήσομαι dance |
|
* βούλομαι , βουλήσομαι want, prefer; wish, be willing |
* πείθω , πείσω persuade |
|
* ἔρχομαι , ἐλεύσομαι come, go |
σπουδάζω , σπουδάσομαι strive, be eager |
|
* θέλω , θελήσω be willing, wish |
συνδακρύω , - δακρύσω cry, cry with |
|
* καλέω , καλέω call |
φυλάττω , φυλάξω keep watch, keep guard |
|
* κελεύω , κελεύσω bid, order, command |
Adjectives, Nouns, Pronouns
|
Νο minative |
Genitive |
Dative |
Accusative |
English Equivalent |
|
* ἀγαθόν |
ἀγαθοῦ |
ἀγαθῷ |
ἀγαθόν |
good, noble |
|
ἀ νημερώτατοι |
- τάτων |
- τάτοις |
- τάτους |
most savage |
|
ἄστρα |
ἄστρων |
ἄστροις |
ἄστρα |
stars |
|
ἥλιος |
ἡλίου |
ἡλίῳ |
ἥλιον |
sun |
|
Ἠριφανίς |
Ἠριφανίδος |
Ἠριφανίδι |
Ἠριφανίδα |
Eriphanis |
|
θάνατος |
θανάτου |
θανάτῳ |
θάνατον |
death |
|
* θεός |
θεοῦ |
θεῷ |
θεόν |
god, goddess, deity |
|
θύρα |
θ ύρας |
θύρᾳ |
θύραν |
door, gate |
|
* καιρός |
καιροῦ |
καιρῷ |
καιρόν |
right moment, critical time, opportunity |
|
κάλλιστον |
καλλίστου |
καλλίστῳ |
κ άλλιστον |
most beautiful |
|
* καλαί |
καλῶν |
καλαῖς |
καλάς |
beautiful, good |
|
* καλόν |
καλοῦ |
καλῷ |
καλόν |
beautiful, good |
|
Κορύ-βαντες |
- βάντων |
- βάντοις |
- βάντους |
Korybants |
|
λίθος |
λίθου |
λί θῳ |
λίθον |
stone |
|
μέσου see τὸ μέσον the middle |
||||
|
μῆλα |
μήλων |
μήλοις |
μῆλα |
apples |
|
* νόμος |
νόμου |
νόμῳ |
νόμον |
law, custom |
|
ὄγχναι |
ὄγχνῶν |
ὄγχναις |
ὄγχνας |
pear s |
|
* ὀρθός |
ὀρθο ῦ |
ὀρθῷ |
ὀρθόν |
upright, correct; erect |
|
* πάθος |
πάθεος ( πάθους ) |
πάθει |
πάθος |
suffering; experience; passion; emotion |
|
* πᾶς |
παντός |
παντί |
πάντα |
all, each, every, whole |
|
Ῥέα |
Ῥέας |
Ῥέᾳ |
Ῥέαν |
Rhea |
|
σίκυοι |
σικύων |
σικ ύοις |
σικύους |
cucumbers |
|
σκορπίος |
σκορπίου |
σκορπίῳ |
σκορπίον |
scorpion |
|
τὸ μέσον |
τοῦ μέσου |
τῷ μέσῳ |
τὸ μέσον |
middle, midst |
|
φαεινά |
φαεινῶν |
φαεινοῖς |
φαεινά |
shining, brilliant |
|
φάος ( φῶς ) |
φάεος ( φωτός ) |
φάει ( φωτί ) |
φάος ( φῶς ) |
light, daylight |
|
Φρυγία |
Φρυγίας |
Φρυγίᾳ |
Φρυγίαν |
Phrygia |
|
χελιδών |
χελιδόνος |
χελιδόνι |
χελιδόνα |
swallow |
|
ὥρα |
ὥρας |
ὥρᾳ |
ὥραν |
season, period, time |
|
ὡραῖοι |
ὡραίων |
ὡραίοις |
ὡ ραίους |
seasonable; proper, appropriate; ripe, ready |
- The asterisk indicates the top 250 most frequently occurring vocabulary, which you are to memorize.
Practice Translating. Translate the sentences below adapted from Euripides’ Bakkhai ( Βάκχαι ). Remember the meanings and functions of the cases presented in Module 7 . Nominative case endings are bolded; genitive endings are italicized; dative endings are highlighted; and accusative endings are underlined. Note that the third declension increases the number of possible endings for the nominative singular. Check your understanding with the translations in the Answer Key . Now go back and read each sentence two or three times, noticing with each rereading how much better your understanding of the sentence becomes. Make this a habit and you will improve quickly.
|
Case |
Ending |
Function |
|
Nominative |
- αι , - ες , - η , - οι , - ος |
subject of the verb |
|
Genitive |
- ος , - ου , - ους , - ων |
dependence, possession; object of a preposition, adjective |
|
Dative |
- αις , - ι , - οις , - σιν , - ῳ |
means or instrument; object of an adverb or adjective; place where |
|
Accusative |
- α , - αν , - ας , - ε , - η , - ην , - ν , - ο , - ον , - ος , - υ |
object of a verb, preposition, prefix, adjective |
Διόνυσος: ἀδελφ αὶ μητρ ὸς φάσκουσιν ὅτι Διόνυσ ος ο ὐκ ἐκφύει Δι ός ἀλλὰ ἐκ θνητ οῦ καὶ ὅτι ἡ Σεμέλ η ἐς Ζ ῆν ’ ἀναφέρει τ ὴν ἁμαρτί αν λέχ ους . αὐτ ὴν αἱ ἀδελφ αὶ ἐκκαυχάονται ὅτι κτείνει Ζ εὺς ἀστραπηφόρ ῳ πυρ ὶ ὅτι γάμ ους ψεύδει . τοιγὰρ αὐ τ ὰς ἐκ δόμ ων οἰστράω ἐγ ὼ μανί αις . ὄρ ος δ ’ οἰκέουσι παρά κοπ οι φρεν ῶν . σκευ ήν τ ’ ἔχειν αὐτ ὰ ς ἀναγκάζω ὀργί ων ἐμ ῶν . τ ὸ θῆλ υ σπέρμ α Καδμεί ων , ὅσ αι γυναῖ κ ές εἰσι , ἐκμαίνω δωμάτ ων . ὁμο ῦ δὲ Κάδμ ου παι σὶν ἀναμείγνυνται καὶ χλωρ αῖς ὑπ ’ ἐλάτ αις ἀνορό φ οις ἧνται πέτρ αις . δεῖ γὰρ τ ὴ ν ἀτέλεστ ον τ ῶν πόλι ν βακχευμάτ ων ἐκμανθάνειν , καὶ εἰ μὴ θέλει , ὅτι ἡ Σεμ έλ η ἐμ ὲ τίκτει Δι ί , ἐμφαν ῆ θνητ οῖς δαίμον α .
Adverbs and Verbs
|
ἀναγκάζω , ἀναγκάσω compel, force ‘x’ in acc. + inf. |
ἧμαι sit |
|
ἀναμείγνυμι , - μείξω mix up, mix together |
* θέλω , θελήσω wish, be willing |
|
ἀναφέρω , - οίσω bring up or back; place upon; refer |
κτείνω , κτενέω kill |
|
* δεῖ it is necessary + ‘x’ in gen. or dat. or acc. + inf., δεῖ ἐλθεῖν it is necessary to come |
οἰκέω , οἰκήσω inhabit, settle; manage, dwell, live |
|
* εἰμί , ἔσομαι be, be possible |
οἰστράω , οἰστρήσω sting, goad; go mad, rage |
|
ἐκκαυχάομαι , - καυχήσομαι boast |
ὁμοῦ at the same place, together + dat. |
|
ἐκμαίνω drive mad |
τίκτω , τέξω bear, give birth |
|
ἐ κμανθάνω , - μαθήσομαι learn, know, examine |
τοιγάρ therefore, accordingly |
|
ἐκφύω , - φύσω be born from; beget, produce; grow |
φάσκω claim, allege, assert |
|
* ἔχω , ἕξω or σχήσω have, hold; be able + inf.; καλῶς ἔχειν to be well |
ψεύδω , ψεύσω cheat, beguile; falsify, lie about |
Adjectives, Nouns, Pronouns
|
Νοminative |
Genitive |
Dative |
Accusative |
English Equivalent |
|
ἀδελφα ί |
ἀδελφῶν |
ἀδελφαῖς |
ἀδελφάς |
sisters |
|
ἁμαρτία |
ἁμαρτίας |
ἁμαρτίᾳ |
ἁμαρτίαν |
mistake, sin |
|
ἀνόροφοι |
ἀνορόφων |
ἀνορόφοις |
ἀνορόφους |
roofless |
|
ἀστραπηφόρον |
- φόρου |
- φόρῳ |
- φόρον |
lightning-bearing |
|
ἀτέλεστος |
ἀτελέστου |
ἀτελέστῳ |
ἀτέλεστον |
without end; uninitiated |
|
* αὐταί |
αὐτῶν |
αὐταῖς |
αὐτάς |
they, them, theirs |
|
* αὐτή |
αὐτῆς |
αὐτῇ |
αὐτήν |
she, her, hers |
|
βακχεύματ α |
βακχευμάτων |
βακχεύμασι |
βακχεύματα |
rites, mysteries |
|
γάμοι |
γ άμων |
γάμοις |
γάμους |
wedding, marriage |
|
γυναῖκες |
γυναικῶν |
γυναιξί ( ν ) |
γυναῖκας |
women |
|
δαίμων |
δαίμονος |
δαίμονι |
δαίμονα |
god, deity |
|
Διόνυσος |
Διονύσου |
Διονύσῳ |
Διόνυσον |
Dionysos |
|
δόμοι |
δόμων |
δόμοις |
δόμους |
house, houses |
|
δώματα |
δωμάτων |
δώμασι ( ν ) |
δώματα |
houses |
|
* ἐγώ |
ἐμοῦ |
ἐμοί |
ἐμέ |
I, me, mine |
|
ἐλάτη |
ἐλάτης |
ἐλάτῃ |
ἐ λάτην |
pine-tree |
|
ἐμοί |
ἐμῶν |
ἐμοῖς |
ἐμούς |
my |
|
ἐμφανής |
ἐμφανέος (- οῦς ) |
ἐμφανεῖ |
ἐμφανέα (- ῆ ) |
clear, manifest |
|
* Ζεύς |
Διός ( Ζηνός ) |
Διί ( Ζηνί ) |
Δία ( Ζῆνα ) |
Zeus |
|
θῆλυ |
θήλεος |
θή λει |
θῆλυ |
female |
|
θνητός |
θνητοῦ |
θνητῷ |
θνητ όν |
mortal |
|
Καδμεῖοι |
Καδμείων |
Καδμείοις |
Καδμεί ους |
Kadmeian |
|
Κάδμος |
Κάδμου |
Κάδμῳ |
Κάδμον |
Kadmos |
|
λέχος |
λέχεος (- ους ) |
λέχει |
λέχος |
bed, marriage-bed |
|
μανίαι |
μανιῶν |
μανίαις |
μανίᾱς |
madness, frenzy |
|
* μήτηρ |
μητρ ός |
μητρί |
μητέρα |
mother |
|
ὄργια |
ὀργίων |
ὀργίοις |
ὄργια |
rites, mysteries |
|
ὄρος |
ὄρεος (- ους ) |
ὄρει |
ὄρος |
mountain |
|
* ὅσαι |
ὅσων |
ὅσαις |
ὅσᾱς |
so many, as many |
|
* παῖς |
παιδός |
παιδί |
παῖδα |
child |
|
παράκοποι |
παρακόπων |
παρακόποις |
παρακόπους |
frenzied + gen . |
|
πέτραι |
πετρῶν |
πέτραις |
πέτρᾱς |
rocks |
|
* πόλις |
πόλεως |
πόλει |
πόλιν |
city |
|
πῦρ |
πυρός |
πυρί |
πῦρ |
fire |
|
Σεμέλη |
Σεμέλης |
Σεμέλῃ |
Σεμέλην |
Semele |
|
σκευή |
σκευῆς |
σκευῇ |
σκευήν |
garb, dress |
|
σπέρμα |
σπέρματος |
σπέρματι |
σπέρμα |
seed |
|
φρένες |
φρενῶν |
φρεσί ( ν ) |
φρένας |
mind |
|
χλωραί |
χλωρῶν |
χλωραῖς |
χλωράς |
greenish-yellow |
- The asterisk indicates the top 250 most frequently occurring vocabulary, which you are to memorize.
Practice Parsing Greek Sentences . Parse each word of the sentences found below. For nouns and pronouns, give the case and function. For verbs, give the person, number, tense, mood, and voice. For adverbs and conjunctions, identify them. For prepositional phrases, give the preposition and the preposition’s object. For adjectives, specify the noun they agree with in gender, number, and case.
Ῥέα ἐν Φρυγίᾳ μὲν τοὺς Κορύβαντας ὀρχέε σθαι πείθει.
αὐτὴν αἱ ἀδελφαὶ ἐκκαυχ άονται ὅτι κτείνει Ζεὺς ἀστραπηφόρῳ πυρὶ ὅτι γάμους ψεύδει .
Check your answers with those in the Answer Key .
Papyrology
Papyrus, πάπυρος , is paper made from the papyrus plant. Ancient Egyptians used this plant to make reed boats, mats, rope, sandals, and baskets. They used papyrus paper to write down many things, including lists, records, and literary works. They also used it to wrap mummies. In hot and dry climates, papyrus survives, offering us a window into the past. Papyrologists study the writings these papyri record. Module 30 offers a recently discovered poem by Sappho, preserved on papyrus.
Module 17 Top 250 Vocabulary to be Memorized. Like learning the alphabet and endings, memorizing vocabulary is essential to acquiring language. The better you memorize the top 250 most frequently occurring vocabulary words, the greater mastery of the language you will have.
Nouns
ἀριθμός , ἀριθμοῦ ὁ number
βίος , βίου ὁ life
δίκη , δίκης ἡ custom, usage; judgment; order, right; penalty, sentence; lawsuit
Verbs
ἀδικέω , ἀδικήσω be unjust, do wrong
αἱρέω , αἱρήσω take, seize, grab, capture ; (mid.) choose
γιγνώσκω , γνώσομαι know, recognize; decide + inf.
ἐλαύνω , ἐλάω drive, march
κελεύω , κελεύσω bid, order, command