1.11: The Verbs ἔχω, ποιέω, ἔρχομαι, φημί
Module 10
© 2021 Philip S. Peek, CC BY 4.0 https://doi.org/ 10.11647/OBP.0264. 11
The Verb
In Greek and in English, verbs have the same definition and functions. Verbs are words that represent actions ( throw ) and states of being ( be or exist ). They differ in the same fundamental way that Greek nouns differ from their English counterparts: they use endings to create meaning in a way that English does not. The Greek verb ( ῥῆμα ) in its finite form has an ending that indicates what person and number the subject is. The Greek infinitive has an ending that indicates that it is unmarked for person and number .
In this module you will see how endings create meaning in the omega- or ω -verb ἔχω , the contract ω -verb ποιέω , the deponent ω -verb ἔρχομαι , and the μι -verb φημ ί .
Present Tense Stems
To obtain the present tense stem, remove the ending – ω or – ομαι . What remains is the present tense stem, the base of the word the ending is joined to. To this stem, add the present tense endings.
Present Tense Endings
Add to the correct tense stem.
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Primary Active (use for the present and future active tense) |
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S |
Pl |
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1 st |
- ω |
- ομεν |
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2 nd |
- εις |
- ετε |
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3 rd |
- ει |
- ουσι ( ν ) |
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Present Infinitive Active |
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- ειν |
The ω- Verb ἔχω
ἔχω is referred to as an ω -verb because it ends in omega in the first person singular, present indicative active of the first principal part. ω -verbs differ from μι -verbs in stems and in endings in some tenses. All ω -verbs form their present indicative active just as ἔχω does. In the readings that follow, use your knowledge of ἔχω to recognize and translate the forms of other ω -verbs .
Present Indicative Active of ἔχω |
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|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and Number |
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ἔχω |
I have |
1st person singular |
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ἔχεις |
you have |
2 nd person singular |
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ἔχει |
he, she, it has |
3 rd person singular |
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ἔχομεν |
we have |
1 st person plural |
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ἔχετε |
you have |
2 nd person plural |
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ἔχουσι ( ν ) |
they have |
3 rd person plural |
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Present Infinitive Active of ἔχω |
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ἔχειν |
to have |
unmarked |
Practice Translating ἔχω . Translate the sentences below, adapted from a variety of ancient Greek authors. Remember the meanings and functions of the cases presented in Module 7 . Nominative case endings are bolded, dative endings are highlighted, and accusative endings are underlined. Check your understanding with the translations in the Answer Key . Now go back and read each sentence two or three times, noticing with each rereading how much better your understanding of the sentence becomes. Make this a habit and you will improve quickly.
|
Case |
Ending |
Function |
|
Nominative |
- η , - οι , - ον , - ος |
subject of the verb |
|
Dative |
- ῃ , - ι , - οις , - ῳ |
indirect object of the verb |
|
Accusative |
- α , - αν , - ην , - ν , - ον , - ους |
object of a verb or preposition |
- αὐτ ὴ μητρ ὶ διαφορ ὰ ν ἔχει .
- ἔργ ον γὰρ ἔχει τέρψι ν αὐτ ῇ .
- ἔμψυχ οί ἐσμεν καὶ γνώμ ην ἔχομεν .
- οὐχ οὕτως ἔχει γυναικ ί .
- καὶ νῦ ν ἔχομεν καλῶς ἔχειν .
- καὶ φόβ ος αὐτ ὸ ν ἔχει καὶ διὰ ταῦτ α φεύγει .
- ν ύμφ ῃ γὰρ ἔστι γ ῆν καὶ δόμ ους ἔ χειν .
- πολλ ὰ γὰρ αὐτ ῷ εἰπεῖν ἔ χω .
- εἶ σοφ ὴ καὶ δόξ αν ἔχεις .
- ἀλλ᾽ ἔχεις ἥσυχ ος καὶ οὐ πολλ ὰ λέ γεις .
Verbs
* εἰμί be, be possible
* εἰπεῖν to say
* ἔστι it is possible
* ἔχω have, hold; be able + inf.; καλῶς ἔχειν to be well
* λέγω say, tell, speak
* φεύγω flee
Adjectives, Nouns, Pronouns
|
Νοminative Case |
Dative Case |
Accusative Case |
English Equivalent |
|
* αὐτή |
αὐτῇ |
αὐτήν |
she, her, hers |
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* αὐτός |
αὐτῷ |
αὐτόν |
he, him, his |
|
* γῆ |
γῇ |
γῆν |
land, earth |
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γνώμη |
γνώμῃ |
γνώμην |
judgment, thought |
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* γυνή |
γυναικί |
γυναῖκα |
woman, wife |
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διαφορά |
διαφορᾷ |
διαφοράν |
disagreement |
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δόξα |
δόξᾳ |
δόξαν |
belief, reputation |
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δόμοι |
δόμοις |
δόμους |
house, houses |
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ἔμψυχοι |
ἐμψύχοις |
ἐμψύχους |
alive |
|
* ἔργον |
ἔργῳ |
ἔργον |
deed, task, work |
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ἥσυχος |
ἡσύχῳ |
ἥσυχον |
quiet |
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* μήτηρ |
μητρί |
μητέρα |
mother |
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νύμφη |
νύμφῃ |
νύμφην |
bride |
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* πόλλα |
πόλλοις |
πόλλα |
many things |
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σοφή |
σοφῇ |
σοφήν |
wise |
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* ταῦτα |
τούτοις |
ταῦτα |
these things |
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τέρψις |
τέρψει |
τέρψιν |
enjoyment, delight |
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φόβος |
φόβῳ |
φόβον |
fear |
- The asterisk indicates the top 250 most frequently occurring vocabulary, which you are to memorize.
The Contract ω -Verb ποιέω
ποιέω is referred to as a contract ω -verb because its stem ends in epsilon in the first person singular, present indicative active of the first principal part. When the stem of principal part I or II ends in epsilon, the epsilon may contract with the endings in accordance with the chart below. In the readings that follow, use your knowledge of ποιέω to recognize and translate the forms of other epsilon contract ω -verbs. A second type of contract verb with its stem ending in alpha is introduced in Modules 17 and 19 . Module 24 presents contract verbs in alpha, epsilon, and omega.
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ε + ε > ει |
ε + ο > ου |
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ε + ει > ει |
ε + οι > οι |
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ε + η > η |
ε + ου > ου |
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ε + ῃ > ῃ |
ε + ω > ω |
Present Indicative Active of ποιέω |
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|
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and Number |
|
|
ποιῶ ( ποιέω ) |
I do, I make |
1st person singular |
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ποιεῖς ( ποιέεις ) |
you do, you make |
2 nd person singular |
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ποιεῖ ( ποιέει ) |
he, she, it does or makes |
3 rd person singular |
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ποιοῦμεν ( ποιέομεν ) |
we do, we make |
1 st person plural |
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ποιεῖτε ( ποιέετε ) |
you do, you make |
2 nd person plural |
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ποιοῦσι ( ν ) ( ποιέουσι ( ν )) |
they do, they make |
3 rd person plural |
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Present Infinitive Active of ποιέω |
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ποιεῖν ( ποιέειν ) |
to do, to make |
unmarked |
- Uncontracted forms are in parentheses. In order to produce an accurate form, accent before you contract.
- The accent on a contracted ultima is a circumflex. The accent on contracted penults and antepenults is determined by the rules for the possibilities of accents.
Practice Translating ποιέω. Translate the sentences below, adapted from a variety of ancient Greek authors. Remember the meanings and functions of the cases presented in Module 7 . Nominative case endings are bolded; genitive endings are italicized; dative endings are highlighted; and accusative endings are underlined. Also in the sentences the definite article, which will be learned systematically in Modules 11 and 12 , is present in these forms: ὁ , τάς , τήν , τῆς , τό , τοῖς , τοῦ . Translate each one as the . Check your understanding with the translations in the Answer Key . Now go back and read each sentence two or three times, noticing with each rereading how much better your understanding of the sentence becomes. Make this a habit and you will improve quickly.
|
Case |
Ending |
Function |
|
Nominative |
- ευς , - ης , - ο , - ος |
subject of the verb |
|
Genitive |
- ης , - ου , - ους , - ων |
dependence; genitive with ἄξια and ἐναντίον |
|
Dative |
- οις , - ῳ |
dative with ἔκδοτον ; indirect object of the verb; object of the preposition |
|
Accusative |
- α , - αν , - ας , - ε , - ην , - ο , - ον |
object of a verb or preposition |
- ἀναγκάζουσιν αὐτ ὸν ποιεῖν ὃ βούλονται (Lysias, Attic orator).
- ποιεῖς τ ὸ ἐναντί ον οὗ βούλομαι (Demosthenes, Attic orator).
- ἔκδοτ ον σεαυτ ὴν ποιεῖς πόντ ῳ τ ῆς λύπ ης (Anna Komnene, Byzantine author).
- ἐ μ έ τʼ ἄχθεσθαι ποιεῖ ( Α ristophanes, Lysistrata ).
- ἐμ ὲ ποιεῖτε κοιμᾶσθαι ψυχρ οῖς τ οῖς παρὰ προθύρ οις (Kallimakhos, Alexandrian poet).
- ταῦτ α δʼ ἄξι α σεαυτ ῆς τε ποιεῖς καὶ τέκν ων (Euripides, Andromakhe ).
- πολλ ὴν ἐμ ὲ τ οῖς θε οῖς ποιεῖς χάρι ν ὀφείλειν (Xenophon, Kyropaidia ).
- τ ί γὰρ Ζ εὺς ποιεῖ ; ἀπαιθριάζει τ ὰς νεφέλ ας ἢ συννέφει (Aristophanes, Birds );
- ὁ πινοτήρ ης ὁ σμικρότατ ος τ οῦ γέν ους τ ὴν τραγῳδί αν ποιεῖ (Aristophanes, Wasps ).
- πῶς ὃ θέλομεν οὐ ποιοῦμεν καὶ ὃ μὴ θέλομεν ποιοῦμεν (Epiktetos, Stoic Philosopher);
Verbs
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ἀναγκάζω force, compel |
κοιμᾶσθαι go to sleep |
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ἀπαιθριάζω clear away |
ὀφείλω owe; be obliged to + inf. |
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ἄχθομαι be annoyed, vexed, grieved |
* ποιέω , ποιήσω do, make, cause |
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* βούλομαι want, prefer; wish, be willing |
συννέφω collect clouds |
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* θέλω wish, be willing |
Adjectives, Nouns, Pronouns
|
Νοminative |
Genitive |
Dative |
Accusative |
English Equivalent |
|
* ἄξια |
ἀξίων |
ἀξίοις |
ἄξια |
worthy, deserving + gen. |
|
* αὐτός |
αὐτοῦ |
αὐτῷ |
αὐτόν |
he, him, his |
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* γένος |
γένους |
γένει |
γένος |
race, kind, sort |
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* ἐγώ |
ἐμοῦ |
ἐμοί |
ἐμέ |
I, me, mine |
|
ἔκδοτος |
ἐκδότου |
ἐκδότῳ |
ἔκδοτον |
subject to + dat. |
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ἐναντίον |
ἐναντίου |
ἐναντίῳ |
ἐναντίον |
opposite |
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* θεοί |
θεῶν |
θεοῖς |
θεούς |
gods |
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λύπη |
λύπης |
λύπῃ |
λύπην |
pain, grief |
|
νεφέλαι |
νεφελῶν |
νεφέλαις |
νεφέλας |
clouds |
|
* ὅ |
οὗ |
ᾧ |
ὅ |
what |
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πινοτήρης |
πινοτήρου |
πινοτήρῃ |
πινοτήρην |
crab |
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* πόλλη |
πόλλης |
πόλλῃ |
πόλλην |
much, many |
|
πόντος |
πόντου |
πόντῳ |
πόντον |
sea |
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πρόθυρον |
προθύρου |
προθύρῳ |
πρόθυρον |
front door |
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σεαυτή |
σεαυτῆς |
σεαυτῇ |
σεαυτήν |
yourself |
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σμικρότατος |
σμικροτάτου |
σμικροτάτῳ |
σμικρότατον |
smallest |
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τέκνα |
τέκνων |
τέκνοις |
τέκνα |
children |
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* τί |
τίνος |
τίνι |
τί |
what |
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τραγῳδία |
τραγῳδίας |
τραγῳδίᾳ |
τραγῳ δίαν |
tragedy |
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χάρις |
χάριτος |
χάριτι |
χάριν |
grace, favor, thanks |
|
ψυχρά |
ψυχρῶν |
ψυχροῖς |
ψυχρά |
cold |
- The asterisk indicates the top 250 most frequently occurring vocabulary, which you are to memorize.
The Deponent Verb ἔρχομαι
Deponent verbs are similar to other verbs except that they do not have active forms. Rather they have middle and passive forms that have active meanings. All deponent ω -verbs form their present indicative just as ἔρχομαι does. In the readings that follow, use your knowledge of ἔρχομαι to recognize and translate the forms of other deponent ω -verbs .
Present Tense Stems
To obtain the present tense stem, remove the ending - ομαι . What remains, ἔρχ - , is the present tense stem.
Present Tense Endings
|
Primary Middle and Passive Endings (with active meaning) . Add these endings to the correct tense stem. |
|||
|
S |
Pl |
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|
1 st |
- ομαι |
- ομεθα |
|
|
2 nd |
- ει , ῃ (-εσαι) |
- εσθε |
|
|
3 rd |
- εται |
- ονται |
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Present Infinitive |
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- εσθαι |
Remember that deponent verbs are active in meaning and middle and passive in form.
Present Indicative of ἔρχομαι |
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Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and Number |
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ἔρχομαι |
I go |
1 st person singular |
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ἔρχει , ἔρχῃ |
you go |
2 nd person singular |
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ἔρχεται |
he, she, it goes |
3 rd person singular |
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ἐρχόμεθα |
we go |
1 st person plural |
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ἔρχεσθε |
you go |
2 nd person plural |
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ἔρχονται |
they go |
3 rd person plural |
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Present Infinitive of ἔρχομαι |
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ἔρχεσθαι |
to go |
unmarked |
Historical Present
The present tense in Greek can be used when writing about past events. In these situations, it is referred to as a historic, or storytelling, present. The reason why authors switch to the present tense when writing about the past varies. Some possibilities include emphasis, vividness, and stating current or general truths.
Practice Translating ἔρχομαι. Translate the sentences below, adapted from a variety of ancient Greek authors. Remember the meanings and functions of the cases presented in Module 7 . Nominative case endings are bolded; genitive endings are italicized; dative endings are highlighted; and accusative endings are underlined. Also in the sentences the definite article, which will be learned systematically in Modules 11 and 12 , is present in these forms: τά, τῇ, τήν, τῆς, τό . Translate each one as the . As you translate, consider the frequent use of the historical present in Greek. Check your understanding with the translations in the Answer Key . Now go back and read each sentence two or three times, noticing with each rereading how much better your understanding of the sentence becomes. Make this a habit and you will improve quickly.
|
Case |
Ending |
Function |
|
Nominative |
- α , - η ,- ος |
subject of the verb |
|
Genitive |
- ης , - ου , - ων |
object of a prefix |
|
Dative |
- ῃ , - ι , - ῳ |
indirect object of the verb; object of verb’s prefix |
|
Accusative |
- α , - αν , - ην , - ν , - ο , - ον |
object of verb or preposition |
- προσέρχεσθε τ ὴν πόλι ν ὅτι κακῶς ἔχετε .
- ἄλγ ος εἰς αὐτ ὴν ἔ ρχεται ὅτι κακῶς ἔχουσιν .
- τ ῆς δὲ γ ῆς ἀπέρχονται τ ὰ ἄλλ α ἰδεῖν καὶ μαθεῖν .
- ὁράω γὰρ ὅτι οὐ κ ἔρχῃ πρὸς καιρ όν .
- καίτοι οὐκ ἐπέρχεται τ ό γ ᾽ αἴνιγμ α διειπεῖν .
- καὶ ἐρχόμεθα εἴσω καὶ τ ῇ γυναικ ὶ ταῦτ α δίδομεν .
- α ὐτ ῇ συνέρχομαι καὶ τ ῆς δὲ γ ῆς ἀ περχόμεθα .
- οὐκ ἔχω φόβ ον ἐπεὶ φίλ ος ἔρχομαι .
- ἐγὼ δὲ προσέρχομαι καὶ κόπτω τ ὴν θ ύρ αν .
- ἐγὼ δὲ παρέρχομαι εἴσω καὶ αὐτ ῷ τ ὰ γράμματ α δίδωμι .
Adverbs and Verbs
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ἀπ έρχομαι depart, leave |
καίτοι and indeed, and yet; though |
|
* δίδωμι give ; δίκην δίδωμι I pay the penalty ; δίδωμι χάριν I give thanks |
κόπτω strike |
|
διειπεῖν to explain |
* ἰδεῖν to see |
|
* εἰπε ῖν to say |
* μαθεῖν to learn |
|
εἴσω inside |
* ὁράω see |
|
ἐπέρχομαι approach, attack |
παρέρχομαι come forward, pass by, go by |
|
* ἔρχομαι come, go |
προσέρχομαι advance, go, come towards |
|
* ἔχω have, hold; be able + inf.; καλῶς ἔχειν to be well |
συνέρχομαι come together, confer |
Adjectives, Nouns, Pronouns
|
Νοminative |
Genitive |
Dative |
Accusative |
English Equivalent |
|
αἴνιγμα |
αἰνίγματος |
αἰ νίγματι |
αἴνιγμα |
riddle |
|
ἄλγος |
ἄλγεος |
ἄλγει |
ἄλγος |
pain, grief |
|
* ἄλλα |
ἄλλων |
ἄλλοις |
ἄλλα |
other things |
|
* αὐτή |
αὐτῆς |
αὐτῇ |
αὐτήν |
she, her, hers |
|
* αὐτός |
αὐτοῦ |
αὐτῷ |
αὐτόν |
he, him, his |
|
* γῆ |
γῆς |
γῇ |
γῆν |
land, earth |
|
γράμματα |
γράμματος |
γράμματι |
γράμματα |
letter |
|
* γυνή |
γυναικός |
γυναικί |
γυναῖκα |
woman, wife |
|
θύρα |
θύρας |
θύρᾳ |
θύραν |
door |
|
* καιρός |
καιροῦ |
καιρῷ |
καιρόν |
right moment, critical time, opportunity |
|
* πόλις |
πόλεως |
πόλει |
πόλιν |
city |
|
* ταῦτα |
τούτων |
τούτοις |
ταῦτα |
these things |
|
* φίλος |
φίλου |
φίλῳ |
φίλον |
friend |
|
* φόβος |
φόβου |
φόβῳ |
φόβον |
fear |
- The asterisk indicates the top 250 most frequently occurring vocabulary, which you are to memorize.
The μι- Verb φημί
Though not as numerous as omega- or ω -verbs , μι -verbs occur frequently. μι -verbs conjugate differently from ω -verbs in some tenses, typically the present, imperfect, aorist, and sometimes the perfect. In conjugating these verb forms, learn which stem to combine with which ending. The stem is the base of the word to which the ending is joined. Once you have the correct stem and ending, combine them to create the correct form. You may memorize the stems and endings or you may learn how to combine stems and endings so that you can recognize the forms as you encounter them.
Present Tense Stems
Use the long vowel grade stem for the singular (I, you, he, she, it) and the short vowel grade for the plural (we, you, they). Note that the stems differ even within the same tense, mood, and voice.
|
long vowel grade stem |
short vowel grade stem |
|
(use for the singular) |
(use for the plural) |
|
φη - |
φα - |
Present Tense Endings
Add to the correct tense stem.
|
Primary Active (use for the present tense) |
|||
|
S |
Pl |
||
|
1 st |
- μι |
- μεν |
|
|
2 nd |
- ς |
- τε |
|
|
3 rd |
- σι ( ν ) |
- ᾱσι ( ν ) |
|
|
Present Infinitive Active |
|||
|
- ναι |
Present Indicative Active of φημί |
|||
|
Stem Vowel Grade |
Verb Form |
English Equivalent |
Person and Number |
|
long |
φημί |
I say |
1st person singular |
|
long |
φής , φῄς , φῇσθα |
you say |
2 nd person singular |
|
long |
φησί ( ν ) |
he, she, it says |
3 rd person singular |
|
short |
φαμέν |
we say |
1 st person plural |
|
short |
φατέ |
you say |
2 nd person plural |
|
short |
φᾱσ ί ( ν ) |
they say |
3 rd person plural |
Present Infinitive Active of φημί |
|||
|
short |
φάναι |
to say |
unmarked |
Practice Translating φημί. Translate the sentences below, adapted from Euripides’ Alkestis ( Ἄλκηστις ). Remember the meanings and functions of the cases presented in Module 7 . Nominative case endings are bolded; genitive endings are italicized; dative endings are highlighted; and accusative endings are underlined. Also in the sentences the definite article, which will be learned systematically in Modules 11 and 12 , is present in this form: ὁ . Translate it as the . Check your understanding with the translations in the Answer Key . Now go back and read each sentence two or three times, noticing with each rereading how much better your understanding of the sentence becomes. Make this a habit and you will improve quickly.
|
Case |
Ending |
Function |
|
Nominative |
- ης , - ο , - ος |
subject of the verb |
|
Genitive |
- ας , - ου |
dependence, possession |
|
Dative |
- ᾳ , - ι , - οις , |
indirect object of the verb |
|
Accusative |
- αν , - ε , - ην , - ον , - ος |
object of a verb or preposition |
- Ἄλκηστίς φησι· Ἥλι ον κα ὶ φά ος ἡμέρ ας ὁράω .
- Ἄδμητός φησι· ὁ Ἥλι ος ὁράει σ ὲ καὶ ἐμ έ .
- Ἄλκηστίς φησι· ὁ Ἥ λι ος ὁράει γ ῆν τε καὶ πατρί αν Ἰ ωλκ οῦ .
- Ἄδμητός φησι· σο ί φημι μὴ προδιδόναι ἐμ έ .
- Ἄλκηστίς φησι· ὁράω δίκωπ ον καὶ ὁράω σκάφ ος ἐν λίμν ᾳ .
- Ἄδμητός φησι· ἐμο ὶ φὴς πικρ άν γε ναυκληρί αν .
- Ἄλκηστίς φησι· ἄγει μ ε . ὁ Ἅιδ ης ἄγει μ ε . οὐχ ὁράεις ;
- Ἄδμητός φησι· καὶ οἰκτρ ὰν φίλ οις καὶ παισ ὶ φῄς γε ναυκληρί αν .
- Ἄλκηστ ίς φησι· δεῖ σο ὶ μεθιέναι μ ε ἤδη .
- Ἄδμητός φησι· οἴμοι · φῇσθα ἔπ ος λυπρ ὸν ἀκούειν .
Ι nterjection and Verbs
|
* ἄγω , do, drive, lead |
οἴμοι alas |
|
* ἀκούω hear, listen |
* ὁράω see |
|
* δεῖ it is necessary + ‘x’ in gen. or dat. or acc. + inf., δεῖ ἐλθεῖν it is necessary to come |
προδιδόναι to betray |
|
μεθιέναι to release, to let go |
φημί say, tell, speak of |
Adjectives, Nouns, Pronouns
|
Νοminative |
Genitive |
Dative |
Accusative |
English Equivalent |
|
Ἄδμητος |
Ἀδμήτου |
Ἀδμήτῳ |
Ἄδμητον |
Admetos |
|
Ἅιδης |
Ἅιδου |
Ἅιδῃ |
Ἅιδην |
Hades |
|
* γῆ |
γῆς |
γῇ |
γῆν |
land, earth |
|
δίκωπον |
δικώπου |
δικώπῳ |
δίκωπον |
two-oared |
|
* ἐγώ |
ἐμοῦ |
ἐμοί |
ἐμέ |
I, me, mine |
|
ἔπος |
ἔ πεος |
ἔπει |
ἔπος |
word, speech |
|
῞Ηλιος |
Ἡλίου |
Ἡλίῳ |
῞Ηλιον |
Helios |
|
ἡμέρα |
ἡμέρας |
ἡμέρᾳ |
ἡμέραν |
day |
|
Ἰωλκός |
Ἰωλκοῦ |
Ἰωλκῷ |
Ἰωλκό ν |
Iolkos (city) |
|
λίμνα |
λίμνας |
λίμνᾳ |
λίμναν |
lake |
|
λυπρόν |
λυπροῦ |
λυπρῷ |
λυπρόν |
wretched, poor |
|
ναυκληρία |
ναυκληρίας |
ναυκληρίᾳ |
ναυκληρίαν |
ship, voyage |
|
οἰκτρά |
οἰκτρᾶς |
οἰκτρᾷ |
οἰκτράν |
pitiable |
|
* παῖς |
παιδός |
παιδί |
παῖδα |
child |
|
πατρία |
πατρίας |
πατρίᾳ |
πατρίαν |
fatherland |
|
πικρά |
πικρᾶς |
πικρᾷ |
πικράν |
sharp, bitter |
|
* σύ |
σο ῦ |
σοί |
σέ |
you, you, yours |
|
σκάφος |
σκάφεος |
σκάφει |
σκάφος |
hull of a ship |
|
φάος ( φῶς ) |
φάεος ( φωτός ) |
φάει ( φωτί ) |
φάος ( φῶς ) |
light, daylight |
|
* φίλοι |
φίλων |
φίλοις |
φίλους |
friends |
- The asterisk indicates the top 250 most frequently occurring vocabulary, which you are to memorize.
Practice Parsing Greek Sentences. Parse each word of the sentences found below. For nouns and pronouns, give case and function. For verbs give person, number, tense, mood, and voice. For adverbs and conjunctions, identify them. For prepositional phrases give the preposition and the preposition’s object.
καὶ φόβος αὐτὸν ἔχει καὶ διὰ τα ῦτα φεύγει .
ὁράω γὰρ ὅτι οὐκ ἔρχῃ πρὸς καιρόν .
Check your answers with those in the Answer Key .
The Greek Olympics
Our first official record of the holding of the Olympic games dates to 776 BCE. The Greeks celebrated the Olympics in the city-state of Olympia in honor of Zeus, king of the gods. They held the Olympics once every four years. At first there were two events, the 200- and 400-meter footrace. Soon added were boxing, horse racing (single horse and four-horse chariot), a long distance race, the pankration (boxing, brawling, judo, wrestling), the pentathlon (discus, javelin, long jump, 200-meter sprint, wrestling), and wrestling. Training took place in the nude at the gymnasium ( γυμνός , - ή , - ό ν naked) . Greeks revered their athletes, composing poems in their honor, dedicating statues to them, and giving them cash and free board.
Module 10 Top 250 Vocabulary to be Memorized. Like learning the alphabet and endings, memorizing vocabulary is essential to acquiring language. The better you memorize the top 250 most frequently occurring vocabulary words, the greater mastery of the language you will have.
Verbs
|
βούλομαι want, prefer; wish, be willing |
ἔχω have, hold ; (+ adv) be , καλῶς ἔχω I am well ; ὧδε ἔχει it is like so; be able + inf. |
|
γίγνομαι (γίνομαι) be, be born, happen, become |
λαμβάνω take, receive; capture |
|
δεῖ it is necessary + ‘x’ in gen. or dat. or acc. + inf., δεῖ ἐλθεῖν it is necessary to come |
λέγω say, tell, speak |
|
δοκέω seem, think; seem best, think best + inf. |
ὁράω see |
|
ἔρχομαι come, go |
ποιέω do, make, cause ; (mid.) consider |