1: Modules
- Page ID
- 202772
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\dsum}{\displaystyle\sum\limits} \)
\( \newcommand{\dint}{\displaystyle\int\limits} \)
\( \newcommand{\dlim}{\displaystyle\lim\limits} \)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\)
\( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\)
\( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorA}[1]{\vec{#1}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorAt}[1]{\vec{\text{#1}}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorB}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorC}[1]{\textbf{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorD}[1]{\overrightarrow{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorDt}[1]{\overrightarrow{\text{#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectE}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{\mathbf {#1}}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\(\newcommand{\longvect}{\overrightarrow}\)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 1.1: Hello and goodbyes - Addressing people
- This page provides an overview of essential French greetings, emphasizing formality in communication. It covers common greetings like "bonjour" and informal ones like "salut," as well as the correct use of titles like monsieur and madame. The distinction between formal and informal address using "vous" is explained, along with polite farewells such as "au revoir." Lastly, the page includes phrases for asking and stating one's name in French.
- 1.2: Noms ▫︎ Articles
- This page covers the characteristics of French nouns, detailing their gender (masculine or feminine), number (singular or plural), and the use of definite and indefinite articles. It notes that feminine nouns often end with 'e' and pluralization commonly involves adding “-s.” Additionally, the page provides strategies for effective vocabulary learning by associating nouns with their corresponding articles.
- 1.3: Numbers
- This page emphasizes the significance of number comprehension in daily life, like telling time and shopping. It details the French counting system from 61 to 99, noting the base 20 influence from Celtic languages. It clarifies rules for pluralizing numbers such as 80 and 100, stating they only take an 's' in round forms, remaining invariable with other digits. Examples provided enhance understanding of these rules.
- 1.5: Pronoms sujets ▫︎ Être
- This page focuses on French subject pronouns, which refer to the subjects of actions, such as "Il" for "Tom" and "Ils" for "Mes parents." It also introduces the verb "être" (to be), essential for identifying people, professions, nationalities, and descriptions. The verb is noted for its irregularity and specific pronunciation rules, especially with liaisons. The section includes practice exercises for both subject pronouns and the verb "être" to aid learning.
- 1.6: C'est vs il est...
- This page explains the usage of French phrases "c’est," "ce sont," "il est," and "elle est," detailing their contexts. "C’est" identifies or introduces, while "il est" and "elle est" describe specific attributes or professions. Plural forms are "ce sont" and "ils/elles sont." The page provides examples to clarify the distinctions in their usage.
- 1.7: Adjectifs
- This page explains the role of adjectives in French, highlighting their agreement with nouns in gender and number. It covers the formation of feminine adjectives, the treatment of masculine plural forms, and mentions irregular adjectives. The typical placement of adjectives after nouns is noted, along with the acronym "MA BRAGS" for those that precede them. Additionally, it introduces special forms used for masculine singular nouns beginning with vowels or silent 'h'.
- 1.8: Nationalités
- This page covers the capitalization rules for French nationality adjectives and nouns, noting that adjectives remain lowercase while nouns are capitalized. It includes common phrases for asking about nationality and details the formation of feminine nationality adjectives, typically by adding "e," "ne," or other variations. Examples like "français" to "française" and "turc" to "turque" are provided, ending with a practice section for learners.
- 1.9: Traits de caratère ▫︎ État civil
- This page covers the civil solidarity pact (PACS) in France, a legal contract for adults to manage their shared lives. Established in October 1999, PACS offers some rights and responsibilities, though fewer than marriage, and was mainly designed for legal recognition of same-sex couples.
- 1.10: Occupations
- This page focuses on gendered noun forms in French related to professions, detailing suffix pairs that indicate masculine and feminine versions, such as -ien/-ienne and -er/-ère. It also notes suffixes that do not change, like -iste and -e, and concludes with a practice exercise to reinforce the concepts.
- 1.11: Avoir
- This page covers the French verb "avoir" (to have), emphasizing its role in indicating possession and its irregular conjugation in the present tense. It highlights the importance of pronunciation and liaisons, such as in "nous avons" and "vous avez." The page notes the change in the indefinite article from un, une, des to de in negative sentences, illustrated with "Je n’ai pas de livre." Practice exercises are recommended for better understanding and reinforcement.
- 1.12: Famille
- This page covers French familial terminology, explaining key terms like "les parents," which refers to both parents and relatives, and introduces specific family member titles such as "un membre de la famille" and "un arbre généalogique." It details concepts like older and younger siblings with "un aîné" and "un cadet," respectively, and discusses in-law and step-family terms using "beau-" and "belle-." The page also addresses the roles of godparents and godchildren.
- 1.13: Prépositions de location
- This page covers French prepositions of place, detailing their function in expressing location. It includes examples like "sur" (on) and "près de" (near), and notes the change from "de" to "du" before masculine nouns. The content serves as a foundational guide for understanding spatial relationships in French, supplemented by practical illustrations.
- 1.14: Adjectifs Possessifs
- This page covers possessive adjectives in French, noting their agreement in gender and number with corresponding nouns. It provides examples like "mes livres" and "ma voiture," and explains the use of "mon," "ton," and "son" before feminine nouns beginning with a vowel or silent 'h.' It also details the plural forms of "monsieur," "madame," and "mademoiselle," illustrating the changes in their pluralization.
- 1.15: Heure ▫︎ Semaine ▫︎ Mois ▫︎ Saison ▫︎ Date
- This page outlines key elements of telling time in French, detailing how to ask and express time using both 12-hour and 24-hour formats. It introduces important phrases like "Quelle heure est-il?" and "il est…" for responses, explains the distinction between AM and PM, and emphasizes the public use of the 24-hour clock. Additionally, it addresses the gender of days and months, their usage in sentences, and provides phrases for discussing days and seasons in French.
- 1.16: Verbes en -er au présent
- This page discusses French verbs, which express actions or states and require conjugation based on their usage. It explains the infinitive form and categorizes verbs into three types: -er, -ir, and -re, with -er being the most common. Conjugation involves removing the ending and adding appropriate endings. It also covers negation in French, using the structure ne + verb + pas, which can be contracted or omitted in casual speech, and suggests practicing negation through French songs.
- 1.17: Adverbes
- This page explains the role of adverbs in modifying verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, and emphasizes their use in indicating place in French. It provides examples like "tard" and "bien," includes a list of common French adverbs, and suggests practice activities, including a reference to a Eurovision 1965 song.
- 1.18: Question formation ▫︎ Mots interrogatifs
- This page details four main methods for forming questions in French: using rising intonation, "est-ce que," subject-verb inversion, and tag expressions. It explains how to use interrogative words such as "qui," "pourquoi," "que," and "quel," including their placement in questions. The page highlights the differences between yes/no questions and those requiring specific information, underscoring the significance of context and structure in question formation.
- 1.19: Prépositions de lieu
- This page explains prepositions of place, highlighting their role in indicating the location of one entity relative to another. For instance, "La banque est près de la boulangerie" illustrates this concept. It notes the grammatical change of "de" to "du" with masculine nouns, exemplified by "La banque est près du parc." Additionally, it provides practice examples, such as "Paris est au nord de la France," to enhance understanding of how these prepositions function.
- 1.20: Articles Partitifs
- This page covers partitive articles in French, highlighting their use to express uncountable quantities in contrast to indefinite articles for countable nouns. It points out that English may use "some" similarly but often omits it. Additionally, it notes the transformation of partitive articles to "de" in negative sentences. Examples demonstrate sentence and question formation in both languages, including their negative constructions.
- 1.21: Faire
- This page covers the French verb "faire," which means "to make" or "to do." It highlights its three main uses: indicating actions (e.g., making), specific activities like sports or chores, and describing weather conditions. Additionally, it includes practice exercises to aid in understanding.
- 1.22: Faire - Exprimer le temps
- This page offers essential French phrases for discussing the weather, including how to ask about it and various response options. Key expressions include "Quel temps fait-il?" for inquiries and responses like "Il fait" for general conditions, "Il y a" for specific weather events, and specifying temperatures with "Il fait + number + degrés." It also notes that France uses Celsius for temperature.
- 1.23: Verbes irréguliers au présent
- This page discusses irregular verbs that deviate from standard conjugation patterns and require individual memorization. Unlike regular verbs with consistent endings, irregular verbs need unique learning strategies. Focusing on the "je," "vous," and "ils" forms is beneficial, as many share similar sounds. Understanding the "vous" form can also aid in deriving the "nous" form, making it easier for learners to manage these irregular verbs effectively.
- 1.24: Verbes réguliers en -ir et en -re
- This page covers the conjugation patterns of regular -ir verbs in French, exemplified by "finir" and includes other verbs like "guérir" and "choisir." It aims to help readers recognize and understand these verbs' structures and meanings in English. Additionally, it hints at upcoming content on regular -re verbs for further practice.
- 1.25: Passé récent
- This page explains how to express the recent past in French using "venir de" followed by an infinitive, similar to the English Present Perfect. It provides examples such as "Je viens de finir mon livre" and "Laurent vient d’arriver." For added emphasis on the immediacy of the action, "venir juste de" is mentioned. The page encourages practice to reinforce comprehension.
- 1.26: Passé composé avec avoir
- This page explains the passé composé in French, which parallels the English perfect tense and requires an auxiliary verb (usually avoir) and a past participle. It describes its use for completed actions and provides examples. The page outlines the formation rules, including the present tense of avoir with past participles, regular verb endings, and the negative structure. It also notes that irregular verbs have unique past participles that must be memorized.
- 1.27: Passé composé avec être
- This page provides an overview of the passé composé in French, explaining the roles of the auxiliary verbs avoir and être. It notes that certain verbs, especially those related to movement or reflexive actions, use être, and emphasizes that past participles must agree with the subject when être is used. A list of common verbs requiring être is included, along with a reminder about reflexive verbs. The page also presents expressions for sequencing actions in narration.
- 1.28: Impératif
- This page covers the French imperative (L'impératif), used for commands, advice, and invitations with subjects tu, nous, and vous. It explains the lack of an "s" for the second person singular of regular -ER verbs and the formation of negatives using "ne...pas." It also highlights memorization of irregular verbs' forms (avoir, être, aller) and the need for reflexive pronouns in reflexive verbs. Finally, it notes positional changes for object pronouns in negation.
- 1.29: Pronoms directs
- This page emphasizes the significance of substituting nouns with pronouns to enhance clarity and conciseness in English and French. It details how to identify direct objects through questions like "Who?" or "What?", and explains that direct object pronouns precede the verb. The text presents examples for better understanding and also introduces French direct object pronouns, preparing the reader for forthcoming practice exercises.
- 1.30: Pronoms indirects
- This page covers the concept of indirect objects in French, emphasizing their relation to persons affected by a verb's action. It guides readers on identification using "To whom?" or "For whom?" and notes that some verbs, particularly those involving communication, require indirect objects. The text provides examples with indirect object pronouns and states that persons preceded by "à" qualify as indirect objects. Practice opportunities are also included to enhance comprehension.
- 1.31: Pronoms disjoints ▫︎ Pronoms accentués ▫︎ Pronoms toniques
- This page discusses tonic pronouns in French, emphasizing their specific uses such as appearing with double subjects, after the preposition "à," in standalone responses, and with "c’est" and "ce sont." It highlights the importance of gender differentiation in the third person and provides examples that illustrate their role in emphasizing or clarifying subjects in conversation.
- 1.32: Comparatifs et Superlatifs
- This page explains French adjectives' comparative and superlative forms. Comparatives facilitate comparing two nouns with phrases such as moins… que, aussi… que, and plus… que, which require adjective agreement. Superlatives indicate the highest or lowest degree within a group using le plus or le moins, also needing adjective agreement. The content highlights irregular comparative forms and encourages practice.
- 1.33: Formes négatives
- This page explores French negation, detailing negative adverbs that replace 'pas' such as ne...jamais (never), ne...rien (nothing), and ne...personne (nobody). It examines how some negative words can act as subjects and discusses phrases meaning 'not yet' (pas encore) and 'only' (ne...que). Combinations like ne...guère (hardly) and ni...ni (neither...nor) are explained. It concludes by introducing the structure for expressing regret about past actions using ne + conditional forms.
- 1.34: Pronom Y
- This page explains the use of the French pronoun "y," which replaces location phrases and translates to "there" in English. It is used with verbs that take the preposition "à," such as "penser à" and "réfléchir à." The pronoun is positioned before the verb and is present in expressions like "Ça y est" and "On y va." The page includes examples to illustrate the practical application of "y" in conversation and expression.
- 1.35: Verbes Pronominaux
- This page provides an overview of pronominal verbs in French, which include reflexive, reciprocal, and idiomatic types. It details their conjugation in the present tense, imperative, and passé composé, highlighting the use of 'être' as the auxiliary verb and the importance of past participle agreements. Additionally, it explains negation rules for both present and past tenses.
- 1.36: Imparfait
- This page explains the French past tense l'imparfait, used for ongoing or repeated past actions. It resembles the English simple past and is formed from the present nous form with specific endings. L'imparfait emphasizes duration, describes situations, and conveys uncontrollable events or emotions, highlighting aspects like weather and feelings. Overall, it addresses continuous or habitual past experiences rather than completed actions.
- 1.37: Pronom EN
- This page explains the French pronoun "en," which replaces nouns following specific prepositions and quantities, and is used with certain verbs. It details its placement before verbs and provides example expressions like "Je m’en vais" and "J'en ai marre." The page ends with a practice prompt.
- 1.38: Futur
- This page explains the futur simple tense in French, which resembles the English will-future tense. It is used for future plans, intentions, and predictions. Conjugation involves using the infinitive form with added endings, although -re verbs drop the final 'e' and some verbs feature irregular stems. The page also provides practice exercises for mastering these conjugations.
- 1.39: Conditionnel présent
- This page explains the function of the conditionnel in French as both a tense and a mood, indicating future events from a past perspective and describing hypothetical situations. It is commonly translated as "would" or "could" in English, used for wishes, possibilities, hypotheses, if-clauses, and polite requests. The conditionnel présent is formed by adding the endings of the imparfait to the futur simple stem of the verb.
- 1.40: Conditionnel passé
- This page explains the conditionnel passé in French, which corresponds to "would have + past participle" in English. It discusses its use for reflecting on past situations and expressing alternative outcomes. Formation involves the conditional of "avoir" or "être" plus the past participle. The page also highlights the same structure for negative sentences and reflexive verbs.
- 1.41: Plus-que-parfait
- This page explains the plus-que-parfait in French, which parallels the English past perfect tense, used to indicate actions prior to another past event. It details its formation using the imperfect of avoir or être plus the past participle, highlighting agreement rules: the past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject when using être, and with avoir only if a direct object precedes the verb. An example is provided: "Elle l’avait achetée."
- 1.42: Subjonctif
- This page explains the French subjunctive mood, which conveys subjectivity, possibilities, and emotions. It's mainly used in subordinate clauses beginning with "que" and follows certain verbs and conjunctions. Phrases like "il faut que" illustrate its application. The subjunctive is triggered by verbs expressing wishes or doubts, while other situations require the indicative. Conjugation involves specific endings based on the present-tense form of the third-person plural.
- 1.43: Adjectifs démonstratifs
- This page covers French demonstrative adjectives, including ce, cet, cette, and ces, which mean this, that, these, and those. They must agree with the nouns they modify. Furthermore, the particles -ci and -là indicate proximity, with -ci meaning "here" and -là meaning "there," as demonstrated in examples like "cette chemise-ci" (this shirt here) and "ces livres-ci ou ces livres-là" (these books or those books).
- 1.44: Pronoms démonstratifs
- This page covers French demonstrative pronouns (celui, celle, ceux, celles), which replace adjectives and nouns, translating to "the one" or "the ones" and must agree in gender and number with the nouns. It also discusses compound forms using -ci and -là for comparisons, and terms like ceci, cela, and ça for referencing indefinite things or prior ideas, with "ça" frequently used in spoken French to mean "this" or "that."
- 1.45: Verbes avec des changements orthographiques
- This page outlines spelling changes for French verbs ending in -CER, -GER, -E___ER, and -YER. It details that in -CER verbs, 'c' becomes 'ç' in the "nous" form, while in -GER verbs, 'g' changes to 'ge' in the same context. For -E___ER verbs, 'e' changes to 'è' except in "nous" and "vous." -YER verbs include optional stem changes for -ayer verbs, while -oyer and -uyer verbs require them. Despite these modifications, all are conjugated like regular -ER verbs.
- 1.46: Aller ▫︎ Places ▫︎ Futur Proche
- This page focuses on the French verb "aller" (to go), emphasizing its irregularity and central role in the language. It explains the "futur proche" tense for future actions, structured as "aller (present) + verb (infinitive)," and notes how negation works in sentences. The page also covers "aller" with prepositions to indicate destinations, along with the contraction of certain prepositions with definite articles, highlighting the essential role of prepositions in sentence structure.
- 1.47: Prépositions avec places géographiques
- This page details the correct usage of French prepositions for indicating residence. It specifies "à" for cities, "en" for countries ending in 'e' or starting with a vowel, "aux" for plural countries, and "au" for other cases. Notably, it mentions exceptions like "au Mexique." Mastery of these rules is crucial for effective communication in French regarding one's living situation.