4.4: - Ed Endings

Final -Ed Sound

Rules to Remember

We pronounce the final -ed in three ways. Listen to the words from the Ted Talk "Do schools kill creativity?" Do you hear a /d/, /t/, or /əd/? Rules to Remember - ed endings.m4a

Circle the sound you hear:

1. needed, started, graduated /d/ /t/ /əd/
2. talked, watched, helped /d/ /t/ /əd/
3. explained, bothered, turned /d/ /t/ /əd

Rules: -Ed Endings

1. If the word ends in /t/ or /d/ (need, start), add the syllable /əd/ or /ɪd/.
2. If the word ends in an unvoiced sound (talk, watch), add a /t/ sound.
3. If the word ends in a voiced sound (bother, explain), add a /d/ sound.

Review: Voiced and Unvoiced

If you’re not sure which word endings are voiced or unvoiced, put your hand on your throat.

• You will feel a vibration on your throat and your hand if words end in voiced consonants.
• You will NOT feel a vibration on your throat and your hand if words end in unvoiced consonants.

Examples: -Ed Endings

Types of -Ed Endings	Examples
Use /t/ after unvoiced final sounds /f/, /k/, /p/,/s/, /ʧ/(ch), /ʃ/(sh), /θ/(th)	Words that end with a /t/ sound: look - looked push - pushed ask - asked watch - watched help - helped dress - dressed
Use /d/ after voiced final sounds /b/, /g/, /ʤ/(j), /l/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /r/, /ð/(th), /v/, /z/, + vowels	Words that end with a /d/ sound: sob - sobbed roam - roamed believe - believed judge - judged fill - filled enjoy - enjoyed
Use /əd/ or /ɪd/ after final /d/ and /t/ . Remember that /əd/ adds an extra syllable	Words that end with an /əd/ sound: need - needed wait – waited

Practice -Ed Endings

Listen and repeat the words in the table. Practice -Ed endings.m4a

/t/	/d/	/əd/ or /ɪd/
talked watched helped _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________	explained bothered turned _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________	needed started graduated founded _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________

Change the following words to past tense (add ed), and then add them to the table in the correct column above.

Change the words to past tense and then add them to the table above.

dance invent cook vaccum marry wash

join create live belong end

Watch the Video

Elemental English: -Ed Endings

Video Questions 1

Choose the correct answer.

1. What is the final sound you hear when you say walked?
   1. /d/
   2. /t/
   3. /əd/ or /ɪd/
2. What is the final sound you hear when you say smelled?
   1. /d/
   2. /t/
   3. /əd/ or /ɪd/
3. What is the final sound you hear when you say visited?
   1. /d/
   2. /t/
   3. /əd/ or /ɪd/
4. When a sound is voiced (like /v/, / g/, / p/, or /d/) you . .
   1. don't feel a vibration in your throat
   2. feel a vibration in your throat
5. When a sound is unvoiced (like /f/, /k/, /b/, or /t/) you . . .
   1. don't feel a vibration in your throat
   2. feel a vibration in your throat
6. ”Unvoiced" and "voiceless" mean the same thing.
   1. true
   2. false
7. Is the final sound in the word "vow" voiced or unvoiced?
   1. unvoiced
   2. voiced
8. Is the final sound in the word "fake" voiced or unvoiced?
   1. unvoiced
   2. voiced
9. Is the final sound in the word "tape" voiced or unvoiced?
   1. unvoiced
   2. voiced
10. Is the final sound in the word "gaze" voiced or unvoiced?
    1. unvoiced
    2. voiced

Video Questions 2

Choose the correct "ed" ending sound for each word.

1. vowed
   1. /d/
   2. /t/
   3. /əd/ or /ɪd/
2. faked
   1. /d/
   2. /t/
   3. /əd/ or /ɪd/
3. gazed
   1. /d/
   2. /t/
   3. /əd/ or /ɪd/
4. taped
   1. /d/
   2. /t/
   3. /əd/ or /ɪd/
5. decided
   1. /d/
   2. /t/
   3. /əd/ or /ɪd/
6. waited
   1. /d/
   2. /t/
   3. /əd/ or /ɪd/

Linking: -Ed Endings

Rules to Remember

Rules to Remember: Linking -Ed Endings

• When the word after -ed begins with a vowel, the past tense ending is clear.
  • Example: I lived in Thailand. (sounds like live-din)
• When the word after -ed begins with /d/ or /t/, the past tense ending is difficult to hear.
  • Example: Tommy looked tired. (sounds like (look-tired)

Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Photos by Sumit Chinchane on Unsplash and Annie Spratt on Unsplash.

Listening Practice: Linking -Ed Endings

1. Listen. Circle the sentence you hear.
2. Share your answers with a partner. Which sentences were most difficult to hear?
3. Listen to your teacher read both sentences in each question. Repeat and listen to the differences in each sentence.
4. In pairs, partner A read either a or b. Partner B, guess which sentence your partner read. When you're finished, change roles.

Number	Sentence
1	a. We always bother other students. b. We always bothered other students.
2	a. I talk to the doctor every day. b. I talked to the doctor every day.
3	a. You turned in your homework. b. You turn in your homework.
4	a. They started to dance. b. They start to dance.
5	a. I study every night. b. I studied every night.
6	a. You work too much. b. You worked too much.
7	a. I need to speak with him. b. I needed to speak with him.
8	a. The doctor turned on the radio. b. The doctor turns on the radio.
9	a. You look tired. b. You looked tired.
10	a. I live in Thailand. b. I lived in Thailand.

AnswerS - Linking -ed endings.docx

Recording: Linking -ed Endings to Vowels and Consonants

Read each of the sentences. Focus on linking the -ed ending to the following word.

1. Gillian’s mother talked to the doctor.
2. She explained that Gillian was having problems in school.
3. Gillian bothered other students.
4. She turned in her homework late.
5. The doctor turned on the radio.
6. She started to dance.

Talk about a Timeline

Brittany's Timeline

1. Look at Brittany’s timeline and listen to her talk about important events in her life.
2. Use Brittany’s timeline. Practice telling your partner about her life. Use the correct -ed endings.

Example: She graduated form university in 2006. Then she worked on a farm from 2006 to 2007. . . .

Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Image by Brittany Zemlick

Caption: Above is an image of a timeline that describes important events in Brittany's life. The following information is included:

Important Events	graduated from university	worked on a farm	got hired to teach English in Thailand and learned some Thai	applied for and got accepted to an MEd in TESOL course and moved to England	started working in Bogota, Colombia and learned some Spanish
Year	2006	2006-2007	2008-2009	2010-2011	2014-2016

Your Timeline

1. Draw your own timeline like the ones above.
2. Make a video of yourself describing the timeline of important events in your life. Then post your video in your class's online forum.
3. Watch your classmate's videos. Write a comment or questions to at least 2 classmates.

Listening Practice

Listen to a summary of the story Sir Ken Robinson told about Gillian. Complete the story with the missing words. Summary of Gillian Lynne Story.m4a

Query \(\PageIndex{1}\)

Recording: -Ed Endings

____/ 24 points

1. Read the summary of Sir Ken Robinson’s story about Gillian Lynne. Decide if each “ed” ending should be pronounced as a /t/, /d/, or /əd/.
2. Practice reading the story out loud with a partner.
3. When you’re ready. Record yourself reading the story and submit your video. You will receive one point for each -ed ending that you pronounce correctly and one point for each -ed ending that is correctly linked tot he following word.

Summary

Gillian had a lot of problems in school. She couldn’t concentrate or sit still, so the school thought Gillian had a learning disorder.

Her mother took Gillian to see a special doctor. Gillian’s mother talked to the doctor for 20 minutes. She explained that Gillian bothered other students and she turned in her homework late. Then the doctor told Gillian he needed to speak to her mother privately, and the doctor and Gillian’s mother went outside.

Before he left the room, the doctor turned on the radio. After they left the room, the doctor and Gillian’s mom watched Gillian. Gillian immediately started to dance. The doctor told Gillian’s mom: “Gillian isn’t sick. She’s a dancer. Take her to dance school.”

After that, Gillian went to a dance school and it was wonderful. There were many children at the school just like Gillian. They all needed to move in order to think. They did many kinds of dance including tap, jazz, and ballet. Gillian became a very successful dancer. She graduated from the Royal Ballet School, and founded the Gillian Lynne Dance Company. She helped create some very successful musical theater productions and she became very wealthy.