4.12: Source

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Sources for this chapter include S.A. M. Adshead, T’ang China: the Rise of the East in World History; Charles Holcombe, A History of East Asia; Mark Edward Lewis, The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han; Martin Powers, China and England; and Richard von Glahn, The Economic History of China.

¹ Nylan, the Five Confucian Classics, p. 25.

² Van Ess, “Praise and Slander,” 228.

³ Sima Qian, “The Basic Annals of Empress Lü,” in Records of the Grand Historian of China, Vol. 1, trans. Burton Watson, 340, with some changes following van Ess, “Praise and Slander,” 236.

⁴ Kwon, “The History of Lelang Commandery,” 86.

⁵ Sanft, Communication and Cooperation.

⁶ Holcombe, A History of East Asia, p. 60.

⁷ Cho-Yun Hsu, Han Agriculture, p. 53.

⁸ Von Glahn, The Economic History of China, 146.

⁹ This section is based primarily on Wilbur, “Slavery in China during the Former Han dynasty.

¹⁰ Brown, “Are Chinese Lactose Intolerant? Traditional Chinese medicine says otherwise.” mudadong.wixsite.com, accessed June 8, 2019. Used by kind permission of the author.

¹¹ Ibid. Original from: 中國畫像石全集 vol. 5: Shandong: Meishuguan chubanshe, 2000.

¹² Lewis, Sanctioned Violence in Early China, 147.

¹³ This section is primarily from Di Cosmo, Ancient China and its Enemies, with Li, Early China, 299.

¹⁴ Tamara Chin, Savage Exchange.

¹⁵ Shim, “A New Understanding of Kija Chosŏn,” pp. 302-03.

¹⁶ Lee Jaehyun, “Interregional Relations and Developmental Processes of Samhan Culture,” 91.

¹⁷ Tian Shouyun, Ancient Glass Research Along the Silk Road, 175 ff.

¹⁸ Byington, The Ancient State of Puyŏ, 306.

¹⁹ Yi Hyunhae, “The Formation and Development of the Samhan.”

²⁰ Early Korea Project, “A Bamboo Strip Edition of the Lunyu Excavated at Chǒngbaek-tong in Pyongyang.” https://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~ekp/n...yu-strips.html

²¹ Lee SeungJae, “Old Korean Writing on Wooden Tablets and its Implications for Old Japanese.”

²² Byington, Early Korea-Japan Interactions, 6-7.

²³ Woo, “Interactions between Paekche and Wa,” 213.

²⁴ Iwanaga, “Interaction Between the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese Archipelago.”