5.10: Chapter Summary and Key Terms
- Page ID
- 201357
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Chapter Summary
The nineteenth century ushered in major global economic transformations that affected all aspects of society. In western Europe, the USA, Latin America, and Japan nation-states were formed based on liberal principles. These new countries sought to forge a sense of national identity through nation-building but also excluded members based on race. With economic transformation, new ideologies emerged including socialism and Social Darwinism. While the abolition of the slave trade brought about a power vacuum in Africa, a sense of national identity was forming in India. Although much of Africa, Asia, and Latin America did not undergo an industrial revolution, major changes were ushered in as these societies became major producers of primary products which were essential to the industrialized world.
Key Terms
- Liberalism: A system of government that have constitutions which grant elected officials real political power and guarantee equality under the law
- Scientific racism: A form of racism which claims to use science to show that biologically there are inherently superior and inferior races
- First Industrial Revolution: Economic modernization which began in Great Britain in the late 1700s and largely involved the use of the steam engine
- Second Industrial Revolution: Comprehensive economic modernization beginning in the 1830s which included most of western and central Europe, the USA, and Japan
- Moral Economy: An economic system in which the elites assume a moral obligation for the well-being of their workers and in return, the workers are loyal to these elites
- Nation-State: A specific ethnic or cultural group (a nation) that has a common government within specific geographic boundaries
- Radicalism: The desire for a total reconfiguration of society including the political, economic, and social structures
- Social Question: The radicalization of the working class
- Evolutionary Socialism: An ideology that seeks a peaceful transition to socialism through elections and legislative actions
- Federalism: A system of government where certain powers are reserved for the national (or central) government and other powers are reserved for the state governments