7.16: Appendix- Countries and nationalities
- Page ID
- 89668
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Addition of rén to the country name regularly gives the name of the person from that country.
Countries (Guójiā)
| China | Zhōngguó |
| Taiwan | Táiwān |
| Singapore | Xīnjiāpō |
| Japan | Rìběn |
| Indonesia | Yìnní |
| Vietnam | Yuènán |
| Thailand | Tàiguó |
| Burma=Myanmar | Miǎndiàn |
| India | Yìndù |
| Pakistan | Bājīsītǎn |
| Bangladesh | Mèngjiālā |
| (S) Korea | Hánguó |
| (N.) Korea | Cháoxiǎn |
| Philippines | Fēilǜbīn |
| Ireland | Ài’ěrlán |
| USA | Měiguó |
| Canada | Jiānádà |
| Mexico | Mòxīgē |
| Brazil | Bāxī |
| Argentina | Āgēntíng |
| Australia | Àodàlìyà |
| New Zealand | Xīn Xīlán |
| South Africa | Nánfēi |
| Nigeria | Nírìlìyà |
| Egypt | Āijí |
| Iran | Yīlǎng |
| Afghanistan | Āfùhàn |
| England/UK | Yīngguó |
| Spain | Xībānyá |
| Germany | Déguó |
| Italy | Yìdàlì |
| France | Fǎguó (some:Fàguó) |
| Russia | Éguó (some:Èguó) |
| Greece | Xīlà |
| Israel | Yǐsèliè |
| Iraq | Yīlàkè |
Cities (chéngshì)
| Shanghai | Shànghǎi |
| Hong Kong | Xiānggǎng |
| Beijing | Běijīng |
| Shenyang | Shěnyáng |
| Canton | Guǎngzhōu |
| Shenzhen | Shēnzhèn |
| Beidaihe | Běidàihé (a resort on the coast near Beijing) |
| Qingdao | Qīngdǎo |
| Tianjin | Tiānjīn |
| Chungking | Chóngqìng |
| Si-an | Xī'ān |
| Nanking | Nánjīng |
| Kunming | Kūnmíng |
| Gweilin | Guìlín |
| Lhasa | Lāsà |
| Tokyo | Dōngjīng |
| Osaka | Dàbǎn |
| Seoul | Hànchéng ~ Shǒu’ěr |
| Jakarta | Yǎjiādá |
| Kuala Lumpur | Jílóngpō |
| Bangkok | Màngǔ |
| Hanoi | Hénèi |
| Saigon | Xīgòng |
| Delhi | Délǐ |
| Calcutta | Jiā’ěrgēdá |
| Manila | Mǎnílā |
| Dacca | Dákǎ |
| Mumbai/Bombay | Mèngmǎi |
| Baghdad | Bāgédá |
| Boston | Bōshìdùn |
| Chicago | Zhījiāgē |
| New York | Niǔ Yuē |
| Philadelphia | Fèichéng |
| Washington | Huáshèngdùn |
| San Francisco | Jiùjīnshān |
| Los Angeles | Luòshānjī |
| Salt Lake City | Yánhúchéng |
| Houston | Xiū ~ Háosīdùn |
| Dallas | Dálāsī |
| London | Lúndūn |
| Manchester | Mànchèsītè |
| Glasgow | Gèlāsēgē |
| Belfast | Bèi’érfǎsītè |
| Dublin | Dūbólín |
| Paris | Bālí |
| Rome | Luómǎ |
| Athens | Yádiǎn |
| Cairo | Kāiluó |
| Tel Aviv | Tèlāwéifū |
| Sydney | Xīní |
| Perth | Bōsī |
Notes on country and city names
Korea.
The PRC calls (North) Korea Cháoxiǎn, while Taiwan and overseas communities call (South) Korea Hánguó. Cháoxiǎn is a Chinese version of what is usually rendered Choson in English, the name of the dynasty that came to an end in 1910. Hán (distinct from falling toned Hàn of Hànrén ‘Chinese’) is also a traditional name, historically applied to ‘states’ on the south and western parts of the Korean peninsula. In the past, the name Gāolì was also applied, based on the same root that gave us the name Korea; cf. the Koryo dynasty. Paradoxically, the capital of S. Korea, Seoul, was until very recently called Hànchéng in Chinese – Hàn not Hán; nowadays, Seoul is transliterated as Shǒu’ěr.
San Francisco.
The Cantonese name, pronounced Sānfānshì (shì ‘city’) in Mandarin, is obviously a transliteration of the English. The name commonly used in Mandarin, Jiùjīnshān means literally ‘old gold mountain’, a reference to Gold Rush days, when numerous Chinese migrated to California from the coast of Canton province.
Huáshèngdùn. Also referred to in the US Chinese newspapers as Huáfǔ ‘national capital’.
Paris and Bali:
If Paris is Bālí, you may wonder what the Chinese name for the island of Bali [Indonesia] is. It’s also Bālí. The distinction is made by adding dăo ‘island’ to the latter: Bālídăo. Cf. Hǎinándǎo ‘Hainan Island’ (off the southern coast of China).
Philadelphia.
Fèichéng. Chéng is ‘city’ (originally ‘wall,’ a feature characteristic of cities). Fèi is a rendering of the first syllable of Philadelphia.
Tokyo.
Dōngjīng, literally ‘eastern capital’; cf. Bĕijīng ‘northern capital’ and Nánjīng ‘southern capital’.
Russia.
Éluósī or Éguó on the Mainland, but often Èguó in Taiwan. The USSR was called Sūlián, ie Sū from Sūwéi’āi ‘Soviet’ + lián meaning ‘unite’.
Canton, Chungking, Nanking, Peking etc.
English spellings of Chinese names are not as irrational as they may at first seem. These spellings reflect spelling conventions adopted by the British and probably based on Cantonese pronunciation. In the Wade-Giles transcription, which still has some currency, the distinction between (pinyin) b, d, g and p, t, k etc. was represented as p, t, k and p’, t’, k’, respectively. In common practice, the apostrophes were omitted, hence Peking, Taipei, the Tao Te Ching (the Taoist classic) rather than pinyin Beijing, Taibei, Dao De Jing (the Daoist classic). The name ‘Canton’ is based on the name of the province, Guǎngdōng, rather than the city, Guǎngzhōu.