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- https://human.libretexts.org/Under_Construction/Learning_Chinese_-_A_Foundation_Course_in_Mandarin_I_()/08%3A_Characters_3/8.03%3A_Set_2_with_notesIt is also used to translate ‘state’ in US state names: 加州 Jiāzhōu ‘California’, 德州 Dézhōu ‘Texas’, 康州 Kàngzhōu ‘Connecticut’. The original graph has been differentiated into 州 and 洲 (also zhōu), with...It is also used to translate ‘state’ in US state names: 加州 Jiāzhōu ‘California’, 德州 Dézhōu ‘Texas’, 康州 Kàngzhōu ‘Connecticut’. The original graph has been differentiated into 州 and 洲 (also zhōu), with the latter used as the second element in the names of continents, eg: 亞洲 Yàzhōu ‘Asia’ and 歐洲 Ōuzhōu ‘Europe’. 川, without the ‘islands’, shows just the river, and is an old word for ‘streams’, now associated only with the province of 四川, named for the four rivers which flow south into the Yangtze …
- https://human.libretexts.org/Under_Construction/Learning_Chinese_-_A_Foundation_Course_in_Mandarin_I_()/05%3A_Unit_2
- https://human.libretexts.org/Under_Construction/Learning_Chinese_-_A_Foundation_Course_in_Mandarin_I_()/01%3A_Background/1.05%3A_Further_readings_and_referencesModern Chinese, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1984. Difficult Characters: Interdisciplinary Studies of Chin...Modern Chinese, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1984. Difficult Characters: Interdisciplinary Studies of Chinese and Japanese Writing (Pathways to Advanced Skills, Publication series volume VI), National Resource Center, The Ohio State University, 2002. Chinese (Cambridge Language Surveys), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Under_Construction/Learning_Chinese_-_A_Foundation_Course_in_Mandarin_I_()/03%3A_Unit_1/3.11%3A_SummaryMain patterns Nĭ lèi ma? Hĕn lèi. Hái hăo. Bú tài lèi. Nĭ máng bu máng? Nĭ chīfàn le ma? Nĭ chīfàn le méiyou? Chī le. Hái méi ne. Nĭ chīguo fàn le ma? Chī <guo> le. Nà, jiù zhèiyàngr ba. Hăo, jiù zhèi...Main patterns Nĭ lèi ma? Hĕn lèi. Hái hăo. Bú tài lèi. Nĭ máng bu máng? Nĭ chīfàn le ma? Nĭ chīfàn le méiyou? Chī le. Hái méi ne. Nĭ chīguo fàn le ma? Chī <guo> le. Nà, jiù zhèiyàngr ba. Hăo, jiù zhèiyàngr! Zhāng lăoshī, hăo. Wáng Jié, zàijiàn.. Nĭ hăo. Máng ma? Hăo, zàijiàn, míngtiān jiàn. Wèi lăoshī, hăo. Chīfàn le ma? Chén lăoshī, zàijiàn. Bú è le. Míngtiān jiàn. Tā hái méi xǐzǎo. Duì ma? Nĭ ne? Yě hěn lèi. Tā yǐjing qǐlai le méiyou? Zuótiān hěn rè ma? Xiànzài ne? Shàng kè le méiyou?
- https://human.libretexts.org/Under_Construction/Learning_Chinese_-_A_Foundation_Course_in_Mandarin_I_()/07%3A_Unit_3/7.08%3A_Why_because_soDuō (a word to be carefully distinguished from dōu ‘all’) is a SV meaning ‘much; many; lots, etc.’ Its opposite, shǎo, can mean ‘few; not many’ but is also common as an adverb meaning ‘seldom; rarely’...Duō (a word to be carefully distinguished from dōu ‘all’) is a SV meaning ‘much; many; lots, etc.’ Its opposite, shǎo, can mean ‘few; not many’ but is also common as an adverb meaning ‘seldom; rarely’. Duō has some rather idiosyncratic properties: it may modify nouns directly (without de), but to do so, it requires the presence of at least a modifying adverb, such as hěn:
- https://human.libretexts.org/Under_Construction/Learning_Chinese_-_A_Foundation_Course_in_Mandarin_I_()/08%3A_Characters_3/8.06%3A_Creating_new_charactersIn the examples below, the radical element is consistently the ‘mouth’ radical, 口, which has the effect of signaling that the graph represents a sound. (In the list, boxes 嘞appear where a version of t...In the examples below, the radical element is consistently the ‘mouth’ radical, 口, which has the effect of signaling that the graph represents a sound. (In the list, boxes 嘞appear where a version of the character with 口 is unavailable in the standard character set.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Under_Construction/Learning_Chinese_-_A_Foundation_Course_in_Mandarin_I_()/03%3A_Unit_1/3.07%3A_Action_VerbsIn comparable sentences, rather than not mentioning an object for lack of a particular one, Chinese only has the option of providing a generic object like ‘meal’: Nǐ chīfàn le ma? ‘Have you eaten? (yo...In comparable sentences, rather than not mentioning an object for lack of a particular one, Chinese only has the option of providing a generic object like ‘meal’: Nǐ chīfàn le ma? ‘Have you eaten? (you eat-rice LE Q)’. The core meaning of fàn, as shown in the gloss, is ‘cooked rice’, but in this context, its meaning is extended to ‘food’ or ‘meal’. When a particular kind of food is mentioned, then fàn will be replaced by specific words: chī miàn ‘eat noodles’, chī bāozi ‘eat dumplings’; chī zǎo…
- https://human.libretexts.org/Under_Construction/Learning_Chinese_-_A_Foundation_Course_in_Mandarin_I_()/09%3A_Unit_4/9.11%3A_New_Page
- https://human.libretexts.org/Under_Construction/Learning_Chinese_-_A_Foundation_Course_in_Mandarin_I_()/06%3A_Characters_2/6.02%3A_Set_1_with_notesg) The element on the left of 這 (sometimes printed with two dots instead of one) is a left-side version of a more complex graph, 辵, whose core meaning is ‘stopping and starting’. As a radical, it goes...g) The element on the left of 這 (sometimes printed with two dots instead of one) is a left-side version of a more complex graph, 辵, whose core meaning is ‘stopping and starting’. As a radical, it goes under the name of zǒuzhīr, and appears in graphs such as 迎 yíng ‘welcome’ and 近 jìn ‘near’. 言, which is given radical status when it appears on the left of the graph (or at the bottom), forms the core in this case.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Under_Construction/Learning_Chinese_-_A_Foundation_Course_in_Mandarin_I_()/05%3A_Unit_2/5.12%3A_SummaryTài máng le. (Bú tài máng.) Zǒngshi hĕn máng hĕn lèi; gèng máng; yǒu yìdiănr lěng; etc. Hĕn nán; Bù hăochī; Hĕn lìhai. wŏ de zìdiăn; zuótiān de bào Jīntiān qī hào; Dōu shi wŏ de xuésheng. shéi, shénme...Tài máng le. (Bú tài máng.) Zǒngshi hĕn máng hĕn lèi; gèng máng; yǒu yìdiănr lěng; etc. Hĕn nán; Bù hăochī; Hĕn lìhai. wŏ de zìdiăn; zuótiān de bào Jīntiān qī hào; Dōu shi wŏ de xuésheng. shéi, shénme, nǎr ~ nǎlǐ, guìxìng, zĕnmeyàng Tā xìng Zhāng, jiào Zhāng Démíng; tā shi Zhāng Démíng. Xíngli dōu zài zhèr; Dōu zài wŏ zhèr. Wŏmen zài fēijī shàng chī le. Tiānjīn lí Bĕijīng hĕn jìn. Huānyíng nĭmen lái Bĕijīng. / Xièxie nĭmen lái jiē wŏmen. Zhōngwén shuō+de hĕn hăo! / Nǎlǐ, nǎlǐ, shuō+de bù hăo.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Under_Construction/Learning_Chinese_-_A_Foundation_Course_in_Mandarin_I_()/01%3A_Background/1.02%3A_Chinese_speechThe most common first language is Táiyǔ (‘Taiwanese’), a Southern Min language that is very similar to the Southern Min spoken in the province of Fujian across the Taiwan Straits. (Southern Min is als...The most common first language is Táiyǔ (‘Taiwanese’), a Southern Min language that is very similar to the Southern Min spoken in the province of Fujian across the Taiwan Straits. (Southern Min is also the predominant spoken language of the Singapore Chinese, and many other Chinese communities in Southeast Asia.) With so many in Taiwan speaking Táiyǔ as a first language, it is not surprising that Mandarin there is often influenced by the pronunciation, grammar and usage of that language.
