2.2: Appendix B - Il passato prossimo con avere e essere
- Page ID
- 170765
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)What is it?
The passato prossimo is a compound past tense consisting of an auxiliary verb and the past participle of the main verb. In Italian, the auxiliary verb can either be avere or essere.
Il passato prossimo con avere
Transitive verbs (i.e. verbs that take a direct object and/or respond to the questions What? or Who?) take the auxiliary verb avere in the passato prossimo.
The past participle is formed by making the following changes and is invariable in verbs that take avere:
| mangiare + ato = mangiato | vendere + uto = venduto | dormire + ito = dormito |
| mangiare | vendere | dormire | |
| io | ho mangiato | ho venduto | ho dormito |
| tu | hai mangiato | hai venduto | hai dormito |
| lui/lei/Lei | ha mangiato | ha venduto | ha dormito |
| noi | abbiamo mangiato | abbiamo venduto | abbiamo dormito |
| voi | avete mangiato | avete venduto | avete dormito |
| loro | hanno mangiato | hanno venduto | hanno dormito |
Il passato prossimo con essere
Intransitive verbs (i.e. verbs that do not take a direct object) take the auxiliary verb essere in the passato prossimo. The past participle is formed in the same way as verbs that go with avere. Many verbs that take essere are verbs of movement or states/transformations of being.
When a verb takes essere in the passato prossimo, its past participle changes according to the gender and number of the subject.
| andare | cadere | salire | |
| io | sono andato/a | sono caduto/a | sono salito/a |
| tu | sei andato/a | sei caduto/a | sei salito/a |
| lui/lei/Lei | è andato/a | è caduto/a | è salito/a |
| noi | siamo andati/e | siamo caduti/e | siamo saliti/e |
| voi | siete andati/e | siete caduti/e | siete saliti/e |
| loro | sono andati/e | sono caduti/e | sono saliti/e |
The following verbs take essere in the passato prossimo:
andare – to go
arrivare – to arrive
cadere – to fall
diventare – to become
entrare – to enter
essere – to be
morire – to die
nascere-to be born
partire – to depart
restare – to stay
rimanere- to remain
(ri)tornare – to return
salire – to go up
scendere – to go down
stare – to stay
uscire – to go out, exit
venire – to come
vivere – to live
All reciprocal and reflexive verbs also use essere in the passato prossimo (ex – alzarsi, abbracciarsi, etc.)