5.3: Grammaire - présentation
- Page ID
- 153470
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Lequel, lesquels, laquelle, lesquelles are pronouns, i.e. they are used in place of a noun. They are used to ask the questions 'which one?' or 'which ones?' They assume the number and gender of the nouns they replace and contract with the prepositions à and de.
For example: Parmi toutes les universités du Texas, laquelle préférez-vous ?
For example: Tu parles d'un film français, mais duquel parles-tu exactement ?
| Preposition |
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| lequel | lesquels | laquelle | lesquelles | |
| with à | auquel | auxquels | à laquelle | auxquelles |
| with de | duquel | desquels | de laquelle | desquelles |
- Hier, Shasta a vu ses amis.
- Ah bon? 1. ........?
- Il a vu Astérix et Obélix. Ils ont parlé du match.
- Ah bon? 2. ...... ont-ils parlé ?
- Du match de football américain.
- Answer
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1. Lesquels 2. Duquel
preposition + lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles
The relative pronouns lequel, laquelle, lesquels, and lesquelles (which) are used when the relative clause is introduced by a preposition other than de/d'. These pronouns make the usual contractions with the prepositions à and de. Note that the preposition in French must always be placed immediately in front of the relative pronoun.
For example: Le bâtiment dans lequel les étudaints passent beaucoup de temps s'appelle Agnes Arnold Hall.
Note: The form dont is generally used in spoken French instead of the forms duquel, de laquelle, desquels, and desquelles; however, these latter forms may also be found, especially in written texts. Dont may be substituted only for the simple preposition de and its object, but a form of lequel must be used when de is part of a two- or three-word preposition, such as 'à propos de, près de, loin de, à côté de.'
For example: Le bâtiment à côté duquel il y a une fontainte, s'appelle Cullen.
Le chat botté aimer grimper dans les arbres, sous 1.... les étudiants se reposent. Idéfix, le chien d'Astérix, s'est endormi sur un banc derrière 2 ....... il y a un café.
- Answer
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1. lesquels 2. lequel
The infinitive is the verb form generally used after a preposition in French. À (to) and de (from, about) are the most common prepositions in French. In many expressions, the choice of the preposition à or de before an infinitive is purely idiomatic; that is, it is unrelated to meaning. In such cases, one must memorize which preposition is used.
When the following verbs are followed by an infinitive, the preposition à is required.
| aider à, to help to | encourager à, to encourage to | |
| s'amuser à, to have fun at | s'habituer à, to get used to | |
| apprendre à, to learn to | hésiter à, to hesitate to | |
| arriver à, to succeed in, to manage to | inviter à, to invite to | |
| s'attendre à, to expect to | se mettre à, to start to | |
| avoir du mal à, to find it difficult to | se préparer à, to prepare to | |
| chercher à, to try to, to attempt to | renoncer à, to give up | |
| commencer à, to start to | réussir à, to succeed at | |
| continuer à/de, to continue to (either à or de) |
servir à, to be used for | |
| se décider à, to make up one's mind to | tenir à, to be anxious to, to be eager to |
When the following verbs are followed by an infinitive, the preposition de is required.
| (s')arrêter de, to stop | oublier de, to forget to | |
| choisir de, to choose to | permettre (à quelqu'un) de, to permit someone to |
|
| conseiller de, to advise to | persuader de, to persuade to | |
| se contenter de, to content oneself with | se presser de, to hurry to | |
| continuer à/de, to continue to (either à or de) |
promettre de, to promise to | |
| décider de, to decide to | proposer de, to propose to | |
| s'efforcer de to try hard to, to endeavor to | refuser de, to refuse to | |
| essayer de, to try to | rêver de to dream of | |
| s'excuser de, to apologize for | se soucier de, to care about | |
| finir de, to finish | se souvenir de, to remember to | |
| mériter de, to deserve, to be worth |
Most idiomatic expressions with avoir also require de + infinitive: avoir peur de, avoir besoin de, avoir envie de, avoir honte de, etc.
Shasta apprend 1. .... parler français. Les étudiants ont décidé 2. ..... rester sur le campus.
- Answer
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1. à 2. de
This page is an adoptation of Francais Interactif. For more information, see the following links:
https://www.laits.utexas.edu/tex/gr/int6.html