1.1: Introduction and Definitions

Critical Thinking: Reading & Writing

Book Introduction

Welcome to this foundational journey into the realms of critical thinking and writing. This is a critical expedition designed to equip you with the analytical skills, intellectual tools, and expressive prowess necessary for academic excellence and informed citizenship. This introductory chapter lays the groundwork for understanding critical thinking—not just as an academic skill but as a way of engaging with the world around you.

Critical thinking is the disciplined art of using the best thinking you are capable of in any set of circumstances. It encompasses the ability to actively and skillfully conceptualize, apply, analyze, synthesize, and evaluate information to reach an answer or conclusion. We begin by defining critical thinking in its broadest sense, setting the stage for a deeper dive into its components, such as clarity, relevance, logical consistency, and accuracy.

Logic is indispensable in guiding thought processes. Understanding the principles of logic means learning the rules of a game, enabling us to navigate arguments and reason through problems with precision and insight. Through engaging examples and exercises, we illuminate the ways in which logical reasoning informs thinking, providing a framework for distinguishing sound arguments from fallacious reasoning.

Applying critical thinking skills to problem-solving scenarios and the evaluation of information is crucial in a world inundated with data and opinions. We will delve into strategies for dissecting problems, questioning assumptions, and assessing the reliability of information.

We will also explore the art of rhetoric—the ancient practice of persuasive communication and argumentation. Understanding rhetoric is essential for critical thinkers, sharpening their ability to influence, persuade, and argue effectively while recognizing and countering the rhetorical strategies of others.

This chapter sets the stage for a transformative journey that enhances your reasoning, communication, and problem-solving abilities, empowering you to contribute meaningfully to the conversations that shape our society.

Chapter 1: Basics of Critical Thinking

Chapter Learning Objectives

1. Define critical thinking–its value in analyzing arguments, solving problems, and making informed decisions.
2. Describe the role of logic in critical thinking in understanding and evaluating the claims in everyday life.
3. Examine the necessity of critical thinking in problem-solving.
4. Think about the role of critical thinking in rhetoric.

Introduction and Definitions of Critical Thinking

Introduction to Critical Thinking

Critical thinking skills are fundamental to making judgments and solving problems. These skills help us evaluate the accuracy and truthfulness of statements, claims, and information we encounter daily. Critical thinking is the sharp knife that, when honed, separates fact from fiction, honesty from lies, and the accurate from the misleading. Whether it's choosing a product based on its merits rather than celebrity endorsement or scrutinizing an argument for logical consistency, critical thinking plays a crucial role in our decision-making processes.

In academic settings, critical thinking becomes even more essential. Students are required to evaluate information critically, analyze issues, and consider multiple perspectives. Success in academia often hinges on the ability to think analytically and critically. This environment demands that we ask purposeful questions: What is the source of this information? Is the source credible? Are multiple perspectives considered? Does quality research support the information or opinion? Do personal biases affect our evaluation of information?

"Thinker thinks about how to take sun burst shot" by davidyuweb is licensed under CC BY-NC 2.0.

Defining Critical Thinking

Thinking is a natural process that occurs effortlessly, but it can take many forms. As a college student, you're encouraged to engage and expand your thinking skills. Critical thinking is clear, reasonable, reflective thinking focused on deciding what to believe or do. It involves asking probing questions like, “How do we know?” or “Is this true in every case or just in this instance?” Critical thinking means being skeptical and challenging assumptions rather than simply memorizing facts or accepting information at face value.

For example, while reading a history textbook, a critical thinker might question the author's perspective and research scope. This reflective process might reveal that the author has focused on a particular group within a population, indicating there are other sides to the story. Critical thinking, therefore, uncovers these nuances and promotes a deeper understanding of the material.

Characteristics of Critical Thinkers

Critical thinkers are curious and reflective individuals. They enjoy exploring new areas, seeking knowledge, and finding new solutions. They ask pertinent questions, evaluate statements and arguments, and distinguish between facts and opinions. Key characteristics of critical thinkers include:

• Curiosity: They have a strong desire to learn and understand more.
• Reflection: They think deeply about subjects and issues.
• Skepticism: They question assumptions and seek evidence.
• Open-mindedness: They are willing to consider new ideas and change their minds.
• Analytical Skills: They evaluate arguments and identify logical flaws.
• Self-awareness: They recognize their own biases and limitations.

Critical thinking is not limited to any specific subject area. It applies to nearly all tasks, situations, topics, careers, environments, challenges, and opportunities. By developing critical thinking skills, you equip yourself with a powerful tool for academic success and lifelong learning.

Critical Thinking and Logic

Critical thinking is fundamentally a process of questioning information. It involves scrutinizing what we read, hear, or observe, whether it's from a textbook, a politician, a professor, a classmate, or even a commonly-held belief or new idea. This process ensures that everything is subject to examination and evaluation.

Logic’s Relationship to Critical Thinking

The word "logic" comes from the Ancient Greek "logike," referring to the science or art of reasoning. Logic is essential to critical thinking as it helps us evaluate arguments and distinguish between strong and weak reasoning, or between truth and falsehood. Through logic, we can assess ideas or claims, make informed decisions, and develop sound beliefs about the world.

"Rodin's Thinker" by steven n fettig is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

Questions of Logic in Critical Thinking

"think" by withbeautiful is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0.

Consider the following hypothetical scenario to illustrate the application of logic in critical thinking:

A man with a PhD in political science works as a professor at a local college. His wife also works at the college, and they have three young children in the local school system. The family is well-known in the community. The man is now running for political office. Some voters might believe that his academic credentials and stable family life suggest he will perform well in the political position and vote for him based on these assumptions.

However, the characteristics described do not guarantee his effectiveness in political office. This example demonstrates the importance of questioning the adequacy and relevance of the information provided. Critical thinkers would ask additional questions to form a logical, reasoned perspective. They would want to know about his past political experience and performance, among other factors.

To ensure a logical evaluation, consider the following questions:

1. What’s happening?
   • Gather the basic information and begin to think of questions.
2. Why is it important?
   • Ask yourself why it’s significant and whether or not you agree.
3. What don’t I see?
   • Is anything important missing?
4. How do I know?
   • Ask yourself where the information came from and how it was constructed.
5. Who is saying it?
   • Consider the position of the speaker and what might be influencing them.
6. What else?
   • What other ideas and possibilities exist?

By applying these questions, you can develop a logical, reasoned perspective in any situation, ensuring that your conclusions are based on a thorough and critical examination of all available information. This approach underscores the importance of logic in enhancing our critical thinking capabilities, enabling us to navigate complex issues and make informed decisions.

Conclusion

Critical thinking is an essential skill that enhances our ability to make informed decisions and solve problems effectively. It requires a deliberate and reflective approach to evaluating information and arguments. By cultivating curiosity, skepticism, and open-mindedness, you can become a more effective and thoughtful learner, capable of navigating complex issues and contributing meaningfully to various fields and discussions. Embrace critical thinking as a lifelong pursuit and continue honing this invaluable skill.

---

Attributions

The content above was assisted by ChatGPT in outlining and organizing information. The final material was curated, edited, authored, and arranged through human creativity, originality, and subject expertise of the Coalinga College English Department and the Coalinga College Library Learning Resource Center and is therefore under the CC BY NC SA license when applicable. To see resources on AI and copyright please see the United States Copyright Office 2023 Statement and the following case study on using AI assistance but curating and creating with human originality and creativity.

Images without specific attribution were generated with the assistance of ChatGPT 2024 and are not subject to any copyright restrictions, in accordance with the United States Copyright Office 2023 Statement.

The above section was remixed from the following Open Educational Resources:

• Introductory Composition, Basic Reading and Writing by Lumen, Module 1: Success Skills, Section 1.3 Critical Thinking by Lumen Learning, under CC BY NC SA.
• Advanced Composition, Critical Thinking by Andrew Gurevich, Section 1.2 Creative and Critical Thinking, under CC BY
  • 1.2: Week 2 - Creative and Critical Thinking is shared under a CC BY license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Andrew Gurevich (MHCC Library Press)
• 1.3: Critical thinking is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Melissa Ashman (KPUOpen) .
• 1.3: Glance at Critical Response- Rhetoric and Critical Thinking is shared under a CC BY 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by OpenStax via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request.
• 2.4: The Art of Rhetoric is shared under a CC BY-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Athena Kashyap & Erika Dyquisto (ASCCC Open Educational Resources Initiative) .

• 9.5: Writing Process- Thinking Critically about Rhetoric is shared under a CC BY 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by OpenStax via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request.