7.11: References

Blumstein, A., and Wallman, J., Eck, J., E., & Maguire, E.R., (2006). Have changes in policing reduced violent crime? An assessment of the evidence. The crime drop in America (pp. 207-265, Chapter 7). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Bunch, W. (September 2, 2001). "Handcuffed By History". The New York Times. Retrieved December 27, 2008.

Burns, P. F., & and Thomas, M. O. (2005). Repairing the divide: An investigation of community policing and citizen attitudes toward the police by race and ethnicity. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, 3(1/2), 71-85.

Carbonaro, W., & Covay, E. (2010). School sector and student achievement in the era of standards based reforms. Sociology of Education, 83(2), 160-182. Doi: 10.1177/0038040710367934

Chan, J. (2011). Racial profiling and police subculture. Canadian Journal of Criminology & Criminal Justice, 53(1), 75-78. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.library.capella.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sih&AN=57439656&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Chappell, A. T., Maggard, S. R., & Gibson, S. A. (2010). A theoretical investigation of public attitudes toward sex education. Sociological Spectrum, 30(2), 196-219. Doi: 10.1080/02732170903496117

Choi, C., Turner, C., & Volden, C. (2002). Means, motive, and opportunity: Politics, community needs, and community oriented policing services grants. American Politics Research, 4,

Clines, F. X. (May 17, 2001). "Mayor Says He Expects to Be Charged in 1969 Killing". The New York Times. Retrieved December 27, 2008423-455.

Fagin, J. A. (2007). Criminal justice (2nd Ed.) Allyn and Bacon.

Flanagan, C., Syvertsen, A., Gill, S., Gallay, L., & Cumsille, P. (2009). Ethnic awareness, prejudice, and civic commitments in four ethnic groups of American adolescents. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 38(4), 500-518. Doi: 10.1007/s10964-009-9394-z

Frey, W. H. (2011). Melting pot cities and suburbs: Racial and ethnic change in metro America in the 2000s. (Metropolitan Policy Program at Brookings). Brookings 1775 Massachusetts Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20036: Brookings. Retrieved from www.brookings.edu/papers/2011/0504_census_ethnicity_frey.aspx

Gabor, T. (1994). The suppression of crime statistics on race and ethnicity: The price of political Correctness. Canadian Journal of Criminology& Criminal Justice. 153-163.

Hickman, M. J. (2008). On the context of police cynicism and problem behavior. Applied Psychology in Criminal Justice, 4(1), 1-44.

Hilliman, C., Dr. (2008). The intersections collection. U.S.: Pearson Custom Publishing.

Horn, M. F. (2008). Data-driven management systems improve safety and accountability in New York City Jails. Corrections Today, 70(5), 40-43. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.library.capella.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sih&AN=36188289&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Kalish, J. (2011). The York Crispus Attucks Story: 1931 to 1996. Unpublished manuscript.

Kalish, J. A. (2000). The story of civil rights in York, Pennsylvania. York, PA: York County Audit of Human Rights.

Lee, S. (2010). Reflect on your history an early childhood education teacher examines her biases. Multicultural Education, 17(4), 25-30. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.library.capella.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sih&AN=58487956&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Longman, J. (2001, 01 Nov 2001). A city begins to confront its racist past. The New York Times, pp. 18. Retrieved from search.proquest.comezyproxy.hacc.edu/docview/431926791?

Lueck, T. J. (2002, 20 Oct 2002). Former mayor is acquitted in '69 race riot killing; two others are convicted. The New York Times, pp. 1-16. Retrieved from search.proquest.comezyproxy.hacc.edu/docview/432215999?

Marion, N. E., & Oliver, W. M. (2006: 2012). The public policy of crime and criminal justice (2nd Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

McDonald, P., P. (January 2004). Implementing COMPSTAT: Critical points to consider. The Police Chief, 33-37.

Moore, M. H. (2003). Sizing up COMPSTAT: An important administrative innovation in
policing. Criminology & Public Policy, 2, 469-494.

New York Times. (2002, 19 Dec 2002). 2 men are sentenced for killing of woman in 1969 race riot. The New York Times, pp. 37.

New York Times. (2002, 15 Aug 2002). 4 defendants reach plea agreements in race riot killing. The New York Times, pp. 16. Retrieved from search.proquest.comezyproxy.hacc.edu/docview/432159593?

New York Times. (2003, 22 Apr 2003). 2 black men draw prison for '69 killing of white officer. The New York Times, pp. 16. Retrieved from search.proquest.comezyproxy.hacc.edu/docview/432373265?

New York Times. (2003, 14 Mar 2003). Blacks convicted in '69 killing of York officer. The New York Times, pp. 27. Retrieved from search.proquest.comezyproxy.hacc.edu/docview/432352269?

Newman, D. M. (2007). Identities and inequalities: Exploring the intersections of race, class, gender, and sexuality. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Office of Justice Programs. (2004). Bureau of justice statistics-crime in the U.S. Washington, D.C.: BJA: Office of Justice Programs. Retrieved from bjsdata.ojp.usdoj.gov/dataonline/Search/Crime/Local/JurisbyJuris.cfm?NoVariables=Y&CFID=19152804&CFTOKEN=33396494

Ore, T. E. (2009). The social construction of difference and inequality: Race, class, gender, and sexuality. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Pennsylvania Human Relations Commission. (1968). Audit on human rights. Harrisburg, PA: PHRC.

Reisig, M.D., Holtfreter, K., & Morash, M. (2002). Social capital among women offenders: Examining the distribution of social networks and resources. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 18 (2), 167-187.

Ryan, R. M., Kalil, A., & Leininger, L. (2009). Low-income mother's private safety nets and children’s socioemotional well-being. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71, 278-298.

Sklansky, D. A. (2006). Not your father's police department: Making sense of the new demographics of law enforcement. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 96(3), 1209-1243. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.library.capella.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=21820080&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Smith, B. W., Novak, K. J., & Frank, J. (2001). Community policing and the work routines of street-level officers. Criminal Justice Review, 26(17-37)

U.S. Census Bureau (2000). http://factfinder.census.gov/home/saff/main.html?_lang=en

Statistics from the 2000 U.S. Census support the contention that the City is suffering severe hardships in a region of plenty. Comparisons of several demographic factors from the US Census 2000 clearly illustrate this:

Walsh, W., F., & Vito, G., F. (February 2004). The meaning of COMPSTAT. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 51-69.

Weisburd, D., & Eck, J. E. (2004). What can police do to reduce crime, disorder, and fear? Annals of the American Academy of Political & Social Science, 593, 42-65.

Weisburd, D., Mastrofski, S. D., McNally, A. M., Greenspan, R., & Willis, J. J. (2003). Reforming to preserve: COMPSTAT and strategic problem solving in American policing. Criminology & Public Policy, 2, 421-456.

Willis, J. J.; Mastrofski, S. D.; & Weisburd, D. (2004). COMPSTAT and bureaucracy: A case study of challenges and opportunities for change. Justice Quarterly: JQ /, 21(3), 463-496.

York Counts 2009 Indicators Report. http://yorkcounts.org