1.22: οἶδα and the Present and Future Indicative and Infinitive Middle and Passive of ἐλαύνω, καλέω, φέρω, δίδωμι, τίθημι
- Page ID
- 170962
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Module 19
© 2021 Philip S. Peek, CC BY 4.0 https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0264.22
The Verb
In Greek and in English verbs have the same definition and functions. Verbs are words that represent actions (throw) and states of being (be or exist). They differ in the same fundamental way that Greek nouns differ from their English counterparts: they use endings to create meaning in a way that English does not. The Greek verb (ῥῆμα) in its finite form has an ending that indicates what person and number the subject is. The Greek infinitive has an ending that indicates that it is unmarked for person and number.
The Conjugation of οἶδα
οἶδα is a high frequency verb. It has perfect tense forms with present tense meanings. In Part II of the 21st-Century series you will learn the perfect tense, which has an aspect that is complete (stative) as of present time. oἶδα’s forms are given below. Memorize them.
Perfect Indicative Active (with present meanings) |
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|
οἶδα |
I know |
1st person singular |
|
οἶσθα, οἶδας |
you know |
2nd person singular |
|
οἶδε (ν) |
he, she, it knows |
3rd person singular |
|
ἴσμεν, οἴδαμεν |
we know |
1st person plural |
|
ἴστε, οἴδατε |
you know |
2nd person plural |
|
ἴσᾱσι (ν) |
they know |
3rd person plural |
Perfect Infinitive Active (with present meanings) |
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|
εἰδέναι |
to know |
not marked for person or number |
Active, Middle, and Passive Voice
Active and passive voice in English and Greek are defined and function in the same way. Greek also has a middle voice. In practice it is generally a good idea to translate the middle voice as if it were active.
Active and Passive Voice
In the active voice the subject of the verb performs the action: I throw the ball. The subject I is the one who throws the ball and so its voice is defined as active. In the passive voice the action of the verb is performed upon the subject: I am thrown. The I is not performing the action but rather the verb’s action is performed upon the subject and so its voice is defined as passive.
Apuleius from Madauros c. 124–170 CE. A Numidian, Apuleius lived under the rule of the Roman Empire and wrote in Latin. He studied Platonism in Athens, travelled widely, was a rhetorician, and a follower of several mystery cults. At some point he was accused of using magic to gain the wealth of a widow. He declaimed and then distributed a witty defense speech, known as the Apologia, asserting his innocence. He also wrote the Metamorphoses, a Latin novel and the only one that has survived in its entirety. Like Lucian’s The Ass, ὁ Ὄνος, it relates the adventures of Lucius, whose curiosity about magic results in his being turned into an ass. This book contains a small excerpt from Apuleius’ novel and several from Lucian’s.
Practice Identifying Active and Passive Voice in English. Consider the following examples. In each case, ask yourself whether the verb’s voice is active or passive. Check your answers with those in the Answer Key. The selection below is an adapted translation of an excerpt from Apuleius, The Golden Ass.
- I went to the market to buy food for supper.
- Fish was set out to be sold.
- After haggling I bought some at a discount.
- I paid the fishmonger and departed with my basket of fish.
- By chance, an old acquaintance of mine, Pithias, was glimpsed out of the corner of my eye.
- He too spied me and remembered our friendship from long ago, giving me a friendly kiss.
- It was said by him to me that a long time had passed since last we were met.
- He said he had had no news of me since departing Athens and our old Master Vestius.
- He asked me why I had travelled to Thessaly.
- An answer was promised by me to him but not until the morrow.
- I asked him what his office was and why he had so many attendants.
- It was said by him that he had been granted the office of Magistrate of the Market.
- He asked if I needed his assistance in obtaining my evening’s meal.
- It was replied by me that sufficient sustenance had just been obtained by me.
- My basket of fish was espied by Pithias and I was asked by him the cost and seller of my meal.
- I told him and took him to the fishmonger’s stall.
- He berated the old man, who sat in a corner, telling him that the price of the fish was too dear and hardly worth any price.
- It was said by him to the old man that Thessaly will be made forsaken by all if strangers are treated in this way.
- I was turned to next and my basket of fish was cast on the ground by Pithias and stomped to pieces by his attendants.
- The fishmonger was told that he was chastised sufficiently and I was told to depart.
- Amazed and astonished, I was driven from the market without my supper.
Middle Voice
Greek also has a middle voice. For most tenses the forms of the middle voice are similar or exactly the same as the forms for the passive voice. Though its forms are similar to the passive, the middle voice is typically translated by the English active voice. The Greek middle voice often has one of these two special meanings:
(1) subjects perform the action of the verb on themselves
Example:
αὐτὸν λούω I wash him; λούομαι I wash myself, i.e., I take a bath.
Example:
αὐτοὺς πείθω I persuade them; πείθομαι I persuade myself, i.e., I listen or obey.
(2) subjects perform the action of the verb for their own benefit
Example:
αὐτοὺς λύω I free them; αὐτοὺς λύομαι I free them for my own benefit, i.e., I free them by paying ransom money.
Example:
αὐτοὺς παιδεύω I educate them; τοὺς παῖδας παιδεύομαι I have my children educated for my own benefit.
Example:
ταῦτα φέρω I carry these things; φέρομαι I carry for my own benefit, i.e., I win.
Example:
πολιτεύω I am a citizen; πολιτεύομαι I am a citizen for my own benefit, i.e., I am a politician.
Primary Middle and Passive Endings
The following primary middle and passive endings are used in forming many of the tenses you will learn for the middle and passive voices.
|
Primary Middle and Passive |
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|
S |
P |
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|
1st |
-μαι |
-μεθα |
|
|
2nd |
-σαι |
-σθε |
|
|
3rd |
-ται |
-νται |
|
|
Middle and Passive Infinitive |
|||
|
-σθαι |
|||
It is a good idea to memorize them now.
The Present and Future Indicative and Infinitive Middle and Passive of ω-verbs
In what follows you have no new endings to memorize since you already learned them when you learned the deponent ω-verb ἔρχομαι.
How to Get the Correct Stem
A key to learning the verb is understanding how to combine endings with the correct stem.
Present Active, Middle, and Passive. From the first principal part remove the ending to obtain the present active, middle, and passive tense stem. To this stem, add the below endings.
Future Active and Middle. From the second principal part remove the ending to obtain the future active and middle tense stem. To this stem, add the below endings.
Future Passive. From the sixth principal part remove the past indicative augment and the ending. In verbs whose stem begins with a consonant, the past indicative augment is the initial epsilon, ἐ-. The past indicative augment is explained in detail in Module 23. Το the stem that remains, add the future tense marker –ησ- to obtain the future passive tense stem. To this stem, add the below endings.
Primary Middle and Passive Endings
Add to the correct stem.
|
Primary Middle and Passive |
|||
|
S |
P |
||
|
1st |
-ομαι |
-ομεθα |
|
|
2nd |
-ει, -ῃ (-εσαι) |
-εσθε |
|
|
3rd |
-εται |
-ονται |
|
|
Middle and Passive Infinitive |
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|
-εσθαι |
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- In the second person singular, -εσαι, the sigma between two vowels (intervocalic sigma) drops out and the remaining vowels contract to -ει and -ῃ.
- When you learned the deponent verb, ἔρχομαι, you learned these endings. Remember that deponent verbs have middle and passive forms and active meanings.
Endings in Summary
The chart below contains the same information as above. Look over the chart and make sure that you understand how to read it.
- The future passive stem is obtained by removing the past indicative augment and the ending from principal part six and then adding –ησ- to the end of what remains. To this stem add the future passive endings.
- I stands for the tense stem of principal part one, II for the tense stem of principal part two, and so on: ἐλαύνω (I), ἐλάω (II), ἤλασα (III), ἐλήλακα (IV), ἐλήλαμαι (V), ἠλάθην (VI), ἐλαθήσομαι (VI*). Note that only the tense stem distinguishes the present from the future tenses.
The Conjugation of ἐλαυνω
To the present active, middle, and passive stem, ἐλαυν-, add the correct present tense endings. To the future active and middle tense stem, ἐλα-, add the correct future tense endings. To the future passive tense stem, ἐλαθησ-, add the correct future tense endings.
Present Indicative Middle |
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|
ἐλαύνομαι |
I carry away |
1st person singular |
|
ἐλαύνει, ἐλαύνῃ |
you carry away |
2nd person singular |
|
ἐλαύνεται |
he, she, it carries away |
3rd person singular |
|
ἐλαυνόμεθα |
we carry away |
1st person plural |
|
ἐλαύνεσθε |
you carry away |
2nd person plural |
|
ἐλαύνονται |
they carry away |
3rd person plural |
Present Infinitive Middle |
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|
ἐλαύνεσθαι |
to carry away |
unmarked for person and # |
Present Indicative Passive |
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|
ἐλαύνομαι |
I am driven |
1st person singular |
|
ἐλαύνει, ἐλαύνῃ |
you are driven |
2nd person singular |
|
ἐλαύνεται |
he, she, it is driven |
3rd person singular |
|
ἐλαυνόμεθα |
we are driven |
1st person plural |
|
ἐλαύνεσθε |
you are driven |
2nd person plural |
|
ἐλαύνονται |
they are driven |
3rd person plural |
Present Infinitive Passive |
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|
ἐλαύνεσθαι |
to be driven |
unmarked for person and # |
Future Indicative Middle |
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|
ἐλῶμαι (ἐλάομαι) |
I will carry away |
1st person singular |
|
ἐλᾷ (ἐλάει, ἐλαῃ) |
you will carry away |
2nd person singular |
|
ἐλᾶται (ἐλάεται) |
he, she, it will carry away |
3rd person singular |
|
ἐλώμεθα (ἐλαόμεθα) |
we will carry away |
1st person plural |
|
ἐλᾶσθε (ἐλάεσθε) |
you will carry away |
2nd person plural |
|
ἐλῶνται (ἐλάονται) |
they will carry away |
3rd person plural |
Future Infinitive Middle |
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|
ἐλᾶσθαι (ἐλάεσθαι) |
to be about to carry away |
unmarked for person and # |
Future Indicative Passive |
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|
ἐλαθήσομαι |
I will be driven |
1st person singular |
|
ἐλαθήσει, ἐλαθήσῃ |
you will be driven |
2nd person singular |
|
ἐλαθήσεται |
he, she, it will be driven |
3rd person singular |
|
ἐλαθησόμεθα |
we will be driven |
1st person plural |
|
ἐλαθήσεσθε |
you will be driven |
2nd person plural |
|
ἐλαθήσονται |
they will be driven |
3rd person plural |
Future Infinitive Passive |
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|
ἐλαθήσεσθαι |
to be about to be driven |
unmarked for person and # |
The Conjugation of καλέω
To the present active, middle, and passive stem, καλε-, add the correct present tense endings. To the future active and middle tense stem, καλε-, add the correct future tense endings. Since the stems for the present and future are the same, the forms are identical. Use context to determine which tense each form has. To the future passive tense stem, κληθησ-, add the correct future tense endings.
Present Indicative Middle |
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|
καλοῦμαι (καλέομαι) |
I sue |
1st person singular |
|
καλεῖ (καλέει), καλῇ (καλέῃ) |
you sue |
2nd person singular |
|
καλεῖται (καλέεται) |
he, she, it sues |
3rd person singular |
|
καλούμεθα (καλεόμεθα) |
we sue |
1st person plural |
|
καλεῖσθε (καλέεσθε) |
you sue |
2nd person plural |
|
καλοῦνται (καλέονται) |
they sue |
3rd person plural |
Present Infinitive Middle |
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|
καλεῖσθαι (καλέεσθαι) |
to sue |
unmarked for person and # |
Present Indicative Passive |
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|
καλοῦμαι (καλέομαι) |
I am called |
1st person singular |
|
καλεῖ (καλέει), καλῇ (καλέῃ) |
you are called |
2nd person singular |
|
καλεῖται (καλέεται) |
he, she, it is called |
3rd person singular |
|
καλούμεθα (καλεόμεθα) |
we are called |
1st person plural |
|
καλεῖσθε (καλέεσθε) |
you are called |
2nd person plural |
|
καλοῦνται (καλέονται) |
they are called |
3rd person plural |
Present Infinitive Passive |
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|
καλεῖσθαι (καλέεσθαι) |
to be called |
unmarked for person and # |
Future Indicative Middle |
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|
καλοῦμαι (καλέομαι) |
I will sue |
1st person singular |
|
καλεῖ (καλέει), καλῇ (καλέῃ) |
you will sue |
2nd person singular |
|
καλεῖται (καλέεται) |
he, she, it will sue |
3rd person singular |
|
καλούμεθα (καλεόμεθα) |
we will sue |
1st person plural |
|
καλεῖσθε (καλέεσθε) |
you will sue |
2nd person plural |
|
καλοῦνται (καλέονται) |
they will sue |
3rd person plural |
Future Infinitive Middle |
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|
καλεῖσθαι (καλέεσθαι) |
to be about to sue |
unmarked for person and # |
Future Indicative Passive |
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|
κληθήσομαι |
I will be called |
1st person singular |
|
κληθήσει, κληθήσῃ |
you will be called |
2nd person singular |
|
κληθήσεται |
he, she, it will be called |
3rd person singular |
|
κληθησόμεθα |
we will be called |
1st person plural |
|
κληθήσεσθε |
you will be called |
2nd person plural |
|
κληθήσονται |
they will be called |
3rd person plural |
Future Infinitive Passive |
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|
κληθήσεσθαι |
to be about to be called |
unmarked for person and # |
The Conjugation of φέρω
To the present active, middle, and passive stem, φερ-, add the correct present tense endings. To the future active and middle tense stem, οἰσ-, add the correct future tense endings. To the future passive tense stem, ἐνεχθησ-, add the correct future tense endings.
Present Indicative Middle |
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|
φέρομαι |
I win |
1st person singular |
|
φέρει, φέρῃ |
you win |
2nd person singular |
|
φέρεται |
he, she, it wins |
3rd person singular |
|
φερόμεθα |
we win |
1st person plural |
|
φέρεσθε |
you win |
2nd person plural |
|
φέρονται |
they win |
3rd person plural |
Present Infinitive Middle |
||
|
φέρεσθαι |
to win |
unmarked for person and # |
Present Indicative Passive |
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|
φέρομαι |
I am carried |
1st person singular |
|
φέρει, φέρῃ |
you are carried |
2nd person singular |
|
φέρεται |
he, she, it is carried |
3rd person singular |
|
φερόμεθα |
we are carried |
1st person plural |
|
φέρεσθε |
you are carried |
2nd person plural |
|
φέρονται |
they are carried |
3rd person plural |
Present Infinitive Passive |
||
|
φέρεσθαι |
to be carried |
unmarked for person and # |
Future Indicative Middle |
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|
οἴσομαι |
I will win |
1st person singular |
|
οἴσει, οἴσῃ |
you will win |
2nd person singular |
|
οἴσεται |
he, she, it will win |
3rd person singular |
|
οἰσόμεθα |
we will win |
1st person plural |
|
οἴσεσθε |
you will win |
2nd person plural |
|
οἴσονται |
they will win |
3rd person plural |
Future Infinitive Middle |
||
|
οἴσεσθαι |
to be about to win |
unmarked for person and # |
Future Indicative Passive |
||
|
ἐνεχθήσομαι |
I will be carried |
1st person singular |
|
ἐνεχθήσει, ἐνεχθήσῃ |
you will be carried |
2nd person singular |
|
ἐνεχθήσεται |
he, she, it will be carried |
3rd person singular |
|
ἐνεχθησόμεθα |
we will be carried |
1st person plural |
|
ἐνεχθήσεσθε |
you will be carried |
2nd person plural |
|
ἐνεχθήσονται |
they will be carried |
3rd person plural |
Future Infinitive Passive |
||
|
ἐνεχθήσεσθαι |
to be about to be carried |
unmarked for person and # |
The Conjugation of δίδωμι
Add the primary middle and passive endings to the short vowel grade of the stem, διδο-.
|
Primary Middle and Passive |
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|
S |
Pl |
||
|
1st |
-μαι |
-μεθα |
|
|
2nd |
-σαι |
-σθε |
|
|
3rd |
-ται |
-νται |
|
|
Present Infinitive Middle and Passive |
|||
|
-σθαι |
|||
Present Indicative Middle |
||
|
δίδομαι |
I devote |
1st person singular |
|
δίδοσαι |
you devote |
2nd person singular |
|
δίδοται |
he, she, it devotes |
3rd person singular |
|
διδόμεθα |
we devote |
1st person plural |
|
δίδεσθε |
you devote |
2nd person plural |
|
δίδονται |
they devote |
3rd person plural |
Present Infinitive Middle |
||
|
δίδοσθαι |
to devote |
unmarked for person and # |
Present Indicative Passive |
||
|
δίδομαι |
I am given |
1st person singular |
|
δίδοσαι |
you are given |
2nd person singular |
|
δίδοται |
he, she, it is given |
3rd person singular |
|
διδόμεθα |
we are given |
1st person plural |
|
δίδεσθε |
you are given |
2nd person plural |
|
δίδονται |
they are given |
3rd person plural |
Present Infinitive Passive |
||
|
δίδοσθαι |
to be given |
unmarked for person and # |
Future Indicative Middle |
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|
δώσομαι |
I will devote |
1st person singular |
|
δώσει, δώσῃ |
you will devote |
2nd person singular |
|
δώσεται |
he, she, it will devote |
3rd person singular |
|
δωσόμεθα |
we will devote |
1st person plural |
|
δώσεσθε |
you will devote |
2nd person plural |
|
δώσονται |
they will devote |
3rd person plural |
Future Infinitive Middle |
||
|
δώσεσθαι |
to be about to devote |
unmarked for person and # |
Future Indicative Passive |
||
|
δοθήσομαι |
I will be given |
1st person singular |
|
δοθήσει, δοθήσῃ |
you will be given |
2nd person singular |
|
δοθήσεται |
he, she, it will be given |
3rd person singular |
|
δοθησόμεθα |
we will be given |
1st person plural |
|
δοθήσεσθε |
you will be given |
2nd person plural |
|
δοθήσονται |
they will be given |
3rd person plural |
Future Infinitive Passive |
||
|
δοθήσεσθαι |
to be about to be given |
unmarked for person and # |
The Conjugation of τίθημι
Add the primary middle and passive endings to the short vowel grade of the stem, τιθε-.
|
Primary Middle and Passive |
|||
|
S |
Pl |
||
|
1st |
-μαι |
-μεθα |
|
|
2nd |
-σαι |
-σθε |
|
|
3rd |
-ται |
-νται |
|
|
Infinitive Middle and Passive |
|||
|
-σθαι |
|||
Present Indicative Middle |
||
|
τίθεμαι |
I set |
1st person singular |
|
τίθεσαι |
you set |
2nd person singular |
|
τίθεται |
he, she, it sets |
3rd person singular |
|
τιθέμεθα |
we set |
1st person plural |
|
τίθεσθε |
you set |
2nd person plural |
|
τίθενται |
they set |
3rd person plural |
Present Infinitive Middle |
||
|
τίθεσθαι |
to set |
unmarked for person and # |
Present Indicative Passive |
||
|
τίθεμαι |
I am placed |
1st person singular |
|
τίθεσαι |
you are placed |
2nd person singular |
|
τίθεται |
he, she, it is placed |
3rd person singular |
|
τιθέμεθα |
we are placed |
1st person plural |
|
τίθεσθε |
you are placed |
2nd person plural |
|
τίθενται |
they are placed |
3rd person plural |
Present Infinitive Passive |
||
|
τίθεσθαι |
to be placed |
unmarked for person and # |
Future Indicative Middle |
||
|
θήσομαι |
I will set |
1st person singular |
|
θήσει, θήσῃ |
you will set |
2nd person singular |
|
θήσεται |
he, she, it will set |
3rd person singular |
|
θησόμεθα |
we will set |
1st person plural |
|
θήσεσθε |
you will set |
2nd person plural |
|
θήσονται |
they will set |
3rd person plural |
Future Infinitive Middle |
||
|
θήσεσθαι |
to be about to set |
unmarked for person and # |
Future Indicative Passive |
||
|
τεθήσομαι |
I will be placed |
1st person singular |
|
τεθήσει, τεθήσῃ |
you will be placed |
2nd person singular |
|
τεθήσεται |
he, she, it will be placed |
3rd person singular |
|
τεθησόμεθα |
we will be placed |
1st person plural |
|
τεθήσεσθε |
you will be placed |
2nd person plural |
|
τεθήσονται |
they will be placed |
3rd person plural |
Future Infinitive Passive |
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τεθήσεσθαι |
to be about to be placed |
unmarked for person and # |
Practice Translating Active and Passive Voice. Translate the below. Pay particular attention to what voice each verb has. Check your answers with those in the Answer Key.
- χάριν ἄγω.
- σὲ εἰς τὴν ὁδὸν ἄγομεν.
- σφέας ἀξιόετε.
- ἰέναι ἀξιόεσθε.
- ἀκούειν ἄρχεις.
- ὑπὸ σφέων ἄρχονται.
- εἰς τὴν θάλατταν ἐλαύνει.
- εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν ἐλαυνόμεθα.
- σὲ εἰς τὸ ἔργον λαμβάνω.
- εἰς τὸ ἔργον λαμβάνομαι.
Vocabulary
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*ἄγω, ἄξω do, drive, lead |
*θάλασσα (θάλαττα), θαλάσσης ἡ sea |
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*ἀκούω, ἀκούσομαι hear, listen |
*ἰέναι to go |
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*ἀξιόω, ἀξιώσω deem worthy |
*λαμβάνω, λήψομαι take, receive, capture |
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*ἄρχω, ἄρξω rule, command; begin + gen. |
ὁδός, ὁδοῦ ἡ road |
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*ἔργον, ἔργου τό deed, task, work; building; ἔργον in truth, in deed |
χάρις, χάριτος ἡ charm, grace, favor; graditude; χάριν εἰδέναι to feel grateful; χάριν for the sake of + gen. |
- The asterisk indicates the top 250 most frequently occurring vocabulary, which you are to memorize.
Practice Translating. Translate the sentences below adapted from Euripides’ Alkestis (Ἄλκηστις). Remember the meanings and functions of the cases presented in Module 7. Use your memory to identify endings and their functions. If you forget an ending or a function, consult the Adjective, Adverb, Noun, and Pronoun Chart in Appendix VIII and the Case and Function Chart in Appendix I. Check your understanding with the translations in the Answer Key, making sure that you understand why each word translates as it does. Now go back and read each sentence two or three times, noticing with each rereading how much better your understanding of the sentence becomes. Make this a habit and you will improve quickly.
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Ἀπόλλων: ἔστ’ οὖν Ἀλκήστιδι ἐς γῆρας μολέεσθαι; |
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Θάνατος: οὐκ ἔστι· τιμαῖς καὶ ἐμὲ τέρπεσθαι δεῖ. |
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Ἀπόλλων: οὔτοι πλέον γ’ ἢ μίαν ψυχὴν λήψει. |
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Θάνατος: ἐπεὶ νέοι φθίνoυσι, μεῖζον ἄρνυμαι γέρας. |
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5 |
Ἀπόλλων: καὶ εἰ Ἄλκηστις γραῦς ὄλλυσι, πλουσίως ταφήσεται. |
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Θάνατος: πρὸς τῶν πλουσίων, Φοῖβε, τὸν νόμον τίθης. |
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Ἀπόλλων: πῶς λέγεις; ἀλλ’ ἦ καὶ οἶσθα ὅτι σοφὸς εἶ; |
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Θάνατος: δυνήσονται, εἰ αὐτοῖς πάρεστι χρήματα, γηραιοὶ θανεῖν. |
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Ἀπόλλων: οὔκουν δοκεῖ σοὶ τὴν ἐμοὶ διδόναι χάριν. |
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10 |
Θάνατος: οὐ δῆτ’· ἐπίστασαι δὲ τοὺς ἐμοὺς τρόπους. |
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Ἀπόλλων: ἐχθρούς γε θνητοῖς καὶ θεοῖς στυγητούς. |
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Θάνατος: οὐκ ἔστι σοὶ πάντ’ ἔχειν, μάλιστα ταῦτα μή σε δεῖ. |
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15 |
Ἀπόλλων: καλὸς Φέρητος ἐλεύσεται πρὸς δόμους ἀνὴρ καὶ βίᾳ τὴν γυναῖκα σ’ ἐξαιρήσεται. ἡ οὐ παρ’ ἡμῶν σοι γενήσεται χάρις καὶ δράσεις θ’ ὁμοίως ταῦτ’, ἀπεχθήσῃ τ’ ἐμοί. |
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Θάνατος: ἡ δ’ οὖν γυνὴ κατελεύσεται εἰς Ἅιδου δόμους. στείχω δὲ νῦν ἐπ’ αὐτὴν καὶ κατάρξομαι ξίφει. |
Adverbs and Verbs
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θάπτω, θάψω, ἔθαψα, τέταφα, τέθαμμαι, ἐτάφην bury |
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ἄρνυμαι, ἀρέομαι reap, win, gain, earn βλώσκω, μολέομαι go |
κατάρχω, κατάρξω make a beginning of; (mid.) begin sacrifices; (mid.) sacrifice, slay; consecrate by making a sacrificial cut of hair |
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*γίγνομαι, γενήσομαι be, be born |
κατέρχομαι, κατελεύσεται go down; return (from exile) |
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*δεῖ it is necessary + ‘x’ in gen. or dat. or acc. + inf., δεῖ ἐλθεῖν it is necessary to come |
*λαμβάνω, λήψομαι take, receive, capture |
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δῆτα certainly, of course |
*λέγω, λέξω or ἐρέω say, tell, speak |
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*δίδωμι, δώσω give; δίκην δίδωμι I pay the penalty; δίδωμι χάριν I give thanks |
*ὄλλυμι, ὀλέσω kill; lose; (mid. and intrans. aor. and perf.) perish, die |
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*δοκέω, δόξω seem, think; seem best, think best + inf. |
ὁμοίως similarly |
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δράω, δράσω do, accomplish, act |
οὔκουν not therefore, so not |
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*δύναμαι, δυνήσομαι be able, be strong enough + inf. |
οὔτοι indeed not |
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*εἰμί, ἔσομαι be, be possible |
πάρεστι be by, be present |
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ἐξαιρέω, ἐξαιρήσω take out of |
πλουσίως richly |
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ἐπίσταμαι know |
στείχω go, come |
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*ἔρχομαι, ἐλεύσομαι come, go |
ταφήσεται see θάπτω |
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*ἔστι it is possible |
τέρπω, τέρψω delight, gladden, cheer; enjoy + dat. |
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*ἔχω, ἕξω or σχήσω have, hold; be able + inf.; καλῶς ἔχειν to be well |
*τίθημι, θήσω set, put, place |
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*θανεῖν to die |
φθίνω, φθίσομαι decay, wane, dwindle |
Adjectives, Nouns, Pronouns
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Νοminative |
Genitive |
Dative |
Accusative |
English Equivalent |
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Ἅιδης |
Ἅιδου |
Ἅιδῃ |
Ἅιδην |
Hades |
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Ἄλκηστις |
Ἀλκήστιδος |
Ἀλκήστιδι |
Ἄλκηστιν |
Alkestis |
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*ἀνήρ |
ἀνδρός |
ἀνδρί |
ἄνδρα |
man, husband |
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*αὐτή |
αὐτῆς |
αὐτῇ |
αὐτήν |
she, her, hers |
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*αὐτοί |
αὐτῶν |
αὐτοῖς |
αὐτούς |
they, them, theirs |
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βία |
βίας |
βίᾳ |
βίαν |
strength, force, power, might |
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γέρας |
γέραος |
γέραϊ |
γέρας |
gift, prize, reward |
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γηραιοί |
γηραιῶν |
γηραιοῖς |
γηραιούς |
old, aged |
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γῆρας |
γήραος |
γήραϊ |
γῆρας |
old age |
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γραῦς |
γραός |
γραΐ |
γραῦν |
old woman |
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*γυνή |
γυναικός |
γυναικί |
γυναῖκα |
woman, wife |
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δόμοι |
δόμων |
δόμοις |
δόμους |
house, houses |
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*ἐγώ |
ἐμοῦ |
ἐμοί |
ἐμέ |
I, me, mine |
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*ἐμοί |
ἐμῶν |
ἐμοῖς |
ἐμούς |
my |
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ἐχθροί |
ἐχθρῶν |
ἐχθροῖς |
ἐχθρούς |
hated, hostile; hateful |
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*ἡμεῖς |
ἡμῶν |
ἡμῖν |
ἡμᾶς |
we, us, ours |
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*θεοί |
θεῶν |
θεοῖς |
θεούς |
gods |
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θνητοί |
θνητῶν |
θνητοῖς |
θνητούς |
mortals |
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*καλός |
καλοῦ |
καλῷ |
καλόν |
beautiful, good |
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μεῖζον |
μείζονος |
μείζονι |
μεῖζον |
greater, stronger |
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*νέοι |
νέων |
νέοις |
νέους |
new, young |
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*νόμος |
νόμου |
νόμῳ |
νόμον |
law, custom |
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ξίφος |
ξίφεος (-ους) |
ξίφει |
ξίφος |
sword |
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*πάντα |
πάντων |
πᾶσι (ν) |
πάντα |
all, each, whole |
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πλέον |
πλέονος |
πλέονι |
πλέον |
more |
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πλούσιοι |
πλουσίων |
πλουσίοις |
πλουσίους |
wealthy, rich |
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*σύ |
σοῦ |
σοί |
σέ |
you, you, yours |
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σοφός |
σοφοῦ |
σοφῷ |
σοφόν |
wise |
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στυγητοί |
στυγητῶν |
στυγητοῖς |
στυγητούς |
hated, hateful |
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*ταῦτα |
τούτων |
τούτοις |
ταῦτα |
these things |
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τιμή |
τιμῆς |
τιμῇ |
τιμήν |
esteem, honor |
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τρόποι |
τρόπων |
τρόποις |
τρόπους |
ways; characters |
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Φέρης |
Φέρητος |
Φέρητι |
Φέρητα |
Pheres |
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Φοῖβος |
Φοίβου |
Φοίβῳ |
Φοῖβον |
Phoibos Apollo |
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χάρις |
χάριτος |
χάριτι |
χάριν |
grace, favor, thanks |
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χρήματα |
χρημάτων |
χρήμασι (ν) |
χρήματα |
thing, matter; heap; money |
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*ψυχή |
ψυχῆς |
ψυχῇ |
ψυχήν |
soul |
- The asterisk indicates the top 250 most frequently occurring vocabulary, which you are to memorize.
Practice Parsing Greek Sentences. Parse each word of the sentence found below. For nouns and pronouns, give case and function. For verbs, give person, number, tense, mood, and voice. For adverbs and conjunctions, identify them. For prepositional phrases, give the preposition and the preposition’s object. For adjectives, specify the noun they agree with in gender, number, and case.
οὐκ ἔστι σοὶ πάντ’ ἔχειν, μάλιστα ταῦτα μή σε δεῖ.
Check your answers with those in the Answer Key.
Module 19 Top 250 Vocabulary to be Memorized. Like learning the alphabet and endings, memorizing vocabulary is essential to acquiring language. The better you memorize the top 250 most frequently occurring vocabulary words, the greater mastery of the language you will have.
Nouns
ἀνάγκη, ἀνάγκης ἡ force, necessity, fate
ἀρετή, ἀρετῆς ἡ virtue, excellence
ἔτος, ἔτεος (ἔτους) τό year
καιρός, καιροῦ ὁ right moment, critical time, opportunity
μάχη, μάχης ἡ battle
τεῖχος, τείχεος (τείχους) τό wall; (pl.) stronghold
χείρ, χειρός ἡ (dat pl. χερσίν) hand; force, army
Verbs
οἶδα (inf. εἰδέναι), εἴσομαι, ------ know, think, know how to + inf.
πέμπω, πέμψω, ἔπεμψα, πέπομφα, πέπεμμαι, ἐπέμφθην send