1.17: First Declension Nouns in –η and -ᾱ and τίς, τί; τις, τι; ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅτι
Module 14
© 2021 Philip S. Peek, CC BY 4.0 https://doi.org/ 10.11647/OBP.0264. 17
Nouns
Nouns in Greek are defined just like nouns are in English; but the way they create meaning is different. As in English, Greek nouns ( ὀνόματα ) refer to people, places, things, and ideas. Greek nouns have endings. English nouns can change form when they show possession, as in Jada’s book , where the ’s is added as a suffix and indicates that the book belongs to Jada. English nouns also change form when expressing the plural: two suns , three oxen , four mice . The endings on Greek nouns, as we have seen previously, create the same meanings that English does through form change, word order, and the use of prepositional phrases.
First Declension Nouns in -η and -ᾱ
All first declension nouns ending in - η or - ᾱ are feminine in gender. Memorize both sets of endings, know how to obtain a noun’s stem, and know how to decline the nouns.
Dialect Note
Historically in the Ionic dialect there was a vowel shift where eta replaced long alpha. In the Attic dialect this shift occurred in the noun endings except after - ε , - ι , or - ρ : Attic χώ ρᾱ and Ionic χώ ρη .
Declining First Declension Nouns in -η and - ᾱ
To decline first declension nouns ending in - η or - ᾱ , first get the stem by removing the genitive singular ending - ης or - ᾱς . What remains is the stem , the base of the word to which the ending is joined. To the stem add the following endings:
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τέχνη, τέχνης
To decline τέχνη , τέχνης ἡ skill , take the genitive singular τέχνης and remove the genitive singular ending - ης to get the stem, τέχν - . Then add the endings from Set 1 above.
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Singular |
Plural |
|
|
N |
τέχνη |
τέχναι |
|
A |
τέχνην |
τέχνᾱς |
|
G |
τέχνης |
τεχνῶν |
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D |
τέχνῃ |
τέχναις |
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V |
τέχνη |
τέχναι |
|
Singular |
Plural |
|
|
N |
τέχνη |
τέχναι |
|
G |
τέχνης |
τεχνῶν |
|
D |
τέχνῃ |
τέχναις |
|
A |
τέχνην |
τέχνᾱς |
|
V |
τέχνη |
τέχναι |
χώρᾱ, χώρᾱς
To decline χώρᾱ , χώρᾱς ἡ land, country , take the genitive singular χώρᾱς , and remove the genitive singular ending - ᾱς to get the stem, χώρ - . Then add the endings from Set 2 above.
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Singular |
Plural |
|
|
N |
χώρᾱ |
χῶραι |
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A |
χώρᾱν |
χώρᾱς |
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G |
χώρᾱς |
χωρῶν |
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D |
χώρ ᾱͅ |
χώραις |
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V |
χώρᾱ |
χ ῶραι |
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Singular |
Plural |
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N |
χώρᾱ |
χῶραι |
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G |
χώρᾱς |
χωρῶν |
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D |
χώρ ᾱͅ |
χώραις |
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A |
χώρᾱν |
χώρᾱς |
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V |
χώρᾱ |
χῶραι |
ἀρχή, ἀρχῆς
To decline ἀρχή , ἀρχῆς ἡ rule, command; beginning; province , take the genitive singular ἀρχῆς and remove the genitive singular ending - ης to get the stem, ἀ ρχ - . Then add the endings from Set 1 above.
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Singular |
Plural |
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N |
ἀρχή |
ἀρχαί |
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A |
ἀρχήν |
ἀρχάς ( ᾱ ) |
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G |
ἀρχῆς |
ἀρχῶν |
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D |
ἀρχῇ |
ἀρχαῖς |
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V |
ἀρχή |
ἀρχαί |
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Singular |
Plural |
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N |
ἀρχή |
ἀρχαί |
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G |
ἀρχῆς |
ἀρχῶν |
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D |
ἀρχῇ |
ἀρχαῖς |
|
A |
ἀρχήν |
ἀρχάς ( ᾱ ) |
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V |
ἀρχή |
ἀρχαί |
- The accent of nouns as a rule is persistent and is given by the nominative singular. The genitive plural is an exception to this rule. The genitive plural of all first declension nouns is - ῶν with a circumflex accent on the ultima.
- The vocative is the same as the nominative in the plural of all nouns and the same in the singular for nouns of this declension
- Note that χώρ ᾱς can be either genitive singular or accusative plural. χώρᾱς is a look-alike form. Use context to determine which case and number it is.
- First declension nouns differ only in the singular. All first declension nouns follow the same pattern in the plural.
- The diphthongs - αι and - οι when final (the last two letters at the end of a word) count as a short for purposes of accentuation except in the optative, a mood that you’ll learn in Part II of the 21st-Century series. Hence in χῶραι the accent ( PLUS ) is a circumflex.
- When a first declension noun has an acute accent on the ultima in the nominative, the accent is changed to a circumflex in the genitive and dative, singular and plural. Note a similar change occurs in the same forms of the article.
Practice Declining Nouns. Decline the two nouns below. When declining, list the five cases in the singular and in the plural. Include the article. Check your answers with those in the Answer Key .
ψυχή , ψυχῆς ἡ soul
ἀγορά , ἀγορᾶ ς ἡ marketplace
Writing out nouns with their endings assists in your memorization of endings.
Pronouns and Adjectives
Remember that pronouns take the place of nouns and function just as other Greek nouns do. Adjectives agree in gender, case, and number with the nouns they modify. If no noun is present, supply the appropriate noun based upon the adjective’s gender and number or upon context. Adjectives that function as nouns are substantive.
The Interrogative Pronoun and Adjective, τίς, τί
As a pronoun the interrogative τίς , τί means who? or what? ; as an adjective the interrogative τίς , τί means which? or what?
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Singular |
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M/F |
N |
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N |
τίς |
τί |
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A |
τίνα |
τί |
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G |
τίνος, το ῦ |
τίνος , τοῦ |
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D |
τίνι, τῷ |
τίνι, τῷ |
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Plural |
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M/F |
N |
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N |
τίνες |
τίνα |
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A |
τίνας |
τίνα |
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G |
τίνων |
τίνων |
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D |
τίσι ( ν ) |
τίσι ( ν ) |
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Singular |
||
|
M/F |
N |
|
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N |
τίς |
τί |
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G |
τίνος, τοῦ |
τίνος, τοῦ |
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D |
τίνι, τῷ |
τίνι, τῷ |
|
A |
τίνα |
τί |
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Plural |
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|
M/F |
N |
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N |
τίνες |
τίνα |
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G |
τίνων |
τίνων |
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D |
τίσι ( ν ) |
τίσι ( ν ) |
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A |
τίνας |
τίνα |
- When followed by another word, the acute accent on τίς , τί never changes to a grave.
The Indefinite Pronoun and Adjective τις, τι
As a pronoun τις , τι means someone, something, anyone, anything; certain one, certain thing ; as an adjective τις , τι means some, any; certain; a . Use certain when an author is making reference to something particular without making the identification precise.
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Singular |
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M/F |
N |
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N |
τις |
τι |
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A |
τινα |
τι |
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G |
τινός, του |
τινός, του |
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D |
τινί, τῳ |
τινί, τῳ |
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Plural |
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M/F |
N |
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N |
τινές |
τινά |
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A |
τινάς |
τινά |
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G |
τινῶν |
τινῶν |
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D |
τισί ( ν ) |
τισί ( ν ) |
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Singular |
||
|
M/F |
N |
|
|
N |
τις |
τι |
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G |
τινός, του |
τινός, του |
|
D |
τινί, τῳ |
τινί, τῳ |
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A |
τινα |
τι |
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Plural |
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M/F |
N |
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N |
τινές |
τινά |
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G |
τινῶν |
τινῶν |
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D |
τισί ( ν ) |
τισί ( ν ) |
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A |
τινάς |
τινά |
- The indefinite pronoun and adjective differ from the interrogative pronoun and adjective in accent only and are enclitics. Enclitics are pronounced closely with the word that precedes them. Some common ones are the adverbs γε , ποθέν , ποι , ποτέ , που , πως , and τοι ; the conjunction τε ; the pronouns με , μοι , μου , σε , σοι σου , τι , and τις ; and the verbs εἰμί , φημί . Enclitics sometimes have an accent and sometimes do not. They can also affect the accent of the word that precedes them. How they do is covered in Part II of the 21st-Century series.
The Indefinite ὅστις, ἥτι, ὅτι
ὅτι . ὅστις , ἥτις , ὅτι as an indefinite relative pronoun means whoever, whatever . As an indefinite interrogative pronoun and adjective it means who, what . It is formed by combining the relative pronoun, ὅς , ἥ , ὅ with τις , τι .
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Singular |
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M |
F |
N |
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N |
ὅστις |
ἥτις |
ὅτι |
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A |
ὅντινα |
ἥντινα |
ὅτι |
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G |
ο ὗτινος , ὅτου |
ἧστινος |
οὗτινος , ὅτου |
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D |
ᾧτινι , ὅτῳ |
ᾗτινι |
ὧτινι , ὅτῳ |
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Plural |
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M |
F |
N |
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N |
οἵτινες |
αἵτινες |
ἅτινα |
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A |
οὕστινας |
ἅστινας |
ἅτινα |
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G |
ὧντινων , ὅτων |
ὧντινων |
ὧντινων , ὅτων |
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D |
οἷστισι ( ν ), ὅτοις |
αἷστισι ( ν ) |
οἷστισι ( ν ), ὅτοις |
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Singular |
|||
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M |
F |
N |
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N |
ὅστις |
ἥτις |
ὅτι |
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G |
οὗτινος , ὅτου |
ἧστινος |
οὗτινος , ὅτου |
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D |
ᾧτινι , ὅτῳ |
ᾗτινι |
ὧτινι , ὅτῳ |
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A |
ὅντινα |
ἥντινα |
ὅτι |
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Plural |
|||
|
M |
F |
N |
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N |
οἵτινες |
αἵτινες |
ἅτινα |
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G |
ὧντινων , ὅτων |
ὧντινων |
ὧντινων , ὅτων |
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D |
οἷστισι ( ν ), ὅτοις |
αἷστισι ( ν ) |
οἷστισι ( ν ), ὅτοις |
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A |
οὕστινας |
ἅστινας |
ἅτινα |
Practice Translating the Interrogative Pronoun and Adjective. Check your understanding with the translations in the Answer Key .
- τίς ἄ ρχει στρατιᾶς ;
- τί δεῖ αὐτὴν πρά ττειν ;
- τίνι πέμπετε τὰ δῶρα ;
- τίνος βιβλίον ἔχομεν ;
- τίνας δεῖ ἐλθεῖν ;
- τίς βασιλεὺς ἄρχει χώρας ;
- τί ἔργον δεῖ αὐτοὺς πράττειν ;
- τίνος ποιητοῦ βιβλί ον ἔχουσιν ;
- τίνας στρατιώτας δεῖ ἐλθεῖν ;
- εἰς τίνας στρατιώ τας δεῖ ἐλθεῖν ;
Practice Translating the Indefinite Pronoun and Adjective. Check your understanding with the translations in the Answer Key .
- ἄρχει τις στρατιᾶς .
- δεῖ τι αὐτὴν πράττειν .
- πέμπετέ τινι τὰ δῶρα ;
- βιβλί ον τινὸς ἔχομεν ;
- δεῖ τινας ἐλθεῖν ;
- βασιλεύς τις ἄρχει χώ ρας ;
- ἔργον τι δεῖ αὐτοὺς πράττειν ;
- ποιητοῦ τινος βιβλίον ἔχουσιν ;
- στρατιώτας τινὰς δεῖ ἐλθεῖν ;
- εἰς τινας στρατιώτας δεῖ ἐλθεῖν ;
Practice Translating the Indefinite Relative Pronoun and Indefinite Interrogative Pronoun and Adjective. Check your understanding with the translations in the Answer Key .
- ὅστις ἄρχει τῆς στρατιᾶς καλὰ πρά ττει .
- ὅτι δεῖ αὐτὴν πράττειν εὖ πράττει .
- κακὰ πέ μπω ᾧτινι πέμπετε τὰ δῶρα .
- βασιλεὺς ὅστις ἄρχει χώρας κακὰ πάσχει .
Vocabulary
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* ἄρχω rule, command; begin + gen. |
* κακός , κακή , κακόν bad, evil, cowardly |
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* βασιλεύς , βασιλῆος ( βασιλέως ) ὁ king, chief |
* πάσχω suffer |
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βιβλίον , βιβλίον τό book |
* πέμπω send |
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* δεῖ it is necessary + ‘x’ in gen. or dat. or acc. + inf., δεῖ ἐλθεῖν it is necessary to come |
ποιητής , ποιητοῦ ὁ poet |
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δῶρον , δώρου τό gift |
* πράσσω ( πράττω ) do, make; fare; + κακῶς suffer |
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* ἐλθε ῖν to come, to go |
στρατιά , στρατιᾶς ἡ army |
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* ἔργον , ἔργου τό deed, task, work; ἔργον in truth, in deed |
στρατιώτης , στρατιώτου ὁ soldier |
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* ἔχω have, hold; be able + inf.; καλῶς ἔχειν to be well |
* χώρᾱ , χώρᾱς ἡ land, country |
- The asterisk indicates the top 250 most frequently occurring vocabulary, which you are to memorize.
Practice Translating. Translate the sentences below, adapted from Euripides’ Herakles or Herakles Mainomenos ( Ἡ ρακλῆς μαινόμενος ) . Remember the meanings and functions of the cases presented in Module 7 . Nominative case endings are bolded; genitive endings are italicized; dative endings are highlighted; and accusative endings are underlined. Note that the third declension increases the number of possible endings for the nominative singular. Check your understanding with the translations in the Answer Key and then go back and reread the sentences a couple of times more, trying to read rather than translate.
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Case |
Ending |
Function |
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Nominative |
- α , - η , - ηρ , - ης , - ξ , - ο , - οι, - ος , - ς , - υς , - ω , - ων |
subject of the verb |
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Genitive |
- ας , - εως - ης , - ος , - ου , - ους , - ων |
possession; dependence; object of preposition or verb; separation |
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Dative |
- αις , - ῃ , - ι , - οις , - σιν , - ῳ |
indirect object of the verb; means or instrument; object of preposition; possession |
|
Accusative |
- α , - αν , - ας , - η , - ην , - ν , - ο , - ον , - ος , - ους , - ς |
object of the verb or preposition |
ὄνομ α ἐμο ὶ Ἀμφιτρύ ων , ὁ Δι ὸς σύλλεκτρ ος καὶ ὁ πατ ὴρ Ἡρακλέ ους . ἐγὼ τ ὰς Θήβ ας ἔχω ἔνθα ὁ γηγεν ὴς στάχ υς Σπαρτ ῶν βλάστει . τ οὺς μὲν αὐτ ῶν Ἄρ ης σ ῴζει , ἀριθμ ὸν ὀλίγ ον · οἱ δὲ θν ῄσκουσιν . οἱ Σπαρτ οὶ Κάδμ ου πόλι ν τεκνόουσι παίδ ων παισ ί . ἔνθεν ἐκ αὐτ ῶν γί γνεται Κρέ ων Μενοικ έως παῖ ς , ἄνα ξ τ ῆς χθον ός . Κρέ ων δὲ τ ῆς Μεγάρ ας γίγνεται πατ ήρ · αὐτ ὴν ὑμεναί οις Καδμεῖ οί ποτε λωτ ῷ συναλαλάζουσιν . τότε εἰς τ οὺς δόμ ους , Θήβ ας , οὗ κατοικίζω ἐγ ώ , ὁ κλειν ὸς Ἡρακλ ῆς αὐτ ὴν ἄγει . ὁ δ ὲ λείπει Θήβ ας Μεγάρ αν τε πενθερ ούς τε . ὁ παῖ ς Κυκλωπί αν πόλι ν ὀρέγεται οἰ κέειν , Τίρυνθ α . Ἀργεῖ α τείχ η φεύγω ἐπεὶ κτείνω Ἠλεκτρύων α . τ ὰς δὲ συμφορ ὰς ἐξευμαρίζει . καὶ πάτρ αν οἰκέειν θέλει ὥστε καθόδ ου δίδωσι μισθ ὸν Εὐρυσθε ῖ μέγ αν — ἐξημερόειν γαῖ αν . εἴτε Ἥρ α αὐ τ ὸν δαμάζει κέντρ οις εἴτε αὐτ ὸν ἡ μοῖρ α ἀναγκάζει παθεῖν . καὶ τ οὺς μὲν ἄλλ ους ἐκμοχθέει πόν ους καὶ τ ὸ δὲ λοίσθι ον μετὰ ταῦ τ α ἔρχεται ἐς Ἅιδ ου τ ὸν τρισώματ ον κύν α ἀνάγειν .
Adverbs and Verbs
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* ἄγω do, drive, lead |
* θνῄσκω die, perish |
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ἀναγκάζω compel, force ‘x’ in acc. + inf. |
κατοικίζω settle; establish; colonize |
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ἀνάγω lead or bring up; (mid.) set sail |
κτείνω kill |
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βλάστω bud, sprout, grow |
λείπω leave |
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* γίγνομαι be, be born |
* παθεῖν to suffer |
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δαμάζω overpower, tame, conquer |
οἰκέω inhabit, settle; manage, dwell, live |
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* δίδωμι give ; δίκην δίδωμι I pay the penalty ; δίδωμι χά ριν I give thanks |
ὀρέγομαι yearn, desire |
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ἐκμοχθέω work, toil, struggle; achieve |
οὗ where |
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ἔνθα where |
παθεῖν to suffer |
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ἔνθεν whence, thence; then |
συναλαλάζω cry aloud together; greet loudly |
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ἐξευμαρίζω make light, lighten |
σῴζω save |
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ἐξημερόω tame, reclaim, free |
τεκνόω furnish with children, populate, procreate |
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* ἔρχομαι come, go |
* τυγχάνω obtain, meet + gen. |
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* ἔχω have, hold; be able + inf.; καλῶς ἔχειν to be well |
* φεύγω flee |
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* θέλω wish, be willing |
Adjectives, Nouns, Pronouns
|
Νοminative |
Genitive |
Dative |
Accusative |
English Equivalent |
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* ἄλλοι |
ἄλλων |
ἄλλοις |
ἄλλους |
others |
|
Ἀμφιτρύων |
Ἀ μφιτρύωνος |
Ἀμφιτρύωνι |
Ἀμφιτρύωνα |
Amphitryon |
|
ἄναξ |
ἄνακτος |
ἄνακτι |
ἄνακτα |
prince, lord, king |
|
Ἀργεῖα |
Ἀργείων |
Ἀργείοις |
Ἀργεῖα |
Argive |
|
Ἄρης |
Ἄρεως |
Ἄρει |
Ἄρεα ( Ἄρη ) |
Ares |
|
* ἀριθμός |
ἀριθμοῦ |
ἀριθμῷ |
ἀριθμόν |
number |
|
* αὐτή |
αὐτῆς |
αὐτῇ |
αὐτήν |
she, her, hers |
|
* αὐτός |
αὐτοῦ |
αὐτῷ |
αὐτόν |
he, him, his |
|
γαῖα |
γαίας |
γαίᾳ |
γαῖαν |
earth, land |
|
γηγενής |
γηγενέος (- οῦς ) |
γηγενεῖ |
γηγενέα (- ῆ ) |
earth-born |
|
δόμοι |
δόμων |
δόμοις |
δόμους |
house, houses |
|
* ἐγώ |
ἐμοῦ |
ἐ μοί |
ἐμέ |
I, me, mine |
|
Εὐρυσθεύς |
Εὐρυσθέως |
Εὐρυσθεῖ |
Εὐρυσθέα |
Eurystheus |
|
* Ζεύς |
Διός |
Διί |
Δία |
Zeus |
|
Ἠλεκτρύων |
Ἠλεκτρύωνος |
Ἠλεκτρύωνι |
Ἠλεκτρύωνα |
Ε lektryon |
|
Ἥρα |
Ἥρας |
Ἥρᾳ |
Ἥραν |
Hera |
|
Ἡρακλῆς |
Ἡρακλέους |
Ἡρακλεῖ |
Ἡρακλέα |
Herakles |
|
Θῆβαι |
Θηβῶν |
Θήβαις |
Θήβας |
Thebes |
|
Καδμεῖοι |
Καδμείων |
Καδμείοις |
Καδμείους |
Kadmean |
|
Κάδμος |
Κάδμου |
Κάδμῳ |
Κάδμον |
Kadmos |
|
καθόδος |
καθόδου |
καθόδῳ |
καθόδον |
return |
|
κέντρα |
κέντρων |
κέντροις |
κέντρα |
goad, sting |
|
κλεινός |
κλεινοῦ |
κλεινῷ |
κλεινόν |
famous |
|
Κρέων |
Κρέοντος |
Κρέοντι |
Κρέοντα |
Kreon |
|
Κυκλωπία |
Κυκλωπίας |
Κυκλωπίᾳ |
Κυκλωπίαν |
Kyklopean |
|
κύων |
κυνός |
κυνί |
κύνα |
dog |
|
λοίσθιον |
λοισθίου |
λοισθίῳ |
λοίσθιον |
last |
|
λωτός |
λωτοῦ |
λωτῷ |
λωτόν |
pipe |
|
Μεγάρα |
Μεγάρας |
Μεγάρᾳ |
Μεγάραν |
Megara |
|
* μέγας |
μεγάλου |
μεγάλῳ |
μέγαν |
big |
|
Μενοικεύς |
Μενοικέως |
Μενοικεῖ |
Μενοικέα |
Menoikeus |
|
μισθός |
μισθοῦ |
μισθῷ |
μισθόν |
hire; pay, wages |
|
μοῖρα |
μοίρας |
μοίρᾳ |
μοῖραν |
fate |
|
* ὀλίγος |
ὀλίγου |
ὀλίγῳ |
ὀλίγον |
little, few, small |
|
* ὄνομα |
ὀνόματος |
ὀ νόματι |
ὄνομα |
name |
|
* παῖς |
παιδός |
παιδί |
παῖδα |
child |
|
* πατήρ |
πατρός |
πατρί |
πατέρα |
father |
|
πάτρα |
πάτρας |
πάτρᾳ |
πάτραν |
fatherland |
|
πενθεροί |
πενθερῶν |
πενθεροῖς |
πενθερούς |
marriage-connexion |
|
* πόλις |
πόλεως |
πόλει |
πόλιν |
city |
|
πόνοι |
πόνων |
πόνοις |
πόνους |
work, toil, suffering |
|
σπαρτοί |
σπαρτῶν |
σπαρτοῖς |
σπαρτούς |
sown-men |
|
στάχυς |
στάχυος |
στάχυι |
στάχυν |
ear of corn or grain |
|
σύλλεκτρος |
συλλέκτρου |
συλλέκτρῳ |
σύλλεκτρον |
partner of the bed |
|
συμφοραί |
συμφορῶν |
συμφοραῖς |
συμφοράς |
misfortunes |
|
* ταῦτα |
τούτων |
τούτοις |
ταῦτα |
these things |
|
* τείχη |
τείχων |
τείχεσι ( ν ) |
τείχη |
walls |
|
Τί ρυνς |
Τίρυνθος |
Τίρυνθι |
Τίρυνθα |
Tiryns |
|
τρισώματος |
τρισωμ άτου |
τρισωμάτῳ |
τρισώματον |
three-bodied |
|
ὑμέναιοι |
ὑμεναίων |
ὑ μεναίοις |
ὑμεναίους |
wedding-songs |
|
φάος ( φῶς ) |
φάεος ( φωτός ) |
φάει ( φωτί ) |
φάος ( φῶς ) |
light, daylight |
|
χθών |
χθονός |
χθονί |
χθόνα |
earth, ground |
- The asterisk indicates the top 250 most frequently occurring vocabulary, which you are to memorize.
- For φάος the contracted forms in parentheses are of the Attic dialect.
Practice Parsing Greek Sentences. Parse each word of the sentence found below. For nouns and pronouns, give case and function. For verbs give person, number, tense, mood, and voice. For adverbs and conjunctions, identify them. For prepositional phrases give the preposition and the preposition’s object. For adjectives tell what noun they agree with in gender, number, and case.
εἴθʼ ( εἴτε ) Ἥρα αὐτὸν δαμάζει κέντροις εἴτε αὐτὸν ἡ μοῖρα ἀναγκάζει παθεῖν .
Check your answers with those in the Answer Key .
Classics and Our Modern World: The Warrior Chorus
The Warrior Chorus trains veterans to offer public programming based on classical literature and its connections to the experiences of people who have served in the military. It uses classical texts to inspire people to reflect on the connections between the works of the ancient Greeks and the issues they reflect in their own lives, bringing members of the public together with the American veteran community to experience live stagings, readings, workshops, lectures, and discussions. The Warrior Chorus provides a rich contextual frame for ancient literature to inspire in-depth public discussions about war, conflict, comradeship, country, home, family, injuries, work, politics—themes every American should have the opportunity to reflect upon as informed citizens in a vibrant democracy. For more information on The Warrior Chorus, follow this link:
Module 14 Top 250 Vocabulary to be Memorized. Like learning the alphabet and endings, memorizing vocabulary is essential to acquiring language. The better you memorize the top 250 most frequently occurring words, the greater mastery of the language you will have.
Adjectives, Nouns, and Pronouns
Ζεύς , Διός ὁ Zeus
μήτηρ , μητέρος ( μητρός ) ἡ mother
μέρος , μέρεος ( μέρους ) τό share, portion, part; limb; one’s turn
ὄνομα , ὀνόματος τό name
πρᾶγμα , πράγμ ατος τό matter, thing, affair; problem
πλῆθος , πλήθεος ( πλήθους ) τό great number, multitude; sum
τις , τι (pronoun) anyone, anything; someone, something; (adjective) some, any, a, a certain
τίς , τί (adjective or pronoun) who, what, which, why
χρῆμα , χρήματος τό thing; (pl.) goods, money, property
-
The noun
Ζεύς
is similar to the third declension noun
βασιλεύς
.
N
Ζεύς
( Δεύς < Δηύς )
A
Δία, ζῆνα
( Δίϝα )
G
Διός
( Διϝός )
D
Διΐ
( Διϝί )
V
Ζεῦ
|
N |
Ζεύς |
( Δεύς < Δηύς ) |
|
G |
Διός |
( Δι ϝός ) |
|
D |
Διΐ |
( Διϝί ) |
|
A |
Δία, ζῆνα |
( Δίϝα ) |
|
V |
Ζεῦ |