9.10: Yemeni Republic

Learning Objectives

In this section, you will be able to:

• Learn about Yemen, its Geographical location, famous cities, its most famous artifacts, and its traditional food and clothes.

Yemen

• Official Name: The Yemeni Republic- جمهورية اليمن
• Capital: Sanaa - صنعاء
• Population: 34.2 million
• Currency: The rial
• Continent: Asia
• Official Lagrange: Modern Standard Arabic -اللغة العربية الفصحى الحديثة

Watch this movie and learn about Yemen.

Geographical location and flag

Yemen is considered one of the oldest centers of civilization in the ancient world located in Western Asia, on the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula, at the entrance to the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait, which links the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean (via the Gulf of Aden) and is one of the most active and strategic shipping lanes in the world. It borders Saudi Arabia to the north and Oman to the northeast and shares maritime borders with Eritrea, Djibouti, and Somalia. Yemen's climate is subtropical, dry, hot desert, with low annual rainfall and very high summer temperatures.

The flag of Yemen is a symbol of the country's unity and pride, featuring three horizontal stripes of equal width. From top to bottom, the colors are red, white, and black. The red stripe represents the bloodshed and sacrifices made during the struggle for independence and unity, particularly during the 1962 revolution against the monarchy. The white stripe symbolizes a bright future and the hope for peace, while the black stripe signifies the dark past of oppression and colonialism that the Yemeni people have overcome. Adopted on May 22, 1990, following the unification of North and South Yemen, the flag of Yemen reflects the country's resilience, unity, and aspirations for a better future.

Yemen map; public domain

Yemen flag

Famous Cities in Yemen

Yemen, a country with a rich history and diverse culture, is home to several cities that are renowned for their historical significance, architectural beauty, and cultural heritage. Each city offers a unique glimpse into Yemen's past and present, showcasing its vibrant traditions and deep-rooted identity.

• Sana'a, the capital and largest city of Yemen, is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, with a history dating back over 2,500 years. The city is famous for its unique architecture, characterized by multi-story houses with intricately decorated facades, made from mud bricks. The Old City of Sana'a, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is home to the Great Mosque of Sana'a, one of the oldest mosques in the world, and the iconic Bab al-Yemen (Yemen Gate), which leads into the bustling markets and ancient streets. Sana'a is not only the political and cultural heart of Yemen but also a symbol of the country's rich Islamic and architectural heritage.
• Aden, located on the southern coast of Yemen, is a port city with a long history as a trading hub due to its strategic location near the entrance to the Red Sea. Aden has been an important maritime center for centuries, and its natural harbor, known as the Crater, is one of the world's oldest. The city is known for its historical landmarks, including the ancient Tawila Tanks, the Sira Fortress, and the impressive Al-Mualla district, which showcases a blend of traditional and colonial architecture. Aden has a cosmopolitan atmosphere, influenced by various cultures over the centuries, and it played a crucial role in the country's modern history as the capital of South Yemen before unification.
• Taiz, located in the highlands of southwestern Yemen, is known as the cultural capital of the country. The city is renowned for its educational institutions, cultural centers, and rich intellectual heritage. Taiz is home to the historic Al-Qahira Castle, which overlooks the city from atop a mountain, and the beautiful Ashrafiya Mosque, known for its intricate decorations and architecture. The city's high altitude gives it a cooler climate compared to other parts of Yemen, making it a lush and green area with numerous coffee plantations. Taiz has historically been a center of resistance and political activism, contributing significantly to Yemen's social and political movements.
• Mukalla, the capital of Hadhramaut Governorate, is a coastal city located on the Arabian Sea in southeastern Yemen. Known for its stunning beaches and historic port, Mukalla has long been a center of trade and commerce. The city is famous for its traditional Hadhrami architecture, which features whitewashed buildings with wooden latticework. Mukalla's old town, with its narrow streets and bustling markets, reflects the city's rich cultural heritage. The city is also a gateway to the Hadhramaut region, known for its ancient mudbrick skyscrapers in Shibam, often referred to as the "Manhattan of the Desert."
• Shibam, located in the Hadhramaut Valley, is a UNESCO World Heritage site and is often called the "Manhattan of the Desert" due to its remarkable mudbrick skyscrapers, some of which are over 500 years old. The city is one of the oldest examples of urban planning based on the vertical construction of multi-story buildings, with some reaching up to 30 meters high. Shibam's unique architecture was designed to protect its inhabitants from Bedouin attacks, and its buildings are made entirely of mud bricks, giving the city its distinctive appearance. Shibam represents a unique blend of tradition and innovation in architecture and remains one of Yemen's most iconic cities.
• Al Hudaydah is a major port city on the western coast of Yemen, located along the Red Sea. The city plays a crucial role in Yemen's economy, serving as a key entry point for goods and trade. Al Hudaydah is known for its vibrant markets, traditional fishing industry, and historical sites, including the old city with its Ottoman-era buildings. The city has faced significant challenges due to the ongoing conflict in Yemen, but it remains an important cultural and economic center in the country.
• Ibb, often referred to as the "Green City" of Yemen, is located in the central highlands and is known for its fertile landscape, abundant rainfall, and lush vegetation. The city's location on a mountain plateau gives it a unique climate, making it one of the greenest regions in Yemen. Ibb is surrounded by terraced fields, orchards, and gardens, contributing to its reputation as a center for agriculture. The city also boasts historical sites such as ancient mosques, traditional markets, and stone-built houses that reflect Yemen's rich architectural heritage.

Each of these cities in Yemen offers a unique perspective on the country's history, culture, and geography. Whether through the ancient streets of Sana'a, the coastal beauty of Aden, or the architectural marvels of Shibam, Yemen's cities provide a fascinating glimpse into the diverse and vibrant heritage of this ancient land.

Old city of Sana'a; CC BY 4.0

Shibām Ḥaḍramawt; CC BY-SA 3.0

Shibam

Ibb

Taiz

Aden

Traditional Yemeni Food

Traditional Yemeni food is a rich and diverse reflection of the country’s cultural heritage, influenced by the geography, climate, and historical trade routes that have brought various spices and ingredients to the region. Yemeni cuisine is known for its use of fragrant spices, fresh ingredients, and hearty dishes that are both flavorful and nourishing. Here are some of the most iconic traditional Yemeni foods:

• Saltah is often considered the national dish of Yemen. It is a hearty stew made with a base of meat broth, known as maraq, to which a dollop of hilbeh (a frothy fenugreek-based sauce) and sahawiq (a spicy salsa made from tomatoes, peppers, garlic, and herbs) are added. The stew usually includes vegetables, potatoes, and sometimes meat or beans, and is typically served bubbling hot in a stone pot. Saltah is often eaten with flatbread, which is used to scoop up the stew.
• Mandi is a traditional dish that originated in the Hadhramaut region of Yemen. It consists of spiced meat (usually lamb or chicken) cooked in a tandoor oven and served over a bed of aromatic basmati rice. The meat is marinated with a blend of spices, including cumin, coriander, cardamom, and turmeric, giving it a rich and fragrant flavor. Mandi is a popular dish for large gatherings and celebrations.
• Fahsa is another popular Yemeni stew, similar to Saltah but typically thicker and made with shredded lamb or beef. The meat is slow-cooked with spices, garlic, and onions until it is tender, and it is often topped with hilbeh and sahawiq, much like Saltah. Fahsa is served hot in a clay pot and is usually accompanied by Yemeni flatbread for dipping.
• Aseed is a traditional dish made from wheat or sorghum flour that is cooked into a thick dough-like consistency. It is often served with a meat or vegetable sauce, such as tomato-based stews, and sometimes topped with a spicy sahawiq or hilbeh. Aseed is a staple food in many Yemeni households and is especially popular in rural areas.
• Bint Al-Sahn, also known as Sabaya, is a traditional Yemeni dessert made from thin layers of dough that are stacked and baked with clarified butter and honey. The dish is light and flaky, with a sweet, buttery flavor. Bint Al-Sahn is often served with a drizzle of honey on top and is a popular dessert for special occasions, weddings, and family gatherings.
• Malooga and Tawa are types of traditional Yemeni flatbreads that are commonly eaten with meals. Malooga is a round, thick bread that is often torn into pieces and used to scoop up stews, sauces, and dips. Tawa is a thinner, softer bread that is similar to a pancake. Both breads are essential to Yemeni cuisine and are often baked fresh daily in traditional clay ovens.
• Zurbian is a flavorful rice dish similar to biryani, made with basmati rice, meat (often lamb or chicken), and a mix of spices including saffron, cardamom, and cloves. The meat is typically marinated with yogurt and spices before being cooked with the rice, which absorbs all the rich flavors. Zurbian is a popular dish for festive occasions and is often served with a side of sahawiq or yogurt.
• Maraq is a light, clear broth made from slow-cooked meat, usually lamb or chicken, and flavored with a blend of spices. It is often served as a starter or alongside main dishes like Saltah or Fahsa. Maraq is prized for its rich flavor and is often enjoyed as a comforting, nourishing soup.
• Shafout is a unique Yemeni dish made from layers of lahooh (a spongy, fermented flatbread similar to injera) that are soaked in a yogurt-based sauce. The sauce is flavored with herbs, spices, and sometimes cucumber or radishes. Shafout is typically served cold and is a refreshing dish enjoyed during the summer months or as part of a festive meal.
• Mulawah is a traditional Yemeni bread that is crispy on the outside and soft on the inside. It is often compared to a large, flaky croissant due to its layered texture. Mulawah is commonly eaten with honey or cheese for breakfast, or used to scoop up savory dishes like Saltah and Fahsa.
• Fatoot is a simple yet delicious breakfast dish made by soaking leftover bread in milk or tea, and sometimes adding honey, butter, or spices. It is a popular way to use up day-old bread and is a comforting, satisfying start to the day.
• Balaleet is a sweet and savory dish made from vermicelli noodles cooked with sugar, cardamom, saffron, and sometimes rosewater. The noodles are often topped with an omelet, creating a unique blend of flavors. Balaleet is typically served for breakfast or as a dessert, especially during Ramadan.

Traditional Yemeni food features a variety of dishes displayed in a warm, traditional setting.

Yemeni cuisine is a reflection of the country’s history and cultural diversity, with each region offering its own specialties and variations. The use of fresh, locally-sourced ingredients and the intricate blend of spices make Yemeni food both flavorful and aromatic, offering a truly unique culinary experience. Whether enjoyed in a bustling city or a rural village, traditional Yemeni dishes bring people together, celebrating the country’s rich heritage and hospitality.

Traditional Yemeni Clothes

Traditional Yemeni clothing is a vibrant expression of the country’s rich cultural heritage, influenced by its diverse geography, history, and social customs. The clothing varies significantly across different regions of Yemen, reflecting the unique identities and traditions of the people. These garments are not only functional, designed to suit the climate, but also carry deep cultural and symbolic significance.

Men’s Traditional Clothing

• Thobe (or Jallabiya): The Thobe, also known as Jallabiya in some regions, is the most common traditional garment worn by Yemeni men. It is a long, ankle-length robe, typically made of cotton or linen, and comes in various colors, though white and light shades are most common. The Thobe is designed to be comfortable and practical in Yemen’s hot climate.
• Futah: In many parts of Yemen, especially in rural areas, men wear a Futah instead of or in addition to the Thobe. The Futah is a wrap-around skirt-like garment that reaches down to the ankles or knees. It is often made from lightweight cotton or wool, and it is commonly paired with a simple shirt. The Futah is secured around the waist and can feature various patterns, stripes, or solid colors.
• Jambiya: A central element of traditional Yemeni male attire is the Jambiya, a curved dagger worn at the waist. The Jambiya is more than just a weapon; it is a symbol of social status, manhood, and cultural identity. The hilt of the Jambiya is often ornately decorated with silver, gold, or even precious stones, and the sheath is usually made of leather or richly embroidered fabric. It is typically worn with the Futah, and its prominence in Yemeni culture makes it a distinctive feature of men’s clothing.
• Shawl or "Izar": In colder regions or during cooler months, Yemeni men may also wear a Shawl or Izar over their shoulders for added warmth. The shawl is often made of wool and can be plain or patterned, adding both function and style to the traditional attire.
• Turban (or Ghutra): Men often wear a Turban or Ghutra on their heads, especially in the highlands and desert regions. The turban, usually made of cotton or wool, protects the wearer from the sun and sand. The style and way of tying the turban can vary from one region to another.

Women’s Traditional Clothing

• Thobe (or Dir’aa): Yemeni women traditionally wear a Thobe or Dir’aa, which is a long, loose-fitting dress that often features intricate embroidery, particularly around the neckline, cuffs, and hem. The embroidery can be in vibrant colors, reflecting the region’s traditions and the woman’s social status. The fabric used for the Thobe varies, with lighter fabrics worn in warmer regions and heavier materials used in cooler areas.
• Balto: In urban areas, women often wear a Balto, a black cloak similar to an abaya, over their clothing when going out in public. The Balto is usually plain, but it can be decorated with subtle embroidery or patterns. It is worn over the Thobe or other clothing to ensure modesty in accordance with cultural and religious practices.
• Niqab or Hijab: Many Yemeni women cover their heads with a Hijab or Niqab. The Hijab is a headscarf that covers the hair and neck, while the Niqab also covers the face, leaving only the eyes visible. The use of the Niqab and Hijab varies across different regions and communities, reflecting personal, cultural, and religious preferences.
• Jewelry: Traditional Yemeni jewelry is an important aspect of women’s attire, especially during weddings and special occasions. Silver jewelry is particularly prominent, with items such as necklaces, bracelets, earrings, and headpieces being richly decorated. In some regions, women also wear large, ornate belts over their dresses, made of silver or gold, which can be quite elaborate.
• Henna: Henna is commonly used by Yemeni women to adorn their hands and feet with intricate designs, particularly for weddings and celebrations. The application of henna is a deeply rooted tradition in Yemeni culture, symbolizing beauty and happiness.

Regional Variations

Yemeni traditional clothing varies significantly from one region to another, influenced by local customs, climate, and history:

• In the northern highlands, clothing tends to be heavier and more elaborately decorated due to the cooler climate. Men might wear thicker turbans and additional layers, while women’s clothing often features detailed embroidery.
• In coastal areas, such as Aden, the clothing is lighter and more adapted to the hot, humid climate. The Futah is particularly common among men, while women may wear more breathable fabrics.
• In Hadhramaut, a region known for its unique cultural identity, both men and women wear distinct styles of dress that reflect the area’s historical connections with East Africa and Southeast Asia.

Traditional Yemeni clothing, showcasing the attire typically worn by Yemeni men and women.

Modern Adaptations

While traditional clothing remains important in Yemeni culture, modern influences have led to adaptations in style. Many Yemenis now blend traditional elements with contemporary fashion, especially in urban areas. For example, younger generations might wear a Futah with a modern shirt or pair a traditional Thobe with more casual shoes.

In conclusion, Yemeni traditional clothing is a vivid expression of the country’s cultural diversity and heritage. Whether through the elegant Thobe, the symbolic Jambiya, or the intricately embroidered Dir’aa, these garments reflect the rich history, social customs, and identity of the Yemeni people.

Activities:

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Activity

Plan a trip to Yemen during summer break. List the cities and historical places you want to visit, ad the famous dishes you want to eat.