7: The Rise and Spread of Islam
- Page ID
- 72156
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 7.1: Expansion Under the Umayyad Caliphates
- This page outlines the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) as the second major Arab caliphate known for vast territorial expansion and internal struggles due to hereditary rule. Established by Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, it fell to Abbasid revolt, with remnants founding the Cordoba Caliphate, celebrated for its cultural and scientific progress. The Umayyads are remembered for notable architectural contributions and the establishment of Arabic as the administrative language.
- 7.2: Spread of Islam
- This page discusses the expansion of Islam after Prophet Muhammad's death and the rise of caliphates. It outlines the Arab Empire's growth, which fostered cultural and scientific advancements while encouraging religious diversity. Conversion was often achieved through missionary work and social integration, with varying experiences across populations. The early caliphates generally respected existing religions, despite some instances of persecution.
- 7.3: The Islamic Golden Age
- This page discusses the Islamic Golden Age (8th-13th century), beginning with the first Islamic state in 622, showcasing a surge in science, culture, and economy, particularly under the Abbasids. Advances in mathematics and medicine emerged, aided by the use of paper. Notable figures included Averroës, and contributions came from Nestorian Christians, preserving classical knowledge.
- 7.4: The Abbasid Empire
- This page outlines the rise and fall of the Abbasid dynasty, which overthrew the Umayyad dynasty in 750 CE and established Baghdad as its capital. They presided over a significant period known as the Golden Age of Islam but faced internal challenges and regional autonomy issues. By the 10th century, their power waned, leading to the rise of the Fatimid dynasty and other factions, ultimately losing political control but maintaining some religious influence until the Ottoman conquest in 1517.
- 7.5: The Nomadic Tribes of Arabia
- This page describes pre-Islamic Arabia, focusing on the nomadic Bedouin tribes organized into clans for social and economic support. These tribes depended on herding and trade, while indigenous polytheistic beliefs existed alongside early Christianity and Judaism. Significant Jewish communities developed, especially in Medina, showcasing the region's complex societal and cultural dynamics before the rise of Islam in the 6th and 7th centuries.
- 7.6: Arabian Cities
- This page highlights the historical importance of Mecca and Medina in pre-Islamic Arabia. Mecca became a crucial trade center due to risky sea routes, with pilgrimages contributing to its cultural identity and wealth, especially for the Quraysh tribe. Medina (formerly Yathrib) was key for its agriculture and served as a refuge for Muhammad and his followers, leading to the birth of Islam and the Constitution of Medina, which promoted cooperation among various tribes.
- 7.7: Culture and Religion in Pre-Islamic Arabia
- This page discusses Pre-Islamic Arabia, highlighting its polytheistic and animistic beliefs, alongside influences from Judaism and Christianity. Bedouin tribes predominantly worshipped various deities, with the Kaaba in Mecca as a key shrine. The presence of Jewish tribes and the spread of Christianity, particularly among the Himyar, are noted. Additionally, poetry and music played crucial roles in Bedouin culture, functioning for communication and propaganda.
- 7.8: Women in Pre-Islamic Arabia
- This page discusses the status of women in pre-Islamic Arabia, noting the variations based on tribal customs, with limited legal rights and roles primarily focused on childbearing. It highlights that upper-class women had more rights, including property ownership. The introduction of Islam brought Sharia law, affecting dress codes and marital practices, such as allowing polygyny.
- 7.9: Early Life of Muhammad
- This page summarizes the early life of Muhammad, born circa 570 CE in Mecca and orphaned young. Raised by his uncle Abu Talib, he became a trustworthy merchant and married Khadijah in 595 CE. He gained prominence in 605 CE for restoring the Black Stone to the Kaaba. His experiences in trade and spirituality shaped his later role as a prophet, recognized by Muslims as the final prophet who revitalized the monotheistic faith of earlier prophets.
- 7.10: The Quran
- This page examines the beginnings of Islam, highlighting Muhammad's revelations starting in 609 CE, his social justice advocacy, and the development of the Quran. Early converts were family and marginalized groups, embracing core teachings of monotheism and moral responsibility. It also outlines the Five Pillars of Islam: Shahada, Salat, Zakāt, Sawm, and Hajj, which are crucial practices that foster community, devotion, and strengthen the Muslim relationship with God.
- 7.11: Flight from Mecca to Medina
- This page details the early opposition faced by Muhammad as Islam gained followers in Mecca, particularly from the Quraysh tribe, leading to persecutions and martyrdom. After the deaths of key supporters Khadijah and Abu Talib, Muhammad migrated to Medina, where he enacted the Constitution of Medina to unify tribes. The Islamic state grew stronger, culminating in the Hudaybiyyah treaty with the Quraysh, which marked a significant acknowledgment of Muhammad's leadership.
- 7.12: Islam Ascendant
- This page outlines the establishment of the first Islamic state by Muhammad through the Constitution of Medina, uniting tribes by faith. It highlights key events such as the Battle of Badr, a victory that strengthened his leadership, and the defeat at the Battle of Uhud. Muhammad's eventual conquest of Mecca resulted in significant conversions to Islam, leading to the unification of Arabia under Islam and the formation of the Ummah by his death in 632 CE.
- 7.13: Muhammad’s Successors
- This page discusses the emergence of the Caliphates following Muhammad's death in 632 CE, highlighting disputes over succession between Sunni supporters of Abu Bakr and Shi’a supporters of Ali. During the Rashidun Caliphate (632-661), military expansion increased Islamic influence across Arabia, North Africa, and Persia, but also led to internal conflicts and the rise of the Umayyad dynasty. The schism between Sunni and Shi’a Islam traces back to these early succession disputes.