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2.1: The Etruscans, an introduction

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    163457
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    Etruscan_civilization_map-870x1057.png
    Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Etruscan civilization, 750-500 B.C.E., NormanEinstein – based on a map from The National Geographic Magazine, vol.173 No.6 (June 1988) (CC BY-SA 3.0)

    Before the small village of Rome became “Rome” with a capital R (to paraphrase D.H. Lawrence), a brilliant civilization once controlled almost the entire peninsula we now call Italy. This was the Etruscan civilization, a vanished culture whose achievements set the stage not only for the development of ancient Roman art and culture but for the Italian Renaissance as well.

    Though you may not have heard of them, the Etruscans were the first “superpower” of the Western Mediterranean who, alongside the Greeks, developed the earliest true cities in Europe. They were so successful, in fact, that the most important cities in modern Tuscany (Florence, Pisa, and Siena, to name a few) were first established by the Etruscans and have been continuously inhabited since then.

    Yet the labels “mysterious” or “enigmatic” are often attached to the Etruscans since none of their own histories or literature survives. This is particularly ironic as it was the Etruscans who were responsible for teaching the Romans the alphabet and for spreading literacy throughout the Italian peninsula.

    ​The influence on ancient Rome

    Etruscan influence on ancient Roman culture was profound. It was from the Etruscans that the Romans inherited many of their own cultural and artistic traditions, from the spectacle of gladiatorial combat, to hydraulic engineering, temple design, and religious ritual, among many other things. In fact, hundreds of years after the Etruscans had been conquered by the Romans and absorbed into their empire, the Romans still maintained an Etruscan priesthood in Rome (which they thought necessary to consult when under attack from invading “barbarians”).

    We even derive our very common word “person’” from the Etruscan mythological figure Phersu — the frightful, masked figure you see in this Early Etruscan tomb painting who would engage his victims in a dreadful “game” of blood letting in order to appease the soul of the deceased (the original gladiatorial games, according to the Romans!).

    Etruscan-tomb-870x497.jpg
    Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\): Phersu and his victim, Tomb of the Augurs, late 6th century B.C.E., Tarquinia

    Etruscan art and the afterlife

    Early on the Etruscans developed a vibrant artistic and architectural culture, one that was often in dialogue with other Mediterranean civilizations. Trading of the many natural mineral resources found in Tuscany, the center of ancient Etruria, caused them to bump up against Greeks, Phoenicians and Egyptians in the Mediterranean. With these other Mediterranean cultures, they exchanged goods, ideas and, often, a shared artistic vocabulary.

    8b34bfc0dd24271a3a4f7138b2c0154e5148f97a.jpg
    Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\): Etruscan hut urn (c. 800 B.C.E.), impasto (Vatican Museums)

    Unlike with the Greeks, however, the majority of our knowledge about Etruscan art comes largely from their burials. (Since most Etruscan cities are still inhabited, they hide their Etruscan art and architecture under Roman, Medieval and Renaissance layers). Fortunately, though, the Etruscans cared very much about equipping their dead with everything necessary for the afterlife—from lively tomb paintings to sculpture to pottery that they could use in the next world.

    From their extensive cemeteries, we can look at the “world of the dead” and begin to understand some about the “world of the living.” During the early phases of Etruscan civilization, they conceived of the afterlife in terms of life as they knew it. When someone died, he or she would be cremated and provided with another ‘home’ for the afterlife. ​

    This type of hut urn (above left), made of an unrefined clay known as impasto, would be used to house the cremated remains of the deceased. Not coincidentally, it shows us in miniature form what a typical Etruscan house would have looked like in Iron Age Etruria (900-750 B.C.E.)—oval with a timber roof and a smoke hole for an internal hearth.

    More opulent tombs

    Later on, houses for the dead became much more elaborate. During the Orientalizing period (750-575 B.C.E.), when the Etruscans began to trade their natural resources with other Mediterranean cultures and became staggeringly wealthy as a result, their tombs became more and more opulent.

    The well-known Regolini-Galassi tomb from the city of Cerveteri shows how this new wealth transformed the modest hut to an extravagant house for the dead. Built for a woman clearly of high rank, the massive stone tomb contains a long corridor with lateral, oval rooms leading to a main chamber.

    cq5dam.web_.1280.1280-e1557751581948-870x1085.jpg
    Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\): Fibula from Regolini Galassi tomb in Cerveteri, gold, mid-seventh century B.C.E. (Vatican Museums)

    A stroll through the Etruscan rooms in the Vatican museum where the tomb artifacts are now housed presents a mind-boggling view of the enormous wealth of the period. Found near the woman were objects of various precious materials intended for personal adornment in the afterlife—a gold pectoral, gold bracelets, a gold brooch (or fibula) of outsized proportions, among other objects—as well as silver and bronze vessels and numerous other grave goods and furniture.

    A bronze bed

    307599fd648993c7194dd5e89e7da1b9b3fcdfd2.jpg
    Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\): Bronze bed and carriage, Regolini-Galassi Tomb, (c. 650 B.C.E.), Cerveteri (Vatican Museums)

    Of course, this important woman might also need her four-wheeled bronze-sheathed carriage in the afterlife as well as an incense burner, jewelry of amber and ivory, and, touchingly, her bronze bed around which thirty-three figurines, all in various gestures of mourning, were arranged.

    Though later periods in Etruscan history are not characterized by such wealth, the Etruscans were, nevertheless, extremely powerful and influential and left a lasting imprint on the city of Rome and other parts of Italy.

    Video \(\PageIndex{1}\): Bettini Tomb in Tarquinia and virtual restoration of its frescoes using archive material

    Additional resources:

    Video: Etruscan Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia (from UNESCO/NHK)

    “Etruscan art” on The Metropolitan Museum of Art’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History

    “In Our Time” podcast on Etruscan Civilization

    SmartHistory images for teaching and learning:

    Sarcophagus of the Spouses
    Etruscan Temple Elevation (front)
    Sarcophagus of the Spouses, profile detail
    Click on image for larger picture (External link to flickr)
    Chimera from Arezzo
    Etruscan Temple Elevation (side)
    Sarcophagus of the Spouses, detail with busts
    Click on image for larger picture (External link to flickr)
    ApluBust
    Tomb of the Triclinium
    Chimera from Arezzo
    Click on image for larger picture (External link to flickr)
    Apollo (Aplu)
    Sarcophagus of the Spouses, detail with upper bodies
    Click on image for larger picture (External link to flickr)

    This page titled 2.1: The Etruscans, an introduction is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Smarthistory.

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