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26.2: Australia

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    Aboriginal Australian Art

    Aboriginal Australian art can be traced back at least 30,000 years and is one of the longest continuously practiced artistic traditions in the world.

    Learning Objectives

    Differentiate between the periods and regional styles of Aboriginal Australian rock paintings

    Key Takeaways
    Key Points
    • The history of visual arts in Australia ranges from ancient Aboriginal rock paintings to the western-influenced contemporary works of today.
    • Rock paintings are divided into three periods based on the styles and content of the art: the Pre-Estuarine (c. 40,000–6000 BCE), Estuarine (c. 6000 BCE–500 CE), and Fresh Water (c. 500 CE–present) periods.
    • There are three regional styles of cave art: the geometric style (known for its concentric circles, arcs, and dots), the simple figurative style, and the complex figurative style.
    • Rock paintings are believed to have served several functions, from ceremonial to merely decorative. Today, they are preserved and protected in national parks throughout the continent.
    • The influence of Aboriginal artwork in Australia carries over to the 19th and 20th centuries in the works of many artists, as well as in the resurgence of Aboriginal art today.
    Key Terms
    • advent: Coming; coming to; approach; arrival.
    • indigenous: Born or engendered in, native to a land or region, especially before an intrusion.
    • aboriginal: First according to historical or scientific records; original; indigenous.

    Aboriginal and Indigenous Art

    The visual arts have a long history in Australia, from ancient Aboriginal rock paintings to colonial landscapes to contemporary movements of today. Aboriginal art in Australia can be traced back at least 30,000 years; the rock art of Australian Aborigines is one of the longest continuously practiced artistic traditions in the world.

    Rock paintings are divided into three periods based on the styles and content of the art: the Pre-Estuarine Period (c. 40,000–6000 BCE), the Estuarine Period (c. 6000 BCE–500 CE), and the Fresh Water Period (c. 500 CE–present). There are also three regional styles of cave art:

    • The geometric style (known for its concentric circles, arcs, and dots) found in Central Australia, Tasmania, the Kimberly, and Victoria;
    • The simple figurative style found in Queensland; and
    • The complex figurative style found in Arnhem Land.

    Rock paintings are believed to have served several functions, from ceremonial to merely decorative. Today, they are preserved in national parks throughout the continent and protected through organizations such as the Friends of Australian Rock Art.

    This wall art depicts a stick-like figure holding items in both hands.
    Aboriginal Rock Art, Ubirr Art Site, Kakadu National Park, Australia: Aboriginal art in Australia can be traced back at least 30,000 years.

    Influence of Aboriginal Art Today

    The influence of Aboriginal artwork in Australia carries over to the 19th and 20th centuries in the works of William Barak, who recorded traditional aboriginal ways for the education of Westerners: Margaret Preston, a non-indigenous painter incorporating Aboriginal influences in her works; Albert Namatjira, an Arrernte artist whose landscapes inspired the Hermannsburg School of art; and Elizabeth Durack, notable for her fusion of Western and indigenous influences.

    In 1971, Geoffrey Bardon encouraged the Aboriginal people of Papunya to paint their Dreamtime stories about creation, people, animals, and customs on canvas. This led to the development of the Papunya Tula School, or dot art, now possibly Australia’s most recognizable style of art worldwide. Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri, Long Jack Phillipus Tjakamarra, and William Sandy are some of the best known Papunya artists. Other Aboriginal artists have incorporated western mediums into their work, such as Emily Kngwarreye, Rover Thomas, and Freddy Timms.

    Colonial Australian Art

    European colonization had a profound and permanent affect on the artwork of Australia.

    Learning Objectives

    Discuss the impact colonialism had on Australian art

    Key Takeaways
    Key Points
    • Europeans first began depicting the natural landscape and wildlife of the Australian continent during initial voyages in the late 1700s.
    • The colonial art market primarily desired landscape paintings, which are often described as making a gradual shift from a European sense of light to a more Australian one, as the lighting in Australia is notably different from that of Europe.
    • The first artistic representations of the Australia scene by European artists were mainly natural history illustrations, depicting the distinctive flora and fauna of the land for scientific purposes and the topography of the coast.
    • From 1851, the Victorian Gold Rush resulted in a huge influx of settlers and new wealth, and wealthy landowners and merchants recorded their material success by commissioning landscape paintings.
    • The origin of distinctly Australian painting is associated with the Heidelberg School of the 1880s–1890s, which integrated an impressionistic plein air approach and idealized the rural landscape.
    Key Terms
    • plein air: A french term referring to the practice of painting outdoors, where a painter reproduces the actual visual conditions seen at the time of the painting.

    Colonial Art (1770–1900)

    The visual arts have a long history in Australia, from ancient Aboriginal rock paintings to colonial landscapes to contemporary movements of today. Europeans depicted the natural landscape, plant life, and wildlife of the Australian continent during initial voyages in the late 1700s. John Lewin and Harriet and Helena Scott were among the first professional natural history illustrators, while artists such as Augustus Earle focused on ethnographic portraiture of Aboriginal Australians.

    The colonial art market primarily desired landscape paintings, which are often described as making a gradual shift from a European sense of light to a more Australian one. The lighting in Australia is notably different from that of Europe, and early attempts at landscapes attempted to reflect this. The art of this era is also characterized by transformation, where artistic ideas originating from beyond (primarily Europe) gained new meaning and purpose when transplanted into the new continent and the emerging colonial society.

    Early Colonial Art (1770–1850)

    The first artistic representations of the Australia scene by European artists were mainly natural history illustrations, depicting the distinctive flora and fauna of the land for scientific purposes and the topography of the coast. Sydney Parkinson, the Botanical illustrator on James Cook’s 1770 voyage that first charted the eastern coastline of Australia, made a large number of such drawings under the direction of naturalist Joseph Banks. Until the turn of the century, all drawings made in the colony were crafted by soldiers, including British naval officers George Raper and John Hunter, and convict artists, including Thomas Watling. Most are in the style of naval draughtsmanship and cover natural history topics, specifically birds, while a few depict the infant colony itself.

    Later Colonial Art (1850–1895)

    From 1851, the Victorian Gold Rush resulted in a huge influx of settlers and new wealth. S. T. Gill (1818–1880) documented life on the Australian gold fields; however the colonial art market primarily desired landscape paintings, which were commissioned by wealthy landowners or merchants wanting to record their material success. Some of the artists of note included Eugene von Guerard, Nicholas Chevalier, William Strutt, John Skinner Prout, and Knut Bull. Louis Buvelot was a key figure in landscape painting, illustrating a more domesticated and settled view of the land. Among the first Australian artists to gain a reputation overseas were the impressionist John Peter Russell and landscape painter Rupert Bunny.

    The Heidelberg School (1885–1910)

    The origin of distinctly Australian painting is associated with the Heidelberg School of the 1880s–1890s. Like European Impressionists, artists such as Arthur Streeton, Frederick McCubbin, Tom Roberts, and Charles Conder applied themselves to recreating a truer sense of light and color as seen in the Australian landscape. They began an impressionistic plein air approach to the Australian landscape that remains embedded in Australia’s popular consciousness, both inside and outside the art world.

    image
    Shearing the Rams, 1888–1890, oil on canvas by Tom Roberts: Colonial artists such as Tom Roberts (1856–1931) captured aspects of everyday life in Colonial Australia, such as this scene of men in a barn shearing rams.

    Their most recognized paintings involve scenes of pastoral and outback Australia. Central themes of their art are considered those of work, conquering the land, and an idealization of the rural pioneer. By the 1890s, most Australians were city-dwellers, and a romantic view of pioneer life gave great power and popularity to images of the rural landscape.

    A sheep herder and his sheep move across a golden field.
    Golden Summer, Eaglemont (1889) oil-on-canvas, by Arthur Streeton: Artists such as Arthur Streeton (1867–1943) attempted to capture the unique golden light and color that characterize the Australian landscape.
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