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- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/An_Introduction_to_Philosophy_(Payne)/01%3A_What_Philosophy_Is/1.05%3A_What_is_the_value_of_philosophyWe might expect that the value of philosophy lies in the value of the ends that it seeks, the knowledge and understanding it reveals. In our first reading, Bertrand Russell argues that there is great ...We might expect that the value of philosophy lies in the value of the ends that it seeks, the knowledge and understanding it reveals. In our first reading, Bertrand Russell argues that there is great value in doing philosophy precisely because it frustrates our desire for quick easy answers. In denying us easy answers to big questions and undermining complacent convictions, philosophy liberates us from narrow minded conventional thinking and opens our minds to new possibilities.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/An_Introduction_to_Philosophy_(Payne)/07%3A_Philosophy_of_Mind/7.02%3A_The_Brain_State_Identity_TheoryAccording to the Identity theory, the belief that Obama was president of the USA in 2002 just is a certain neuro-chemical state of the brain. So for you to have the mental property of believing that O...According to the Identity theory, the belief that Obama was president of the USA in 2002 just is a certain neuro-chemical state of the brain. So for you to have the mental property of believing that Obama was president of the USA in 2002 is just for your brain to have a certain specific neuro-chemical property. The identity theory holds that for anyone to have the belief that Obama was president in 2002 is just for them to have that same specific neuro-chemical property.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/An_Introduction_to_Philosophy_(Payne)/11%3A_Social_Justice/11.02%3A_John_RawlsIndeed, the very title of Rawl’s major work on social justice is “Justice as Fairness.” The kind of fairness that Rawls conception of justice aims at is not guaranteed equality of outcome for all, but...Indeed, the very title of Rawl’s major work on social justice is “Justice as Fairness.” The kind of fairness that Rawls conception of justice aims at is not guaranteed equality of outcome for all, but rather a system of social arrangements that doesn’t advantage any particular group of individuals at the expense of others.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/An_Introduction_to_Philosophy_(Payne)/01%3A_What_Philosophy_Is/1.04%3A__EthicsEthics is concerned with what we ought to do, how we ought to live, and how we ought to organize our communities. It comes as a surprise to many new philosophy students that you can reason about such ...Ethics is concerned with what we ought to do, how we ought to live, and how we ought to organize our communities. It comes as a surprise to many new philosophy students that you can reason about such things. Religiously inspired views about morality often take right and wrong to be simply a matter of what is commanded by a divine being. Moral Relativism, perhaps the most popular opinion among people who have rejected faith, simply substitutes the commands of society for the commands of God.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/An_Introduction_to_Philosophy_(Payne)/06%3A_Philosophy_of_Science/6.03%3A_Review_and_Discussion_QuestionsHow does the development of more powerful symbolic systems of logic boost Empiricism at the beginning of the 20th century? Explain how the Logical Positivists extend Empiricism to the theory of meanin...How does the development of more powerful symbolic systems of logic boost Empiricism at the beginning of the 20th century? Explain how the Logical Positivists extend Empiricism to the theory of meaning. How is the verificationist theory of meaning used to address the demarcation problem? Explain what’s wrong with the view that theories are just very well supported hypotheses that are still not so certain. How are the methods of science sensitive to its history?
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/An_Introduction_to_Philosophy_(Payne)/03%3A_Ancient_Philosophy/3.06%3A_Review_and_Discussion_QuestionsHow does Socrates respond to Euthyphro’s suggestion that the pious is what is loved by all the gods? What is the problem with the view that what is pious is pious because it is loved by the gods? Why ...How does Socrates respond to Euthyphro’s suggestion that the pious is what is loved by all the gods? What is the problem with the view that what is pious is pious because it is loved by the gods? Why does Plato take the forms to be the most real sorts of entities? What is temperance and why is it a virtue in Plato’s view? What does it mean to say that Aristotle held a teleological view of the world? What is the role of Aristotle’s philosophy and science in leading to the scientific revolution?
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/An_Introduction_to_Philosophy_(Payne)/10%3A_Right_Action/10.02%3A_Respect_for_Persons_-_Kants_Moral_TheoryLike Utilitarianism, Imannual Kant’s moral theory is grounded in a theory of intrinsic value. But where the utilitarian takes happiness, conceived of as pleasure and the absence of pain to be what has...Like Utilitarianism, Imannual Kant’s moral theory is grounded in a theory of intrinsic value. But where the utilitarian takes happiness, conceived of as pleasure and the absence of pain to be what has intrinsic value, Kant takes the only thing to have moral worth for its own sake to be the capacity for good will we find in persons. Persons, conceived of as autonomous rational moral agents, are beings that have intrinsic moral worth and hence beings that deserve moral respect.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/An_Introduction_to_Philosophy_(Payne)/10%3A_Right_ActionNormative ethical principles aren’t intended to describe how things are, how people think or how they behave. We will start with Utilitarianism, a view of right action based on the idea that happiness...Normative ethical principles aren’t intended to describe how things are, how people think or how they behave. We will start with Utilitarianism, a view of right action based on the idea that happiness has fundamental value. We’ll then examine Kant’s ethics of respect for persons. On this view persons have intrinsic moral worth, and ethics is concerned with what respecting the value of persons requires of us.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/An_Introduction_to_Philosophy_(Payne)/09%3A_Meta-Ethics/9.04%3A_Review_and_Discussion_QuestionsExplain the difference between meta-ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. Explain the difference between ethical realism, relativism, and subjectivism. Explain DCT and the problem arbitrarines...Explain the difference between meta-ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. Explain the difference between ethical realism, relativism, and subjectivism. Explain DCT and the problem arbitrariness presents for it. Why does Moral Relativism fail to support the idea of tolerance and respect for diverse people and opinions? Explain the problem of moral change or progress for Moral Relativism. Explain the moral reformers’ dilemma as an argument against Moral Relativism.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/An_Introduction_to_Philosophy_(Payne)/02%3A_How_Philosophy_is_Done/2.08%3A_ExercisesDonna will get an A in philosophy if and only if she writes a good paper. If Donna writes a good paper, she will get an A in philosophy. If the rapture has occurred, then either some of the cars on th...Donna will get an A in philosophy if and only if she writes a good paper. If Donna writes a good paper, she will get an A in philosophy. If the rapture has occurred, then either some of the cars on the highway will be unoccupied or all drivers are damned. None of the cars on the highway are unoccupied. Upon landing at the SeaTac Airport, plane passengers saw broken buildings, large cracks in the runway, fire engines running about, and paramedics assisting injured people.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/An_Introduction_to_Philosophy_(Payne)/02%3A_How_Philosophy_is_Done/2.04%3A_Deductive_ValidityAgain, to say that an argument is deductively valid is to say that it is impossible for all of its premises to be true and its conclusion to be false. To see why the last argument is not valid, try to...Again, to say that an argument is deductively valid is to say that it is impossible for all of its premises to be true and its conclusion to be false. To see why the last argument is not valid, try to think of a possible scenario that makes both of the premises true and the conclusion false. If we can think of any possible way for the premises of an argument to be true and its conclusion false, then we have show that the conclusion does not deductively follow from the premises.
