8.3: Set 2, with notes
- Page ID
- 89672
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)北京 南 西 安 海
2+3, 1+4 2+6 2+7 6+0 3+3 3+7
běi jīng nán xī ān hǎi
north capital south west peace sea
外 到 近 省 川 州
3+2 2+6 3+4 5+4 1+2 1+5
wài dào jìn shěng chuān zhōu
outside arrive; to be close province (river) admin. div’n
從 離 遠 邊 錯 部
3+8 8+10 3+10 3+15 8+8 3+8
从 离 远 边 错
2+2 2+8 3+4 3+2 5+8 2+8
cóng lí yuǎn biān cuò bù
from dist. from be far side mistake; wrong part
Notes
a) 北 běi could be said to resemble ‘two people sitting back to back for warmth against the cold north wind’, hence ‘north’. 北 can be contrasted with 比 (bǐ ‘compare; than’, as in 比较 bǐjiào), in which the two parts are in line (and therefore easier to compare).
b) 京, meaning ‘capital’. Think: ‘the gateway to the capital with a slit window and buttresses’. Chinese cities are oriented towards the south; the emperor sat with his back to the north. 南 nán ‘south’, then, might be said to be a drawing of ‘an elaborate southern gate to a city, with observation tower, wide opening, and customs check beneath’.
c) 西安, literally ‘western peace’. Contrast 西 and 四 (and later 酒 jiǔ ‘liquor’, whose right side has an extra stroke). 安 shows 女 under a roof, for some ‘an image of peace’.
d) 海 consists of 氵(the water radical) plus 每měi ‘each; every’, originally probably phonetic, and now also found in eg 悔 huǐ. Shanghai does not mean on the sea (which would be hǎishàng) but ‘rising to the sea’.
e) 外 composed of 夕 xī ‘evening’ (seen also in 名) and卜. Think of ‘the wall of the house, with the moon setting outside’.
f) The right-hand element of 到 dào ‘arrive; to’ is the ‘knife-radical’ (dāozìpáng), a combining form of 刀 dāo ‘knife’ that appears in characters for words having to do with cutting, as well as sharply demarcated events, such as ‘arriving’.
g) 省 contains 少 shǎo and 目mù ‘eye’ as radical. 州 zhōu was originally a representation of islands or high ground in a river valley, but came to refer to towns or administrative centers that grew up in such places. So it is a common second element for cities, eg 廣州 Guǎngzhōu, 蘇州 Sūzhōu, 杭州 Hángzhōu , 徐州 Xúzhōu. It is also used to translate ‘state’ in US state names: 加州 Jiāzhōu ‘California’, 德州 Dézhōu ‘Texas’, 康州 Kàngzhōu ‘Connecticut’. The original graph has been differentiated into 州 and 洲 (also zhōu), with the latter used as the second element in the names of continents, eg: 亞洲 Yàzhōu ‘Asia’ and 歐洲 Ōuzhōu ‘Europe’. 川, without the ‘islands’, shows just the river, and is an old word for ‘streams’, now associated only with the province of 四川, named for the four rivers which flow south into the Yangtze River.
h) 從’s core meaning of ‘follow; obey’ is suggested by the two 人 in the upper right – which also form the basis of the simplified character (从).
i) 離 is a particularly complicated character (with a total of 18 strokes). The simplified form (离) drops the traditional radical (隹) and assigns the first two strokes (on the top) as radical. That element can be viewed as ‘a diagram of a route, with the first two strokes and x marking the starting point, the lower box and its contents, the destination, and a line connecting the two, indicating distance’.
j) 邊 with the ‘movement radical’ and a complex of three components: 自, 穴 and方; the simplified graph seems to be based on the last of those three.
k) 錯 cuò consists of the metal (or ‘gold’) radical 金 (cf. 錢) and an element, 昔, pronounced xī on its own, but also found in 厝 cuò and 措 cuò, where its phonetic value is clearer. 錯 has an ancient meaning of ‘grindstone’, which accounts for the metal radical and suggests an evolution from ‘burrs’ to ‘errors’.
l) 遠 has 袁yuán (a surname) as phonetic; the simplified form substitutes a simpler phonetic 元 yuán (the unit of Chinese currency). 近 combines the same ‘movement’ radical with the phonetic element 斤 jīn ‘catty’ (see below).
3.2.1 Phrases
北京 南京 西安 上海 西北
Běijīng Nánjīng Xī’ān Shànghǎi Xīběi
外国 到明天 从昨天 很近 北边
wàiguó dào míngtiān cóng zuótiān hěn jìn běi biān
四川 南方 四川省 广州 广东省
Sìchuān nánfāng Sìchuān shěng Guǎngzhōu Guǎngzhōu shěng
外国人 从什么地方 离这儿 不远 南部
wàiguó rén cóng shénme dìfang lí zhèr bù yuǎn nán bù
不错 离北京 东北 东京 海边儿
bú cuò lí Běijīng dōngběi Dōngjīng hǎi biānr
Exercise 2
Answer the questions based on the information given in the chart:
第- 姓 哪国人 什么地方 那个地方的天气 去过的地方
第八 毛 中国人 北京 有一点冷 英国
第二 林 中国人 上海 还好，不冷不热 -------
第一 张 英国人 西北 不错 中国
第九 陈 美国人 南边 很热 英国
第三 白 美国人 东北 有一点冷 中国
第七 周 英国人 中部 很好，很热 美国
第九 马 中国人 西安 昨天冷，今天好 美国
第四 李 美国人 北边 不太好 中国
第五 王 中国人 南京 昨天冷，今天好 -------
第十 方 中国人 四川 有一点热 东京
第六 安 中国人 广州 很热 海外
Questions
1. 第一个人姓什么？ 是哪国人？ 什么地方来的？ 那儿的天气怎么样？ 他去过英国吗？
2. 第二 个人 是谁？ 是什么地方来的？ 那儿的天气是不是很热？ 他去过外国吗？
3. 第三个姓什么？ 他是哪儿的人？ 那个地方的天气好不好？ 他去过英国吗？
4. 第四个是中国人吗？ 他是哪国人？ 那儿的天气怎么样？ 他去过中国吗？
5. 第五个姓什么？ 他是什么地方人？ 那个地方的天气怎么样？ 他去过外国吗？
6. 第六个是不是姓安的？ 姓安的是哪过人？ 那儿的天气有点儿热吧！ 姓安的去过外国吗？
7. 第七个姓什么？ 他是什么地方来的？ 那儿的天气很热吗？ 他去过美国吗？
8. 第八个姓毛吧? 是中国人吧? 什么地方呢？ 那儿的天气呢？ 他去过美国没有？
9. 第九个姓什么？ 是什么地方人？ 那儿的天气怎么样？ 他去过英国吗？ 英国天气怎么样？
10. 第十个姓方吗？ 他是中国什么地方来的？ 你去过那个地方吗？ 那个地方天气怎么样？
3.2.2 Set 1 in fantizi
美國 去過 美人 天氣 不想去
Měiguó qùguo měirén tiānqì bù xiǎng qù
英國 什麽地方 天氣很熱 兩個人 叫什麽
Yīngguó shénme dìfang tiānqì hěn rè liǎng ge rén jiào shénme
吃過了 哪國人 天氣怎麽樣 起來了
chīguo le něi guó rén tiānqì zěnmeyàng qǐlái le