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- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Music/Music_Appreciation/Music_Appreciation_II_(Kuznetsova)/03%3A_Textures_and_Forms/3.06%3A_Theme_and_VariationsNotation for Theme and Variation A=theme A A1 A2 A3 A4 A5=theme and variation Please listen to the compositions below with the scores, and note the following: How the theme is altered in each variatio...Notation for Theme and Variation A=theme A A1 A2 A3 A4 A5=theme and variation Please listen to the compositions below with the scores, and note the following: How the theme is altered in each variation Listen: Tchaikovsky, “Variations on a Rococo Theme” Listen to Tchaikovsky’s “Variations on a Rococo Theme” with the score (below): Listen: Arensky, “Variations on a Theme of Tchaikovsky” Listen to Arensky’s “Variations on a Theme of Tchaikovsky” with the score (below): Follow along with the score.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Music/Music_Appreciation/Music_Appreciation_II_(Kuznetsova)/10%3A_The_Baroque_Era_J._S._Bach/10.06%3A_J._S._Bach-_His_WorksEach book consists of a prelude and fugue in each of the 24 major and minor keys in chromatic order from C major to B minor (thus, the whole collection is often referred to as “the 48”). “Well-tempere...Each book consists of a prelude and fugue in each of the 24 major and minor keys in chromatic order from C major to B minor (thus, the whole collection is often referred to as “the 48”). “Well-tempered” in the title refers to the temperament (system of tuning); many temperaments before Bach’s time were not flexible enough to allow compositions to utilize more than just a few keys.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Music/Music_Appreciation/Music_Appreciation_II_(Kuznetsova)/11%3A_Baroque_Opera_Cantata_Oratorio_G._F._Handel/11.04%3A_OratorioWhen Dudley Buck composed his oratorio The Light of Asia in 1886, it became the first in the history of the genre to be based on the life of Buddha. Secular oratorios composed in the 21st century incl...When Dudley Buck composed his oratorio The Light of Asia in 1886, it became the first in the history of the genre to be based on the life of Buddha. Secular oratorios composed in the 21st century include Nathan Currier’s Gaian Variations (based on the Gaia hypothesis), Richard Einhorn’s The Origin (based on the writings of Charles Darwin), and Neil Hannon’s To Our Fathers in Distress.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Music/Music_Appreciation/Music_Appreciation_II_(Kuznetsova)/12%3A_Baroque_Instrumental_Music_A._Vivaldi/12.05%3A_SonataIn the Oxford History of Western Music, Richard Taruskin describes a sonata da camera as “… essentially a dance suite, which Corelli adapted to the prevailing four-movement format (a “preludio” and th...In the Oxford History of Western Music, Richard Taruskin describes a sonata da camera as “… essentially a dance suite, which Corelli adapted to the prevailing four-movement format (a “preludio” and three dances or connecting movements).” The following dance style movements were usually given names referring to the style, e.g., partita, suite, ordre, ouverture and air (as in English reprints of Corelli’s chamber sonatas).
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Music/Music_Appreciation/Music_Appreciation_II_(Kuznetsova)/13%3A_The_Classical_Era_Classical_Forms_and_Symphony_J._Haydn/13.03%3A_The_Sonata_Allegro_FormAccording to the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, sonata form is “the most important principle of musical form, or formal type, from the classical period well into the twentieth century.” As a...According to the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, sonata form is “the most important principle of musical form, or formal type, from the classical period well into the twentieth century.” As a formal model it is usually best exemplified in the first movements of multi-movement works from this period, whether orchestral or chamber, and has, thus, been referred to frequently as “first-movement form” or “sonata-allegro form” (since the typical first movement in a three- or four-movement cy…
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Music/Music_Appreciation/Music_Appreciation_II_(Kuznetsova)/14%3A_Classical_Opera_and_Choral_Music_W._A._Mozart/14.08%3A_W._A._Mozart-_His_WorksHere his advances in opera and instrumental composing interacted: his increasingly sophisticated use of the orchestra in the symphonies and concertos influenced his operatic orchestration, and his dev...Here his advances in opera and instrumental composing interacted: his increasingly sophisticated use of the orchestra in the symphonies and concertos influenced his operatic orchestration, and his developing subtlety in using the orchestra to psychological effect in his operas was in turn reflected in his later non-operatic compositions.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Music/Ethnomusicology/Listening_to_The_World_-_A_Brief_Survey_of_World_Music_(Piza)/02%3A_The_Elements_of_Music_in_Africa_the_Arab_World_India_and_China/2.03%3A_Form_and_Genres_in_the_Music_of_Africa_the_Arab_World_India_and_ChinaThis page explores the diverse musical structures and styles across these regions. In African music, forms often feature call-and-response patterns and the use of ostinato, with genres ranging from tr...This page explores the diverse musical structures and styles across these regions. In African music, forms often feature call-and-response patterns and the use of ostinato, with genres ranging from traditional folk to contemporary hip hop and rap. The Arab world's music is characterized by the maqam system, with improvisational forms like taqasim playing a significant role. Indian music encompasses classical traditions such as Hindustani and Carnatic and genres including Bollywood soundtracks.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Music/Music_Appreciation/Music_Appreciation_II_(Kuznetsova)/01%3A_Melody_Harmony_and_Scales/1.01%3A_MelodyWhen phrases come in pairs like this, the first phrase is called the antecedent phrase, and the second is called the consequent phrase.The rhythm of the first two phrases of “Auld Lang Syne” is the sa...When phrases come in pairs like this, the first phrase is called the antecedent phrase, and the second is called the consequent phrase.The rhythm of the first two phrases of “Auld Lang Syne” is the same, but both the melody and the harmony lead the first phrase to feel unfinished until it is answered by the second phrase.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Music/Music_Appreciation/Music_Appreciation_II_(Kuznetsova)/11%3A_Baroque_Opera_Cantata_Oratorio_G._F._Handel/11.03%3A_CantataThe meaning of the term changed over time, from the simple single voice madrigal of the early seventeenth century, to the multi-voice “cantata da camera” and the “cantata da chiesa” of the later part ...The meaning of the term changed over time, from the simple single voice madrigal of the early seventeenth century, to the multi-voice “cantata da camera” and the “cantata da chiesa” of the later part of that century, from the more substantial dramatic forms of the eighteenth century to the usually sacred-texted nineteenth-century cantata, which was effectively a type of short oratorio.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Music/Music_Appreciation/Music_Appreciation_II_(Kuznetsova)/13%3A_The_Classical_Era_Classical_Forms_and_Symphony_J._Haydn/13.01%3A_Overview_of_the_Classical_Era_of_MusicThis led to changes in the way music was performed, the most crucial of which was the move to standard instrumental groups and the reduction in the importance of the continuo—the rhythmic and harmonic...This led to changes in the way music was performed, the most crucial of which was the move to standard instrumental groups and the reduction in the importance of the continuo—the rhythmic and harmonic ground of a piece of music, typically played by a keyboard (harpsichord or organ) and potentially by several other instruments.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Music/Music_Appreciation/Music_Appreciation_II_(Kuznetsova)/03%3A_Textures_and_Forms/3.03%3A_Musical_FormFor example, if a piece of music is called a “theme and variations” and “rondo”. (A theme and variations would follow an A A’ A” A”’… structure, with each section being a new variation on the theme in...For example, if a piece of music is called a “theme and variations” and “rondo”. (A theme and variations would follow an A A’ A” A”’… structure, with each section being a new variation on the theme in the first section. The overall form of verse-like repetition, with the melody played only the first and final times, and improvisations on the other repetitions, is very common in jazz even when the A A B A song form is not being used.
