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- https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Cosumnes_River_College/PHIL_300%3A_Introduction_to_Philosophy_(Binder)/04%3A_Epistemology/4.01%3A_The_Rationalists/4.1.04%3A_Review_and_Discussion_QuestionsWhy can’t Descartes be certain about beliefs he acquires through the evidence of the senses? How does Descartes build up from the foundation of indubitable beliefs? How does Descartes argue for the ex...Why can’t Descartes be certain about beliefs he acquires through the evidence of the senses? How does Descartes build up from the foundation of indubitable beliefs? How does Descartes argue for the existence of a good God? Given the existence of a good God, how does Descartes justify his beliefs based on reason and on the senses? How does Descartes argue for the distinction between mind and body?
- https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Cosumnes_River_College/PHIL_300%3A_Introduction_to_Philosophy_(Binder)/01%3A_Philosophy/1.02%3A_How_Philosophy_is_Done/1.2.02%3A_Is_Truth_Relative_to_MeaningWe can, in principle, attach any meaning we like to the word “dog”. If we used the word “dog” to refer to housecats, then the sentence “Dogs are canines” would be false. Our notion of truth is fundame...We can, in principle, attach any meaning we like to the word “dog”. If we used the word “dog” to refer to housecats, then the sentence “Dogs are canines” would be false. Our notion of truth is fundamentally about the correspondence between what is meant by a sentence and the way the world is. And it is the proposition, what is meant by the sentence, that is the fundamental bearer of truth or falsity.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Cosumnes_River_College/PHIL_300%3A_Introduction_to_Philosophy_(Binder)/06%3A_Ethics/6.02%3A_Right_ActionNormative ethical principles aren’t intended to describe how things are, how people think or how they behave. We will start with Utilitarianism, a view of right action based on the idea that happiness...Normative ethical principles aren’t intended to describe how things are, how people think or how they behave. We will start with Utilitarianism, a view of right action based on the idea that happiness has fundamental value. We’ll then examine Kant’s ethics of respect for persons. On this view persons have intrinsic moral worth, and ethics is concerned with what respecting the value of persons requires of us.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Cosumnes_River_College/PHIL_300%3A_Introduction_to_Philosophy_(Binder)/01%3A_Philosophy/1.02%3A_How_Philosophy_is_Done/1.2.05%3A_Inductive_StrengthThe only difference is in the use of the words "probably" rather than “must be” in the first definition, and “improbable” rather than "impossible" in the second. Also, the strength of an inductive arg...The only difference is in the use of the words "probably" rather than “must be” in the first definition, and “improbable” rather than "impossible" in the second. Also, the strength of an inductive argument depends on the degree to which the observed cases represent the makeup of the broader class of cases. The presence of the cigar and the bullet casing at the murder scene is much less surprising if Moriarty committed the murder than if the maid did it.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Cosumnes_River_College/PHIL_300%3A_Introduction_to_Philosophy_(Binder)/06%3A_Ethics/6.01%3A_Meta-EthicsBut more specifically, the theory of virtue concerns the ethical issue of good character. The ethics of good action concerns what is permissible, obligatory, and superogatory (good above and beyond wh...But more specifically, the theory of virtue concerns the ethical issue of good character. The ethics of good action concerns what is permissible, obligatory, and superogatory (good above and beyond what’s obligated). In this chapter we will not be concerned with the goodness of any of these things, but with more general questions about the fundamental nature of goodness.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/An_Introduction_to_Philosophy_(Payne)/01%3A_What_Philosophy_Is/1.05%3A_What_is_the_value_of_philosophyWe might expect that the value of philosophy lies in the value of the ends that it seeks, the knowledge and understanding it reveals. In our first reading, Bertrand Russell argues that there is great ...We might expect that the value of philosophy lies in the value of the ends that it seeks, the knowledge and understanding it reveals. In our first reading, Bertrand Russell argues that there is great value in doing philosophy precisely because it frustrates our desire for quick easy answers. In denying us easy answers to big questions and undermining complacent convictions, philosophy liberates us from narrow minded conventional thinking and opens our minds to new possibilities.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Folsom_Lake_College/PHIL_300%3A_Introduction_to_Philosophy_(Bauer)/04%3A_Mind_Body_Dilemma/4.04%3A_Philosophy_of_Mind/4.4.03%3A_Consciousness_and_Property_DualismSince your zombie doppleganger is exactly like your conscious self in every physical and functional respect down to the atomic level, yet differs from you mentally because it lacks conscious experienc...Since your zombie doppleganger is exactly like your conscious self in every physical and functional respect down to the atomic level, yet differs from you mentally because it lacks conscious experience, the mere possibility of such a being would show that whatever consciousness is, it can’t be understood in terms of functioning or the kinds of physical biochemical properties that ground your functioning (provide the causal bases for you various dispositions to behave.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/An_Introduction_to_Philosophy_(Payne)/07%3A_Philosophy_of_Mind/7.02%3A_The_Brain_State_Identity_TheoryAccording to the Identity theory, the belief that Obama was president of the USA in 2002 just is a certain neuro-chemical state of the brain. So for you to have the mental property of believing that O...According to the Identity theory, the belief that Obama was president of the USA in 2002 just is a certain neuro-chemical state of the brain. So for you to have the mental property of believing that Obama was president of the USA in 2002 is just for your brain to have a certain specific neuro-chemical property. The identity theory holds that for anyone to have the belief that Obama was president in 2002 is just for them to have that same specific neuro-chemical property.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Cosumnes_River_College/PHIL_300%3A_Introduction_to_Philosophy_(Binder)/01%3A_Philosophy/1.02%3A_How_Philosophy_is_Done/1.2.03%3A_ArgumentsDetermine whether or not the premises support the conclusion (that is, whether we have grounds to think the conclusion is true if all of the premises are true). So we can assess the truth or falsity o...Determine whether or not the premises support the conclusion (that is, whether we have grounds to think the conclusion is true if all of the premises are true). So we can assess the truth or falsity of the premises of an argument by examining evidence or by evaluating further argument in support of the premises. When we ask whether the premises support the conclusions we are asking whether we’d have grounds for accepting the conclusion assuming the premises are true.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/An_Introduction_to_Philosophy_(Payne)/11%3A_Social_Justice/11.02%3A_John_RawlsIndeed, the very title of Rawl’s major work on social justice is “Justice as Fairness.” The kind of fairness that Rawls conception of justice aims at is not guaranteed equality of outcome for all, but...Indeed, the very title of Rawl’s major work on social justice is “Justice as Fairness.” The kind of fairness that Rawls conception of justice aims at is not guaranteed equality of outcome for all, but rather a system of social arrangements that doesn’t advantage any particular group of individuals at the expense of others.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/An_Introduction_to_Philosophy_(Payne)/01%3A_What_Philosophy_Is/1.04%3A__EthicsEthics is concerned with what we ought to do, how we ought to live, and how we ought to organize our communities. It comes as a surprise to many new philosophy students that you can reason about such ...Ethics is concerned with what we ought to do, how we ought to live, and how we ought to organize our communities. It comes as a surprise to many new philosophy students that you can reason about such things. Religiously inspired views about morality often take right and wrong to be simply a matter of what is commanded by a divine being. Moral Relativism, perhaps the most popular opinion among people who have rejected faith, simply substitutes the commands of society for the commands of God.
