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- https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Lake_Tahoe_Community_College/PHI-104%3A_Critical_Thinking/02%3A_Formal_Methods_of_Evaluating_Arguments/2.12%3A_How_to_Construct_ProofsWhat I have done is number a new line of the proof (continuing the numbering from the premises) and then have written the rule that justifies that new line as well as the line(s) from which that line ...What I have done is number a new line of the proof (continuing the numbering from the premises) and then have written the rule that justifies that new line as well as the line(s) from which that line was derived via that rule. Again, all I’ve done is the write the new line of the proof (continuing the numbering from the previous line) and then have written the rule that justifies that new line as well as the line(s) from which that line was derived via that rule.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Lake_Tahoe_Community_College/PHI-104%3A_Critical_Thinking/01%3A_Reconstructing_and_Analyzing_Arguments/1.12%3A_Evaluating_a_Real-Life_ArgumentMoreover, although the conclusion of the main argument is the one I have indicated above, I think there is another, intermediate conclusion that Obama argues for more directly and that is that if we d...Moreover, although the conclusion of the main argument is the one I have indicated above, I think there is another, intermediate conclusion that Obama argues for more directly and that is that if we don’t respond to Assad’s use of chemical weapons, then our own national security will be put at risk.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Lake_Tahoe_Community_College/PHI-104%3A_Critical_Thinking/01%3A_Reconstructing_and_Analyzing_Arguments/1.04%3A_More_Complex_Argument_StructuresFor example, the passage contains the phrase, “the reason is...” which is a premise indicator, and it also contains the conclusion indicator, “therefore.” That conclusion indicator helps us to identif...For example, the passage contains the phrase, “the reason is...” which is a premise indicator, and it also contains the conclusion indicator, “therefore.” That conclusion indicator helps us to identify the main conclusion, but the more important thing to see is that statement A does not itself provide evidence or support for any of the other statements in the argument, which is the clearest reason why statement A is the main conclusion of the argument.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Lake_Tahoe_Community_College/PHI-104%3A_Critical_Thinking/03%3A_Evaluating_Inductive_Arguments_and_Probabilistic_and_Statistical_Fallacies/3.07%3A_The_Base_Rate_FallacySo the probability that you have it, given the positive test = 500/5475 = .091 or 9.1%. So the probability that you have cancer, given the evidence of the positive test is 9.1%. Thus, contrary to our ...So the probability that you have it, given the positive test = 500/5475 = .091 or 9.1%. So the probability that you have cancer, given the evidence of the positive test is 9.1%. Thus, contrary to our initial reasoning that there was a 95% chance that you have colon cancer, the chance is only a tenth of that—it is less than 10%! In thinking that the probability that you have cancer is closer to 95% you would be ignoring the base rate of the probability of having the disease in the first place (w…
- https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Lake_Tahoe_Community_College/PHI-104%3A_Critical_Thinking/zz%3A_Back_Matter
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/Introduction_to_Logic_and_Critical_Thinking_2e_(van_Cleave)/04%3A_Informal_Fallacies
- https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Lake_Tahoe_Community_College/PHI-104%3A_Critical_Thinking/01%3A_Reconstructing_and_Analyzing_Arguments/1.08%3A_Deductive_vs._Inductive_ArgumentsThis is a valid argument and since it is a valid argument, there are no further premises that we could add that could overturn the argument’s validity. (True, premise 2 is false, but as we’ve seen tha...This is a valid argument and since it is a valid argument, there are no further premises that we could add that could overturn the argument’s validity. (True, premise 2 is false, but as we’ve seen that is irrelevant to determining whether an argument is valid.) Even if we were to add the premise that Tweets is 6 ft tall and can run 30 mph, it doesn’t overturn the validity of the argument.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Lake_Tahoe_Community_College/PHI-104%3A_Critical_Thinking/02%3A_Formal_Methods_of_Evaluating_Arguments/2.06%3A_The_Truth_Table_Test_of_ValidityThe main operator is the second disjunction since the two main grouping, denoted by the parentheses, are “A v B” and “C”. Notice, however, that we cannot figure out the truth values of the main operat...The main operator is the second disjunction since the two main grouping, denoted by the parentheses, are “A v B” and “C”. Notice, however, that we cannot figure out the truth values of the main operator of the sentence until we figure out the truth values of the left disjunct, “A v B.” So that is where we need to start.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Lake_Tahoe_Community_College/PHI-104%3A_Critical_Thinking/02%3A_Formal_Methods_of_Evaluating_Arguments/2.01%3A_What_is_a_Formal_Method_of_Evaluation_and_Why_Do_We_Need_ThemThus, you may not know what “Kant” is (one of the most famous German philosophers of the Enlightenment) or what a “deontologist” or “Pietist” is, but you can still see that since these are statements ...Thus, you may not know what “Kant” is (one of the most famous German philosophers of the Enlightenment) or what a “deontologist” or “Pietist” is, but you can still see that since these are statements that form a conjunction, and since the inference made has a particular form that is valid, this particular inference is valid.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/Introduction_to_Logic_and_Critical_Thinking_2e_(van_Cleave)/02%3A_Formal_Methods_of_Evaluating_Arguments
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/Introduction_to_Logic_and_Critical_Thinking_2e_(van_Cleave)/01%3A_Reconstructing_and_Analyzing_Arguments/1.12%3A_Evaluating_a_Real-Life_ArgumentMoreover, although the conclusion of the main argument is the one I have indicated above, I think there is another, intermediate conclusion that Obama argues for more directly and that is that if we d...Moreover, although the conclusion of the main argument is the one I have indicated above, I think there is another, intermediate conclusion that Obama argues for more directly and that is that if we don’t respond to Assad’s use of chemical weapons, then our own national security will be put at risk.
