13.7: Additional Classifications
- Page ID
- 258556
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Neighbor Group
When we combine the escape tone and appoggiatura, we have a neighbor group. This can be abbreviated with "n" and "gr" in parenthesis and looks like: (n.gr). This looks like neighbor tones with the middle of the group being left out.
Key features
- The neighbor group is a combination of two different embellishments
- The first non-chord tone leaves the chord tone by a step
- There is a skip of a third in the opposite direction
- The second non-chord tone is resolved by coming up a step in the opposite direction of the skip
Example
In this example, we are in the key of G minor. Our first chord is a C minor chord, which is the minor four chord. It is made up of: C, E-flat, and G. On the second beat in this measure, we have a step down to the F-sharp and then a skip in the opposite direction to A. This group of two non-chord tones then resolves down a step to G. G belongs in our second chord because it is a minor tonic in this key and is made up of: G, B-flat, and D.
In small parenthesis, we can see the imaginary G that would make this look like a lower neighbor and then an upper neighbor with the middle chord tone missing.
Anticipation
An anticipation happens when a note from a chord shows up before the chord has happened. This is abbreviated by "ant" in parenthesis and looks like: (ant).
Key Features
- The note that is an anticipation cannot be present in the previous chord
- The anticipation note is heard and then the chord to which it belongs is heard
- The anticipation can be approached by either a step or a skip
- When an anticipation is approached and left by a leap, it is called a free anticipation
Example
For this example, we will stay with the same chord progression as we used above. Our first chord is C minor and is made up of: C, E-flat, and G. Our second chord is the minor tonic and is made up of: G, B-flat, and D. Since D is not present in the first chord, it can be used as an anticipation in the alto voice. The non-chord tone comes in on the second half of the second beat before the actual chord sounds on beat three.
Pedal Point
A note that is used as a pedal point starts as a chord tone, becomes a non-chord tone, and then returns to being a chord tone. This is abbreviated with lowercase "ped" and looks like: (ped).
Key Features
- The tonic or dominant note is usually used as a pedal point
- The pedal point is usually found in the bass
- When the tone is not in the bass, it is called an inverted pedal point
- If two pitches are held as a pedal point, it is called a double pedal point
Example
In this example in B-flat major, our B-flat in the bass becomes our pedal point and is held through the entire example. The first chord is a tonic chord and is made up of: B-flat, D, and F. The B-flat in the bass is a chord tone. The B-flat continues to be held, but the upper notes move and change the chord. The new chord is a dominant chord and is made up of: F, A, and C. The B-flat that is present in the bass is now a non-chord tone pedal point. The third chord returns to the tonic where the B-flat is again part of the chord.
