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9: The Mongol Empire

Last updated

Sep 27, 2020
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- 8.9: The Romanovs
- 9.1: Overview of the Mongol Empire

Lumen Learning
Lumen Learning

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9.1: Overview of the Mongol Empire
This page details the Mongol Empire, the largest land empire in history, formed in the 13th and 14th centuries by Genghis Khan. It highlights the Pax Mongolica, which enhanced trade and cultural exchange through the Silk Road. Despite its initial success, the empire eventually fragmented due to defeats and internal conflicts, paving the way for the Ming Dynasty's emergence and the empire's dissolution by 1368.
9.2: Genghis Khan
This page discusses Genghis Khan, originally Temujin, who led the Mongol Empire from 1206 to 1227 CE. He unified tribes through political and military means, promoting literacy, religious freedom, and trade while prohibiting theft and the selling of women. His innovative strategies expanded the empire significantly, though his conquests were brutal. Genghis Khan’s legacy is marked by both cultural contributions and a reputation for destruction.
9.3: Expansion Throughout Eastern Asia
This page outlines the Mongol Empire's conquests of the Western Xia and Jin Dynasties led by Genghis Khan and Ögedei Khan. Notable events include the defeat of Western Xia in 1209 through brutal siege tactics and the start of the Mongol-Jin War in 1211, ending with the fall of Zhongdu in 1215. While these campaigns caused significant bloodshed among the local populations, they also facilitated increased trade along the Silk Road.
9.4: Expansion Throughout Central and Western Asia
This page details Genghis Khan's early 13th-century conquests of the Kara-Khitan and Khwarazmian Empires, characterized by strategic military organization and brutal tactics. The unpopular rule of Prince Küchlüg eased the Kara-Khitan's defeat. The Khwarazmian invasion, stemming from a diplomatic dispute, resulted in significant civilian massacres and introduced gunpowder to Europe.
9.5: The Mongols in Eastern Europe
This page details Ögedei Khan's rule over the Mongol Empire from 1227 to 1241, highlighting his conquests in Eastern Europe, challenges faced in Western expansion, and the innovative tactics used by the Mongols. It notes that Ögedei's death and subsequent internal power struggles contributed to a decline in Mongol control over their territories, despite their initial successes and the use of advanced weaponry like gunpowder.
9.6: Administrative Reform in the Mongol Empire
This page discusses Möngke Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, who ascended to power in 1251 and was noted for his popularity and financial reforms, including tax imposition and managing paper currency. He conducted a census and sought to standardize measures but faced pushback due to high taxes. His leadership brought administrative changes across the empire's khanates, but his reign ended with his death in 1259, which sparked civil unrest.
9.7: Kublai Khan
This page discusses Kublai Khan's establishment of the Yuan Dynasty in 1271 after winning the Toluid Civil War. As the first non-Chinese ruler of a unified China, he initiated reforms in trade, education, and infrastructure. Despite his victories, the Mongol Empire divided into four khanates by his death in 1294. Eventually, the Yuan Dynasty fell to the Han Chinese in 1368, paving the way for the rise of the Ming Dynasty.

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