9.1: Chronology

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570 CE Birth of the Prophet Muhammad in Mecca

610 CE According to Islamic tradition, Muhammad receives his first revelation

622 CE Muhammad and followers flee Mecca and find refuge in Yathrib (Medina)

630 CE Capture of Mecca by Muhammad and his followers

632 CE Muhammad dies

632 – 661 CE Rashidun Caliphs

637 CE Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Levant

661 – 750 CE Umayyad Caliphate

681 CE Battle of Karbala Beginning of Sunni / Shia Split

705-750 CE Muslim conquest of North Africa, begin invasion of India

711 CE Muslim invasion of Spain

732 CE Battle of Tours

750 – 1258 CE Abbasid Caliphate

1096-1099 CE First Crusade

1099 CE Western Christian Crusaders retake Jerusalem

1147-1150 Second Crusade

1189-1192 CE Third Crusade

1202-1204 CE Fourth Crusade, Sack of Constantinople

1258 CE Mongol sack of Baghdad, end of the Abbasid Caliphate

1171 – 1250 CE Ayubid Sultanate

1250 – 1517 CE Mamluk Sultanate