8.1: Chronology

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	Western Europe	Eastern Europe
5th century	410 CE Roman army abandons Britain 476 CE The general Odavacar deposes last Western Roman Emperor 486 CE Clovis of the Franks defeats the Romans in Gaul. Founding of the Frankish kingdom. 496 CE The Frankish king Clovis converts to Christianity
6th century	500s CE Anglo-Saxons gradually take over Britain 560s CE Lombard invasions of Italy begin 597 CE Christian missionaries dispatched from Rome arrive in Britain	527 - 565 CE Reign of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I 529 CE The first part of Justinian's Code, the Codex Justinianus, is released and immediately adopted across the Byzantine Empire 532 - 537 CE Hagia Sophia is built anew in Constantinople 533 CE Byzantine Empire conquers the Vandal kingdom in North Africa 535 – 554 CE Byzantine Empire conquers the Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy
7th century		610 – 641 CE Heraclius is Byzantine emperor 636 CE Arab Muslims defeat the Byzantine army at the Battle of Yarmouk 637 CE Muslim invasion of the Levant. The Byzantines are driven out. 670s CE Byzantine Empire begins to lose control of the Balkans to Avars, Bulgars, and Slavs 674 – 678 CE Arabs lay siege to Constantinople but are unsuccessful
8th century	718 - 741 CE Reign of Charles Martel. 732 CE King Charles Martel of the Franks defeats a Muslim invasion of the kingdom at the Battle of Tours 751 CE The Byzantine city of Ravenna falls to the Lombards; Pepin the Short of the Franks deposes the last Merovingian king and becomes king of the Franks; King Pepin will later conquer Central Italy and donate it to the pope 750s CE Duke of Naples ceases to acknowledge the authority of the Byzantine emperor 770s CE Effective control of the city of Rome passes from Byzantium to the papacy c. 780 – 840 CE The Carolingian Renaissance 782 CE Charlemagne crushes a Saxon rebellion 787 CE Second Council of Nicaea authorizes the use of icons in worship 793 CE Viking raids begin	711 CE Muslims from North Africa conquer Spain, end of the Visigothic kingdom 717 – 718 CE Arabs lay siege to Constantinople but are unsuccessful 717 CE Leo III becomes Byzantine emperor. Under his rule, the Iconoclast Controversy begins.
9th century	800 CE Charlemagne crowned Roman emperor by Pope Leo III 843 CE In the Treaty of Verdun, Charlemagne’s three sons, Lothar, Louis, and Charles the Bald, divide his empire among themselves 846 CE Muslim raiders from Aghlabid North Africa sack the city of Rome 871 – 899 CE Alfred the Great is king of England. He defeats Norse raiders and creates a consolidated kingdom. 899 CE Defeated by the Pechenegs, the Magyars begin moving into Central Europe	843 CE Final resolution of the Iconoclast Controversy under Empress Theodora c. 843 – 900 CE Macedonian Renaissance Mid-800s: CE Cyril and Methodius preach Christianity to the Slavic peoples 864 CE Conversion of the Bulgars to Christianity 867 CE Basil I murders the reigning Byzantine emperor and seizes control of the Empire
10th century	955 CE Otto the Great, king of East Francia, defeats the Magyars in battle	976 – 1025 CE Basil II is Byzantine Emperor 988 CE Vladimir, Grand Prince of Kiev, converts to Christianity