5.3: Bhangra

A music and dance style originating in the Punjab region of northwest India, Bhangra has influenced, and been combined with, contemporary forms in the Punjabi Indian diaspora. As a traditional/folk style, it is typically performed as part of harvest celebrations and was eventually used during other occasions, such as weddings and festivals. The lively and joyous nature of such events is reflected in both the music and the dance.

Sikhism

Spiritually, the Indian state of Punjab differs from the rest of India where Hinduism (around 80% of the population) and Islam (approximately 15%) are dominant, as the dominant religion is instead Sikhism. The Sikh religion is one of the world’s youngest major religions, having been established in the 15th century, and is practiced by approximately 25 million people worldwide. Sikhs follow the teachings of ten Gurus, which is compiled in their sacred scripture Guru Granth Sahib. Sikh music draws from many of the principles of Indian music, such as raga and tala, and uses some of the instrumentation from the Hindustani tradition. Specific ragas are associated with hymns from the Guru Granth Sahib and Kirtan, a devotional style also found with other religions such as Hinduism, is typically performed at temples and in a call-and-response format that encourages participation.

Instruments

Several traditional instruments are used in both the folk and contemporary popular forms, operating as distinct sonic markers that tie the style to the region even when mixed with Western popular influences. The instruments also differentiate bhangra from those used in Hindustani music, the art music tradition of northern India.

One of the main instruments in Bhangra music is the Dhol, a large two-headed barrel drum typically played with two sticks made of wood or bamboo. A light stick is used to play the higher ‘treble’ head while a curved stick is used to play the bass head. It typically repeats a 4-beat syncopated pattern that the dancers follow.

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uR8BYSsHihk

Dhol Performers:

“Dhol players” by John Pannell is licensed under CC BY 2.0

Chimta:

The chimta, another rhythm instrument used in Bhangra, is a metal tong with attached jingles. Also used in Punjabi folk styles and Sikh devotional music, in Bhangra is it particularly used to emphasize the downbeat.

Chimta:

“Chimta” by adil113 is licensed under CC BY 2.0

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q2Co3QgSEqk

Other Instruments:

The tumbi is a small single-string plucked fiddle that creates a distinctive high-pitched sound. The instrument was featured in 2001 song “Get Ur Freak On” by Missy Elliot, as well as in the example below by Panjabi MC. The algoza is a double end-blown flute where one flute provides the melody and the other a drone.

“Toonba and algoza” is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0

Algoza on left and tumbi on right

Dance

Bhangra dance is quite vigorous with constant motion performed by dancers in brightly colored clothing, called vardiyaan, that reflect the celebratory contexts of the performances. The attire is loose fitting to allow for movement of the dancers. A common element in Bhangra is a wide stance, often with one leg elevated to waist height. Depending on the move being executed, dancers will switch between their legs after a fixed number of beats. Hands are frequently held high with the palms out and the thumb and index finger joined.

Traditional Bhangra with dancers dressed in vardiyaan:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-prTJHNRCGA

Some basic Bhangra dance movements:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=44&v=Ax3LF-EPvKU&feature=emb_logo

Popular Bhangra

A new version of Bhangra emerged not in India but in the Punjabi diaspora, particularly the United Kingdom. Throughout the twentieth century Punjabi have immigrated to new lands, particularly after the partition of colonial British Raj into the independent states of India and Pakistan in 1947. The Punjab region was divided amongst the two nations, the division largely along religious lines with Moslems in Pakistan and Sikhs and Hindus in India. Displacement occurred on both sides of the newly formed border and in the subsequent decades more Punjabi Indians immigrated to the United Kingdom and other former members of the British Commonwealth. It is in this diaspora of Punjabi Indians removed from their homeland where a new version of Bhangra was formed.

A new style emerged during the mid-1980s that mixed elements of the folk tradition with contemporary popular styles and techniques, especially from hip hop, reggae, and electronic dance music. The new popular music version maintains many of the characteristic sonic markers of the folk tradition, particularly traditional instruments like the dhol and its signature rhythms. The popular style could either be in the more traditional Punjabi language or in English, the primary language of the new lands where this new version of bhangra formed. Similar to the folk version, the popular version is largely used for festive occasions, particularly weddings and festivals, and the vigor of the original accompanying dance has been preserved. The hybrid nature of the popular style of bhangra reflects the hybrid identity of the new generation of Punjabi Sikhs, who in many cases have been raised entirely outside of India.

Bend It Like Beckham (2002)

While the title references British soccer player David Beckham’s ability to bend the ball around defenders, the film actually focuses on the 18-year old British Punjabi Sikh Jesminder ‘Jess’ Bharma and her conflict between the traditional expectations of her parents and the broader cultural practices of London. Over the course of the film, Jess develops an aptitude for soccer and joins a local team against her parent’s wishes. The film culminates with Jess’s sister’s wedding and the finals of a soccer tournament occurring on the same day, with Jess torn between her two worlds. The film’s soundtrack reflects the nature of the film’s characters, as more traditional-sounding Indian music is employed in scenes featuring the Indian elders, bhangra for scenes featuring Indian youths, and Western popular music for locales outside the Punjabi immigrant community.

Panjabi MC – “Mundian To Bach Ke” (“Beware of the Boys”)

Panjabi MC, birth name Rajinder Singh Rai, is one of the most prominent artists within the genre of Bhangra, with “Mundian To Bach Ke” being his most well-known and successful songs to date. Born in England, his music fuses traditional elements of Punjabi music with contemporary styles, such as hip hop, R&B, and electronic dance music. This mixture of styles is demonstrated in “Mundian To Bach Ke” with traditional Punjabi elements including instruments like the dhol and tumbi, traditional bhangra beat patterns, and the Punjabi language combined with Western-derived samples and a rap-like vocal approach. The hip hop influences in the song were further accentuated in a 2002 remix of the song that featured additional vocals by American rapper Jay-Z.

Title:	“Mundian To Bach Ke” (“Beware of the Boys”)
Artist:	Panjabi MC
Link:	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DJztXj2GPfk
Year:	1997
Language:	Punjabi
0:00 – 0:08	Instrumental Intro with just the tumbi on the melody
0:08 – 0:19	Dhol is added to the tumbi
0:19 – 0:37	Vocals enter for the verse Neewin aakh gunj cheer paa ke rakh le, palle wich mukhda luka ke rakh le Neewin aakh gunj cheer paa ke rakh le, palle wich mukhda luka ke rakh le Aiwen karin na kise de naal pyar, mundian to bach ke rahin Keep your face down and hide it with a scarf Keep your face down and hide it with a scarf Don’t just give your love to anyone, beware of the boys
0:37 – 1:07	Chorus of the song that includes a bassline sampled from the theme song for the 1980s TV series Knight Rider: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GbfVmzF7N4g Ni tu hune hune hoi mutiyar mundian to bach ke rahin Ni tu hune hune hoi mutiyar mundian to bach ke rahin You’ve only just grown up, beware of the boys You’ve only just grown up, beware of the boys
1:07 – 1:28	Verse 2 Tera ki kasur je nashile nain ho gaye, sikh ke adawaan sharmile nain ho gaye Tera ki kasur je nashile nain ho gaye, sikh ke adawaan sharmile nain ho gaye Saamb ke rakh ne a jovani pitari, Saamb ke rakh ne a jovani pitari hun mudd ke ne aani a bahar mundian to bach ke rahin It’s not your fault that you’ve got beautiful eyes, as soon as you realize it, you’ll become shy It’s not your fault that you’ve got beautiful eyes, as soon as you realize it, you’ll become shy Look after for your youth, Look after for your youth, This time won’t come again, beware of the boys
1:28 – 1:48	Chorus
1:48 – 2:10	Verse 3 Chadadi jawani tera roop thatha marda, patla jeya lak na hulara vi saharda Chadadi jawani tera roop thatha marda, patla jeya lak na hulara vi saharda Gora gora rang utton mirgan di tor, Gora gora rang utton mirgan de tor na teri jai soni koi naar mundian to bach ke rahin
2:10 – 2:39	Chorus
2:39 – 3:01	Verse 4
3:01 – End	Chorus 5/Outro

Further information:

https://learnbhangra.com/history