2.25: Lição 13
- Page ID
- 55154
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Lição 13 presents:
- comparatives of superiority, inferiority and equality,
- superlatives,
- commands, and
- relevant vocabulary.
After completing this lesson, the student will be able to:
- compare objects in terms of superiority, inferiority, and equality.
- give commands.
Grammar – Gramática
Comparatives – Os comparativos
To form the comparative in Portuguese it is necessary to place the words mais or menos before the adjective, or adverb or noun:
| Ele é alto; eles são mais altos. | [He is tall; they are taller.] |
| Esta lição é difícil; aquela é menos difícil. | [This lesson is difficult; that one is less difficult.] |
| Eu me levanto cedo; ele se levanta mais cedo. | [I get up early; he gets up earlier.] |
| Nós íamos ao cinema toda semana; agora vou menos frequentemente. | [We used to go to the movies every week; now I go less frequently.] |
| Tenho pouco dinheiro; Paulo tem menos dinheiro. | [I have little money; Paul has less.] |
| Elsa tem muitas blusas; Teresa tem mais blusas. | [Elsa has a lot of shirts; Teresa has more.] |
To express the word than in a comparative sentence, one uses either do que or que.
| Ela é mais alta (do) que Maria. | [She is taller than Mary.] |
| Estas lições têm menos exercícios (do) que as outras. | [These lessons have fewer exercises than the others.] |
Formation of the superlative – A formação do superlativo
To form the superlative in Portuguese it is necessary to use the definite article before the comparative form of the adjective or adverb:
| André, Pedro e Mário são altos. Andre é o mais alto. | [André, Pedro and Mário are tall. André is the tallest.] |
| Ela leu o romance mais interessante. | [She read the most interesting novel.] |
| Estas ilhas são as menos conhecidas. | [These islands are the least known.] |
To express in or of after a superlative, use the word de.
| Ela é a mais alta das três. | [She is the tallest of the three.] |
| É o país menos desenvolvido do mundo. | [It is the least developed country in the world.] |
To express more than or less than (fewer than) before numerals, use mais de or menos de.
| Ele tem mais de vinte primos. | [He has more than twenty cousins.] |
| Menos de quarenta pessoas apareceram. | [Fewer than 40 people appeared.] |
Comparatives of equality are formed by placing the adjective or adverb between the invariable words tão… quanto or tão… como.
| Eu sou tão inteligente quanto ele. | [I am as intelligent as he.] |
| Eu sou tão inteligente como ele. | |
| Levanto-me tão cedo quanto você. | [I get up as early as you.] |
| Levanto-me tão cedo como você. |
As much (As many)… as expressed by tanto (tantos)… quanto. Tanto is an adjective and must agree in gender and number with the noun it modifies.
| Edu tem tanto dinheiro quanto Clóvis. | [Edu has as much money as Clóvis.] |
| Eu falo tantas línguas quanto ele. | [I speak as many languages as he.] |
| Ela faz tantos projetos quanto eu. | [She develops as many projects as I.] |
To express as much as, use tanto quanto.
| O pai fala tanto quanto a filha. | [The father talks as much as the daughter.] |
| Trabalhamos tanto quanto você. | [We work as much as you.] |
Adjectives and adverbs with irregular comparative forms – Adjetivos e advérbios com comparativos irregulares
| Adjectives | Comparative |
| bom, boa | [good] | melhor | [better] |
| mau, má | [bad] | pior | [worse] |
| grande | [big, large, great, grand] | maior | [bigger, larger, greater, grander] |
| pequeno, -a | [small, little (size)] | menor | [smaller] |
| muito, -a | [much, many] | mais | [more] |
| pouco, -a | [little (amount), few] | menos | [fewer, less] |
| A sua casa é grande, mas a minha é maior. | [Your house is big, but mine is bigger.] |
| O vinho francês é bom, mas eu acho que o vinho português é melhor. | [French wine is good, but I think that Portuguese wine is better.] |
| Adverbs | Comparative |
| muito | [a lot] | mais | [more] |
| pouco | [little] | menos | [less] |
| bem | [well] | melhor | [better] |
| mal | [badly, poorly] | pior | [worse] |
| Eu falo espanhol muito bem, mas falo inglês melhor. | [I speak Spanish well, but I speak English better.] |
| Guilherme estuda muito, mas a Gisele estuda mais. | [Guilherme studies a lot, but Gisele studies more.] |
13.1 Practice – Prática
13.1 A. Answer each question with a complete sentence, using the comparative in each reply.
Raul é inteligente mas Nei não é tão inteligente. Qual dos dois é mais inteligente?
-Raul é mais inteligente do que Nei.
1. Celso tem 15 anos mas a irmã tem 12 anos. Qual dos dois é mais velho?
2. A primeira lição é difícil, mas a quinta é dificílima. Qual das duas lições é mais fácil?
3. Eu tenho oitenta discos e o meu amigo só tem sessenta discos. Quem é que tem menos discos?
4. 0 agente de viagens fala três idiomas e sua mulher também. A mulher do agente fala tantos idiomas quanto ele?
5. Jonas é bom aluno. Francisco é ainda melhor. Quem é melhor aluno?
6. O Sr. Mendes viaja frequentemente e sua filha também viaja frequentemente. A filha viaja tanto quanto o pai?
7. Joaquim ganha vinte mil escudos por mês. Manuel também ganha vinte mil. Manuel é tão pobre como Joaquim?
13.1 B. Modify each sentence using the comparative and then the superlative.
Marcos é alto. (Rui/José)
(a) Rui é mais alto do que Marcos.
(b) José é o mais alto de todos.
1. Esta música da fita é bonita. (a próxima/a última)
2. Ele é bom atleta. (Márcia/Clarissa)
3. Marcelo é inteligente. (seu irmão/seu pai)
4. Estas frases são fáceis. (essas/aquelas)
5. Ela é rica. (Lígia/Vera)
6. Aquela casa é grande. (a minha/a sua)
7. Aquele homem é mau. (esse/o criminoso)
8. Paulo é gordo. (seu tio/seu avô)
Absolute Superlative – O superlativo absoluto
The absolute superlative in Portuguese is generally formed with the ending -íssimo. This is added to the adjective after the final vowel, if any, has been dropped. The English translation is very or extremely plus the meaning of the adjective.
| lindo – lindíssimo | [very or extremely pretty] |
| grande – grandíssimo | [very or extremely large (or great)] |
| rico – riquíssimo | [very or extremely rich] |
| pouquíssimas pessoas | [very few people] |
| as flores caríssimas | [the very expensive flowers] |
Note: There are a number of irregularities in the formation of the absolute superlative. The most common are:
| fácil – facílimo | [very easy] |
| difícil – dificílimo | [very difficult] |
Formal commands – Os imperativos formais
For verbs of the first conjugation (-ar), drop the –o from the first person singular of the present tense, and add –e, –emos, –em.
| fechar- fech/o |
| Feche a porta! | [Close the door!] |
| *Fechemos a porta! | [Let’s close the door!] |
| Fechem a porta! | [Close the door!] |
For verbs of the second (-er) and third (-ir) conjugations, drop the -o from the first person singular of the present tense and add –a, –amos, –am.
| ver – vej/o |
| Veja! | [Look!] |
| *Vejamos! | [Let’s look!] |
| Vejam! | [Look!] |
| abrir – abr/o |
| Abra a porta! | [Open the door!] |
| *Abramos a porta! | [Let’s open the door!] |
| Abram a porta! | [Open the door!] |
*The English “let’s” is generally expressed in Portuguese by vamos plus the infinitive of the verb.
| Vamos sair! | [Let’s leave!] |
| Vamos comer! | [Let’s eat!] |
Command forms of reflexive verbs – Os imperativos de verbos reflexivos
In the affirmative command, the reflexive pronoun follows the verb.
| vestir-se- vist/o-me |
| Vista-se! | [Get dressed!] |
| *Vistamo-nos! | [Let’s get dressed!] |
| Vistam-se! | [Get dressed!] |
| levantar-se – levant/o-me |
| Levante-se! | [Get up!] |
| *Levantemo-nos! | [Let’s get up!] |
| Levantem-se! | [Get up!] |
In a negative command, the reflexive pronoun must be placed before the verb.
| Não se esqueça de escrever! | [Don’t forget to write!] |
| Não nos levantemos tão cedo! | [Let’s not get up so early!] |
Verbs with irregular command forms – Verbos com formas irregulares no imperativo
| IR |
| vá! |
| *vamos! |
| vão! |
| DAR |
| dê! |
| *demos! |
| dêem! |
| ESTAR |
| esteja! |
| *estejamos! |
| estejam! |
| SER |
| seja! |
| *sejamos! |
| sejam! |
13.2 Practice – Prática
Query \(\PageIndex{13.2 A.}\)
Query \(\PageIndex{13.2 B.}\)
13.2 C. Repeat each sentence two times: (1) putting the verb in the singular command form; (2)
putting the verb in the plural command form.
Levantar-se às sete. (1) Levante-se às sete. (2) Levantem-se às sete.
1. Vestir-se logo.
2. Não sentar-se perto da janela.
3. Matricular-se logo.
4. Não preocupar-se com isso.
5. Divertir-se na viagem.
Vocabulary – Vocabulário
- a agência de viagens [travel agency]
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- o/a agente de viagens [travel agent]
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- o cartaz[poster; billboard]
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- o céu [sky; Heaven]
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- a chuva [rain]
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- o clima [climate]
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- diferente [different]
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- o estrangeiro [foreigner]
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- europeu, europeia [European]
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- a foto(grafia) [photo(graph)]
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- igual [equal; the same as]
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- o mapa[map]
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- movimentado, -a [full of life, active]
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- a nuvem[cloud]
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- a parte[part]
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- a passagem [ticket (air, train, etc.)]
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- pobre [poor]
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- o povo [people of a nation]
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- a reserva [reservation]
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- rico, -a [rich]
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- o romance [novel]
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- o sol[sun]
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- o turismo[tourism]
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- o/a turista [tourist]
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Verbs – Verbos
- anunciar[to announce]
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- comparar[to compare]
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- desenvolver-se [to develop]
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- fazer reservas [to make reservations]
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- incluir[to include]
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| incluo | incluimos |
| inclui | incluem |
- preocupar-se [to worry]
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- reservar[to reserve]
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- significar [to mean, signify]
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- tirar fotos [to take pictures]
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- treinar [to train; to practice]
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- trocar [change; exchange]
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- valer (valho) [to be worth]
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Expressions – Expressões
- Isso é! [It certainly is!]
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- Não dá tempo![There’s not enough time!]
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- Vale a pena… [It’s worthwhile…]
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- Vamos! [Let’s go!]
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- Vamos embora! [Let’s get out of here!]
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- Vamos ver… [Let’s see…]
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13.3 Practice – Prática
1. Cláudia sleeps much more than her roommate.
2. Those boys are as tall as their father.
3. Fernando walks slower than I.
4. Let’s talk about more important things.
5. This novel isn’t as interesting as you said.
6. What is the largest country in the world?
7. I think that it is Russia. Brazil and the U.S. are smaller than Russia.
8. There are more than ten new countries in Africa.
9. This dinner is worse than yesterday’s.
10. There aren’t as many people here tonight as there were last night.
11. Do you think his latest CD is better than his others?
12. Athletes train as much in the winter as they do in the summer.
13.3 B. Read the following selection in Portuguese. Then try, with the help of the vocabulary given immediately below, to understand this ad.
Não diga que a comida do restaurante é melhor do que a sua, porque não é. A diferença está no ambiente. Faça uma experiência. Cubra a mesa com a toalha mais bonita da casa. Troque os seus pratos comuns por Termo-Rey, que são lindos e tão resistentes que podem ir ao forno. Agora apague as luzes, acenda uma vela no centro da mesa e espere aquela pessoa cansada, que chega por volta das 7 da noite. Antes dela perguntar a razão dessa loucura, sirva o seu santo arroz com feijão de todos os dias. Você vai encontrar mais satisfação em casa que em qualquer restaurante.
- acender [to light, turn on]
- a loucura [madness]
- apagar [to erase; turn off]
- a razão [reason]
- cubra (from cobrir) [cover]
- a toalha [tablecloth]
- o forno [oven]
- a vela [candle]