2.1: Lição 1
- Page ID
- 55131
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Lição 1 presents:
- the verbs SER and ESTAR,
- gender
- definite and indefinite articles,
- how to provide affirmative and negative responses to questions,
- and basic vocabulary that includes countries and nationalities, professions, cardinal numbers from 1 to 10, and other relevant words.
After completing this lesson, the student will be able to:
- recognize and produce forms of both ser and estar in the present indicative tense.
- answer simple questions with short affirmative and negative replies.
- give more detailed responses that include pertinent information such as country of origin, nationality, and profession.
Grammar – Gramática
Subject Pronouns – Os pronomes subjetivos
The subject pronouns in Brazilian Portuguese are as follows. For a discussion of how to express “you” in Portuguese, see the Fourth Preliminary Lesson.
| Singular | Plural |
| Eu [I] | Nós [we] |
| Você [you] | Vocês [you plural] |
| Ele/ela [he/she] | Eles/elas [they] |
The verbs ser and estar in the present indicative – Os verbos ser e estar no presente do indicativo
| SER |
| Eu sou | [I am] | Nós somos | [We are] |
| Você é | [You are] | Vocês são | [You are] |
| Ele, ela é | [He, she is] | Eles, elas são | [He, she is] |
| ESTAR |
| Eu estou | [I am] | Nós estamos | [We are] |
| Você está | [You are] | Vocês estão | [You are] |
| Ele, ela está | [He, she is] | Eles, elas estão | [He, she is] |
Both of the verbs given above in the present tense mean “to be” and have special uses in Portuguese. In general terms:
| SER | ESTAR | ||
| A. Equating | A. Health | ||
| Dois e dois são quatro. | [Two and two are four.] | Nós estamos bem. | [We are well.] |
| São quatro e meia. | [It is four-thirty.] | A senhora Pontes está mal. | [Senhora Pontes is ill.] |
| Ele é médico. | [He is a doctor.] | ||
| Cláudia é portuguesa. | [Cláudia is Portuguese.] | ||
| Geografia é o estudo da Terra. | [Geography is the study of the Earth.] | ||
| Madri é a capital da Espanha. | [Madrid is the capital of Spain.] | ||
| B. With ‘de’ to indicate: | B. With ‘de’ to describe temporary situations: | ||
| (1) Origin: | |||
| De onde você é? | [Where are you from?] | Todos estão de férias. | [Everyone is on vacation.] |
| –Sou de Portugal. | [I’m from Portugal.] | Você está de acordo? | [Do you agree?] |
| (2) Possession: | O garçom está de pé. | [The waiter is standing.] | |
| De quem é aquela casa? | [Whose house is that?] | ||
| –É da família Silva. | [It’s the Silva family’s house.] | ||
| (3) Material: | |||
| De que é a porta? | [What’s the door made of?] | ||
| –É de madeira. | [It‘s made of wood.] | ||
| C. For locating | C. For locating | ||
| (1) non-moveable entities: | (1) moveable entities: | ||
| Luanda é em Angola. | [Luanda is in Angola.] | As chaves estão na mesa. | [The keys are on the table.] |
| O correio é na esquina. | [The post office is on the corner.] | Onde estão as moças? | [Where are the girls?] |
| Isabel está na Europa. | [Isabel is in Europe.] | ||
| (2) Events in time/space: | |||
| O jogo é amanhã de tarde. | [The game is tomorrow afternoon.] | ||
| A festa não é aqui. | [The party is not here.] | ||
| D. With adjectives that describe a norm: | D. With adjectives that describe a change from the norm to a temporary, accidental, or variable condition: | ||
| O João é alto. | [John is tall.] | João, como você está alto! | [John, how tall you are!] |
| Meu carro é branco. | [My car is white.] | Puxa, meu carro está branco! | [Gosh, my car is white!] |
| A Marisa é bonita. | [Marisa is pretty .] | A Marisa está bonita hoje! | [Marisa is pretty today!] |
| Ele é doente. | [He is sickly.] | Ele está doente esta semana. | [He is sick this week.] |
| O Pedro é muito ocupado. | [Pedro is very busy.] | O Pedro está muito ocupado agora. | [Pedro is very busy now.] |
| *NOTE: ESTAR is used if there is no norm: | |||
| O café está quente (frio). | [The coffee is hot (cold).] | ||
| Como está o tempo? | [How is the weather?] | ||
| –Está bom (frio, fresco). | [It’s good (cold, cool).] | ||
| E. In impersonal expressions: | E. With ESTAR COM… idioms. | ||
| É necessário chegar cedo. | [It’s necessary to arrive early.] | Eu estou com sede. | [I’m thirsty.] |
| É impossível parar agora. | [It’s impossible to stop now.] | Vocês estão com fome? | [Are you hungry?] |
| É ótimo ter muito dinheiro. | [It’s wonderful to have a lot of money.] | Lélia está com frio. | [Lélia is cold.] |
*The subject pronoun “it” is generally not expressed in Portuguese. The third person singular form of the verb is used alone.
1.1 Practice – Prática
1.1 A. Click on the verb that correctly expresses these sentences in Portuguese. Observe in the following example:
My cousin is a doctor. SER / ESTAR
Query \(\PageIndex{1.1 A.}\)
Query \(\PageIndex{1.1 B.}\)
Query \(\PageIndex{1.1 C.}\)
Gender- Gênero
In Portuguese, nouns (persons, places, and things) are gendered. This means that nouns are designated one of two grammatical genders, masculine or feminine. Masculine nouns use the masculine definite (o and os) and indefinite articles (um and uns), while feminine nouns use the feminine definite (a and as) and indefinite articles (uma and umas). In English, all nouns use the same definite article “the” while the indefinite article varies depending on whether the noun begins with a noun “a” or a vowel “an”.
In general there are a few rules when deciding the gender of a given noun in Portuguese.
- Nouns that end in –o are generally masculine, while nouns that end in -a are generally feminine
| o dinheiro | [the money] | a porta | [the door] |
| o lago | [the lake] | a aula | [the class] |
| o amigo | [the friend] | a amiga | [the (female) friend] |
| o tio | [the uncle] | a tia | [the aunt] |
- Nouns that end in –agem, –ção, –dade are generally feminine.
| a tatuagem | [the tattoo] |
| a população | [the population] |
| a cidade | [the city] |
- Some nouns referring to people have only a single form, and therefore only vary in the article used with them.
| o dentista | [the (male) dentist] | a dentista | [the (female) dentist] |
| o colega | [the (male) colleague] | a colega | [the (female) colleague] |
| o artista | [the (male) artist] | a artista | [the (female) artist] |
| o estudante | [the (male) student] | a estudante | [the (female) student] |
- There are some nouns that end in –a, mainly of Greek origin, that are masculine. These should be memorized.
| o mapa | [the map] | o sistema | [the system] |
| o problema | [the problem] | o aroma | [the aroma] |
| o programa | [the program] | o tema | [the theme] |
| o dia | [the day] | o clima | [the climate] |
In other cases the definite article must be learned with each individual noun as given in the vocabulary lists.
1.2 Practice – Prática
Query \(\PageIndex{1.2 A.}\)
Definite and Indefinite Articles – Os artigos definidos e indefinidos
In Portuguese, the definite article must agree with the noun in both gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural).
Plural
| Singular | ||||
| Masculine | o aluno | [the student] | os alunos | [the students] |
| o nome | [the name] | os nomes | [the names] | |
| Feminine | a mãe | [the mother] | as mães | [the mothers] |
| a aluna | [the (female) student] | as alunas | [the (female) students] |
The definite article is used before names of continents, countries, cities with geographical names, and rivers, mountains, etc. The definite article is not used before some countries, Portugal being the most notable exception.
| O Brasil é um país enorme. | [Brazil is an enormous country.] |
| O Rio de Janeiro é uma cidade. | [Rio de Janeiro is a city.] |
| O Amazonas atravessa o Brasil. | [The Amazon River crosses Brazil.] |
The definite article is used before titles, except when speaking directly to a person.
| A doutora Juliana está preocupada. | [Dr. Juliana is worried.] |
| O General Gomes é feio. | [General Gomes is ugly.] |
| BUT Como tem passado, senhor Magalhães? | [How have you been, Mr. Magalhães?] |
It is common in Portuguese to use the definite article with the first name of a person when speaking about, but not to, him or her.
| Ouvi dizer que a Maria está doente. | [I heard that Maria is sick.] |
| Por que o João não está aqui? | [Why isn’t João here?] |
| BUT Paulo, você sabe que horas são? | [Paulo, do you know what time it is?] |
The indefinite article (“a” or “an“) in Portuguese has both a masculine and a feminine form.
Masculine: |
Feminine: |
| um professor [a (male) teacher] | uma janela [a window] |
| um exercício [an exercise] | uma cor [a color] |
When the words um and uma are made plural, the translation into English is “some.”
Masculine: |
Feminine: |
| uns professores [some teachers] | umas frases [some sentences] |
| uns exercícios [some exercises] | umas cadeiras [some chairs] |
The indefinite article (“a” or “an“) is omitted after the verb ser when mentioning a nationality, profession, or religion.
| Catarina é aluna. | [Catarina is a student.] |
| Pedro é americano. | [Pedro is an American.] |
Answering Questions – Respondendo a perguntas
Unless the question is very short, the word order is generally not inverted in Brazilian Portuguese. Voice inflection will indicate whether the sentence is interrogative or declarative.
| Como vai você? | [How are you?] |
| O senhor Mendes vai ser o nosso professor? | [Is Mr. Mendes going to be our teacher?] |
| Raimundo está na aula? | [Is Raimundo in class?] |
In Portuguese an affirmative response is indicated by the use of the same verb of the question:
| Speaker 1: Hoje está quente? | [Is it hot today?] |
| Speaker 2: Está. | [Yes it is.] |
| Você é brasileiro? | [Are you Brazilian?] |
| – Sou. | [ – Yes I am.] |
For emphasis, the simple verb form is followed by “sim:”
| Você está com fome? | [Are you hungry?] |
| – Estou, sim. | [ – Yes, I am.] |
| Ela é médica? | [Is she a doctor?] |
| – É, sim | [ – Yes, she is.] |
1.3 Practice – Prática
Query \(\PageIndex{1.3 A. }\)
Negative Responses- Respostas negativas
In Portuguese a negative response is indicated by: Não + (appropriate person of verb used in the question).
| Você vai ao cinema? | [Are you going to the movies?] |
| – Não vou. | [ – No, I’m not.] |
For emphasis, the verb form is also followed by “não“:
| Todos estão aqui? | [Is everyone here?] |
| – Não estão, não. | [-No, they’re not.] |
The negative word não can mean both “no” and “not.” When the meaning is “no,” the word não stands alone and is separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma; when the meaning is “not,” the word não is placed immediately before the verb.
| Você fala português? | [Do you speak Portuguese?] |
| – Não, mas Maria fala. | [ – No, but Maria does (speak).] |
| Ele não está aqui hoje. | [He’s not here today.] |
Countries – Países
- a Alemanha [Germany]
- o Brasil [Brazil]
- o Canadá [Canada]
- a Espanha [Spain]
- os Estados Unidos [United States]
- a França [France]
- a Inglaterra [England]
- o México [Mexico]
- Portugal [Portugal]
- a Rússia [Russia]
Nationalities – Nacionalidades
- o/a americano, -a [American]
- o/a brasileiro, -a [Brazilian]
- o/a mexicano, -a [Mexican]
- o francês, a francesa [French]
- o inglês, a inglesa [English]
- o português, a portuguesa [Portuguese]
- o/a espanhol, + a [Spanish, Spaniard]
- o/a canadense [Canadian]
- o alemão, a alemã [German]
Professions – Profissões
- o/a advogado, -a [lawyer]
- o/a aluno, -a [student]
- o/a arquiteto, -a [architect]
- o/a atleta [athlete]
- o/a cantor, +a [singer]
- o/a comerciante [businessperson]
- o/a dentista [dentist]
- o/a engenheiro, -a [engineer]
- o/a escritor, + a [writer, author]
- o/a estudante [student]
- o/a funcionário, -a [employee, civil servant]
- o garçom / a garçonete [waitperson]
- o/a gerente [manager]
- o/a jornalista [journalist]
- o/a médico, -a [doctor]
- o/a professor, +a [teacher, professor]
- o/a psicólogo, -a [psychologist]
1.4 Practice – Prática
1.4 A. Answer the following questions using the cues given in parentheses. Make all necessary
changes. Observe in the following example:
Você é médico? (psicólogo)
– Não, sou psicólogo/a.
2. A Marisa Monte é escritora? (cantor)
3. Vocês são comerciantes? (economista)
4. A jornalista é espanhola? (alemão)
5. O Neymar é advogado? (atleta)
6. A Ângela é mexicana? (brasileiro)
7. Elas são americanas? (francês)
Vocabulary – Vocabulário
Cardinal numbers from 1 to 10 – Números cardinais de 1 a 10
- zero [zero]
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- um (masc.), uma (fem.) [one]
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- dois (masc.), duas (fem.) [two]
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- três [three]
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- quatro [four]
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- cinco [five]
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- seis [six]
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- sete [seven]
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- oito [eight]
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- nove [nine]
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- dez [ten]
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Additional Vocabulary – Vocabulário adicional
- agora [now]
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- amanhã [tomorrow]
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- o/a amigo, -a [friend]
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- aqui [here]
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- a aula [class]
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- bem [well]
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- bom (masc.), boa (fem.) [good]
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- bonito, -a [handsome/pretty]
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- o carro [car]
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- a casa [house]
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- cedo [early]
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- a cerveja [beer]
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- contente [happy, content]
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- depressa [quickly]
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- devagar [slowly]
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- o dia [day]
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- o dinheiro [money]
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- doente [sick]
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- e [and]
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- o exercício [exercise]
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- feio, -a [ugly]
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- frio, -a [cold]
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- hoje [today]
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- o homem [man]
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- a irmã [sister]
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- o irmão [brother]
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- os irmãos [brothers; brother(s) and sister(s)]
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- o lago [lake]
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- a mãe [mother]
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- mal [ailing; badly]
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- mas [but]
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- a mesa [table, desk]
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- a moça [girl]
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- muito (adv.) [very]
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- muito, -a (adj.) [much]
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- a mulher [woman]
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- não [no, not]
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- a noite [night]
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- o nome [name]
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- obrigado, -a [thank you]
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- ótimo, -a [wonderful, fine]
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- ou [or]
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- o pai [father]
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- os pais [parents]
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- o/a parente [relative]
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- a porta [door]
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- quente [hot]
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- o rapaz [boy]
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- a sala de aula [classroom]
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- sim [yes]
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- simpático, -a [nice]
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- também [too, also]
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- tarde [late]
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- a tarde [afternoon]
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- o tempo [time; weather]
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- os tios [aunt(s) and uncle(s)]
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- triste [sad]
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Verbs – Verbos
- chegar [to arrive]
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- estar [to be]
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- ir [to go]
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- parar [to stop]
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- ser [to be]
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- ter [to have]
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- tomar [to take; have; drink; eat]
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- visitar [to visit]
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Interrogatives – Interrogativos
- Como …. ? [How …?]
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- Onde …. ? [Where …?]
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- Por que …. ? [Why …?]
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- O que …. ? [What …?]
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- Quem …. ? [Who …?]
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- Quando …. ? [When …?]
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Expressions – Expressões
- Bom dia [good morning]
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- Boa tarde [good afternoon]
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- Boa noite [good evening/night]
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- Como é seu nome? [What’s your name?]
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- De onde você é? [Where are you from?]
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- Faça o favor de (+ inf.) [Please …]
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1.5 Practice – Prática
Query \(\PageIndex{1.5 A.}\)
1.5 B. After studying the vocabulary list above answer the following questions using the correct form of estar. Remember that it is not
necessary to use subject pronouns with first person verbs. Observe in the following example:
Onde você está agora?
– Estou em casa.
2. Como estão os seus pais?
3. Vocês estão em Portugal agora?
4. O café está frio?
5. Você está doente?
6. Os seus amigos estão aqui hoje?
1.5 C. After studying the vocabulary list above answer the following questions using the correct form of ser. Observe in the following example:
Onde é o correio?
– O correio é aqui perto.
2. Quem são eles?
3. O que são vocês?
4. O seu carro é bonito?
5. De onde você é?
6. É necessário parar agora?
//