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- https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Sacramento_City_College/HIST_307%3A_History_of_World_Civilizations_to_1500_(Lisuk)/03%3A_Week_3/3.01%3A_African_History_to_1500/3.1.11%3A_Works_Consulted_and_Further_ReadingThe History of Africa: The Question for Eternal Harmony. Conrad, David. “Oral Tradition & Perceptions of History from the Manding Peoples of West Africa.” In Themes in West Africa’s History. Farmers, ...The History of Africa: The Question for Eternal Harmony. Conrad, David. “Oral Tradition & Perceptions of History from the Manding Peoples of West Africa.” In Themes in West Africa’s History. Farmers, Kings, and Traders: The People of Southern Africa, 200 – 1860 Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. The Swahili: Reconstructing the History and Language of an African Society, 800 – 1500. Ranger, Terence. “The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa.” In The Invention of Tradition.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Sacramento_City_College/HIST_307%3A_History_of_World_Civilizations_to_1500_(Lisuk)/08%3A_Week_8/8.01%3A_The_Greek_World_from_Bronze_Age_to_Roman_Conquest/8.1.14%3A_Links_of_Primary_SourcesAncient History Sourcebook at Fordham University (collection of materials from all periods of Greek history) Aristophanes, excerpt from Clouds, making fun of Socrates Cyrene, primary sources on foundi...Ancient History Sourcebook at Fordham University (collection of materials from all periods of Greek history) Aristophanes, excerpt from Clouds, making fun of Socrates Cyrene, primary sources on founding of the colony Herodotus, Histories, excerpt on the Battle of Marathon History of Greek Philosophy Justin, on the beginning of the reign of Philip II of Macedon Thucydides, “Melian Dialogue” from the History of the Peloponnesian War Xenophon on the Battle of Leuctra
- https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Sacramento_City_College/HIST_307%3A_History_of_World_Civilizations_to_1500_(Lisuk)/09%3A_Week_9/9.01%3A_Islam_to_the_Mamluks/9.1.07%3A_The_Expansion_of_IslamThe Prophet Muhammad started publically preaching his strict brand of monotheism in the year 613, by reciting the Quran, quickly convincing some of the commoners of Mecca to believe in him. Most of hi...The Prophet Muhammad started publically preaching his strict brand of monotheism in the year 613, by reciting the Quran, quickly convincing some of the commoners of Mecca to believe in him. Most of his early converts belonged to groups of people who had failed to achieve any significant social mobility, which, of course, included many of the poor. His followers memorized his recitations and message that called for the powerful to take care of the weak, a message that resonated with many.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Sacramento_City_College/HIST_307%3A_History_of_World_Civilizations_to_1500_(Lisuk)/03%3A_Week_3/3.01%3A_African_History_to_1500/3.1.07%3A_The_Western_Sudanic_StatesArabic-speaking travelers gave the region its name, calling it bilad-al-Sudan or the “Land of Blacks.” The Western Sudan encompasses the Sahel and some of its surrounding grasslands from the Atlantic ...Arabic-speaking travelers gave the region its name, calling it bilad-al-Sudan or the “Land of Blacks.” The Western Sudan encompasses the Sahel and some of its surrounding grasslands from the Atlantic coast in the east through Lake Chad in the west.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Sacramento_City_College/HIST_307%3A_History_of_World_Civilizations_to_1500_(Lisuk)/02%3A_Week_2/2.01%3A_Early_Middle_Eastern_and_Northeast_African_Civilizations/2.1.06%3A_Sumerian_City-StatesLower Mesopotamia drew settlers, who moved to take advantage of rich soils and the availability of water in the area commonly known as Sumer. The people who lived in Sumer are generally referred to as...Lower Mesopotamia drew settlers, who moved to take advantage of rich soils and the availability of water in the area commonly known as Sumer. The people who lived in Sumer are generally referred to as Sumerians. Prior to 3,000 BCE, Sumerians, whose origins remain a subject of debate, founded a number of independent cities in Lower Mesopotamia. In these cities, Sumerians had organized religions, centralized governments, social hierarchies, and access to trade networks.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Kapiolani_Community_College/CHN102%3A_Elementary_Mandarin_II_(Polley)/CHN102_Elementary_Mandarin_II_Textbook/03%3A_Sports/3.11%3A_Lesson_3_Grammar_-_Structure_of_numbers_in_ChineseThe only trick is that the number 1 is often pronounced "yāo" instead of "yī" to avoid confusion with number 7, which is pronounced "qī." [Note: This is the phone number for the police in the PRC.] [N...The only trick is that the number 1 is often pronounced "yāo" instead of "yī" to avoid confusion with number 7, which is pronounced "qī." [Note: This is the phone number for the police in the PRC.] [Note: This is the phone number for an ambulance in the PRC.] [Note: This is the phone number to report a fire in the PRC.] So eleven is 十一 (shíyī), twelve is 十二 (shí'èr), thirteen is 十三 (shísān), and so on up to nineteen, which is 十九 (shíjiǔ).
- https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Kapiolani_Community_College/CHN102%3A_Elementary_Mandarin_II_(Polley)/CHN102_Elementary_Mandarin_II_Textbook/04%3A_Leisure/4.08%3A_Lesson_4_Grammar_-_Measure_words_for_countingChinese uses measure words, a type of word called classifiers in linguistics which are common in East Asian languages. Measure words have a number of important uses, but one of the first ways you'll n...Chinese uses measure words, a type of word called classifiers in linguistics which are common in East Asian languages. Measure words have a number of important uses, but one of the first ways you'll need to use them is for counting. Whenever you talk about the quantity of something in Chinese, you need a measure word. You can't say "a furniture"; you need a measure word: "a piece of furniture," "two sheets of paper," "three glasses of water," and so on.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Kapiolani_Community_College/CHN102%3A_Elementary_Mandarin_II_(Polley)/CHN102_Elementary_Mandarin_II_Textbook/05%3A_EntertainmentIn Lesson 5 "Entertainment" you will learn how to use Chinese to talk about singing, watching movies, and other activities; to express likes and dislikes of various activities; to talk about ordering ...In Lesson 5 "Entertainment" you will learn how to use Chinese to talk about singing, watching movies, and other activities; to express likes and dislikes of various activities; to talk about ordering tickets for events; and to discuss music preferences and favorite genres of music.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Kapiolani_Community_College/CHN102%3A_Elementary_Mandarin_II_(Polley)/CHN102_Elementary_Mandarin_II_Textbook/06%3A_Travel/6.04%3A_Lesson_6_Grammar_-_Directional_complementsThe most important thing to consider with directional complements is the position of the speaker. Again, the direction of the movement relative to the speaker (or at least to the context of the conver...The most important thing to consider with directional complements is the position of the speaker. Again, the direction of the movement relative to the speaker (or at least to the context of the conversation) is important when deciding what complement to use. You can't say 回来中国 because 回 is the verb, 来 is the complement, and 中国 is the object. Directional complements work very well in 把 sentences, as they can be used to describe the disposal of an object (what happened to it in the end).
- https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Kapiolani_Community_College/CHN102%3A_Elementary_Mandarin_II_(Polley)/CHN102_Elementary_Mandarin_II_Textbook/03%3A_Sports/3.09%3A_Lesson_3_Grammar_-_Expressing_possession_with__(you)有 (yǒu) can be used in various ways, but the most basic meaning of this verb you need to know is "to have." Rather than placing 不 (bù) before it as with other verbs, you must use 没 (méi) to negate the...有 (yǒu) can be used in various ways, but the most basic meaning of this verb you need to know is "to have." Rather than placing 不 (bù) before it as with other verbs, you must use 没 (méi) to negate the verb 有 (yǒu). Note: because of the special relationship between 没 (méi) and 有 (yǒu), the pinyin for 没有 is normally written without a space: "méiyǒu." Remember that trying to negate 有 (yǒu) with 不 (bù) is a classic mistake that many people make in the early stages of studying Chinese:
- https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Sacramento_City_College/HIST_307%3A_History_of_World_Civilizations_to_1500_(Lisuk)/08%3A_Week_8/8.02%3A_The_Roman_World_from_753_BCE_to_500_BCE/8.2.10%3A_The_Early_EmpireThe period from the consolidation of power by Augustus in 27 BCE to the death of the emperor Marcus Aurelius in 180 CE was one of relative peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire. For this re...The period from the consolidation of power by Augustus in 27 BCE to the death of the emperor Marcus Aurelius in 180 CE was one of relative peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire. For this reason, the Romans themselves referred to this time as the Pax Romana, or Roman peace. During this period, the Empire became increasingly more of a smoothly run bureaucratic machine when commerce prospered, and the overall territory grew to its largest extent in the early second century CE.
