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- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/Fundamental_Methods_of_Logic_(Knachel)/zz%3A_Back_Matter
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/Fundamental_Methods_of_Logic_(Knachel)/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPageThe LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch ® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the Californ...The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch ® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/Fundamental_Methods_of_Logic_(Knachel)/06%3A_Inductive_Logic_II_-_Probability_and_Statistics/6.02%3A_Probability_and_Decision_Making_-_Value_and_UtilityFaced with uncertainty, we do not merely throw up our hands and guess randomly about what to do; instead, we assess the potential risks and benefits of a variety of options, and choose to act in a way...Faced with uncertainty, we do not merely throw up our hands and guess randomly about what to do; instead, we assess the potential risks and benefits of a variety of options, and choose to act in a way that maximizes the probability of a beneficial outcome. Things won’t always turn out for the best, but we have to try to increase the chances that they will. To do so, we use our knowledge—or at least our best estimates—of the probabilities of future events to guide our decisions.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/Fundamental_Methods_of_Logic_(Knachel)/04%3A_Deductive_Logic_II_-_Sentential_Logic/4.01%3A_Why_Another_Deductive_LogicIn his own time, in ancient Greece, Aristotle’s system had a rival—the logic of the Stoic school, culminating in the work of Chrysippus. Recall, for Aristotle, the fundamental logical unit was the cla...In his own time, in ancient Greece, Aristotle’s system had a rival—the logic of the Stoic school, culminating in the work of Chrysippus. Recall, for Aristotle, the fundamental logical unit was the class; and since terms pick out classes, his logic is often referred to as a “term logic”. For the Stoics, the fundamental logical unit was the proposition; since sentences pick out propositions, we could call this a “sentential logic”.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/Fundamental_Methods_of_Logic_(Knachel)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/20%3A_GlossaryExample and Directions Words (or words that have the same definition) The definition is case sensitive (Optional) Image to display with the definition [Not displayed in Glossary, only in pop-up on pag...Example and Directions Words (or words that have the same definition) The definition is case sensitive (Optional) Image to display with the definition [Not displayed in Glossary, only in pop-up on pages] (Optional) Caption for Image (Optional) External or Internal Link (Optional) Source for Definition "Genetic, Hereditary, DNA ...") (Eg. "Relating to genes or heredity") The infamous double helix CC-BY-SA; Delmar Larsen Glossary Entries Definition Image Sample Word 1 Sample Definition 1
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/Fundamental_Methods_of_Logic_(Knachel)/03%3A_Deductive_Logic_I_-_Aristotelian_Logic/3.02%3A_Classes_and_Categorical_PropositionsFor Aristotle, the fundamental logical unit is the class. Classes are just sets of things—sets that we can pick out using language. The simplest way to identify a class is by using a plural noun: tree...For Aristotle, the fundamental logical unit is the class. Classes are just sets of things—sets that we can pick out using language. The simplest way to identify a class is by using a plural noun: trees, clouds, asteroids, people—these are all classes. Names for classes can be grammatically more complex, too. We can modify the plural noun with an adjective: ‘rich people’ picks out a class.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/Fundamental_Methods_of_Logic_(Knachel)/03%3A_Deductive_Logic_I_-_Aristotelian_Logic/3.01%3A_Deductive_LogicsIn this chapter and the next we will study two deductive logics—two approaches to evaluating deductive arguments. The first, which is the subject of the present chapter, was developed by Aristotle nea...In this chapter and the next we will study two deductive logics—two approaches to evaluating deductive arguments. The first, which is the subject of the present chapter, was developed by Aristotle nearly 2,500 years ago, and we’ll refer to it simply as Aristotelian Logic; the second, the subject of the next chapter, has roots nearly as ancient as Aristotle’s but wasn’t fully developed until the 19th century, and is called Sentential logic.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/Fundamental_Methods_of_Logic_(Knachel)/04%3A_Deductive_Logic_II_-_Sentential_Logic/4.02%3A_Syntax_of_Sentential_LogicFirst, we cover syntax. This discussion will give us some clues as to the relationship between Sentential Logic and English, but a full accounting of that relationship will have to wait, as we said, f...First, we cover syntax. This discussion will give us some clues as to the relationship between Sentential Logic and English, but a full accounting of that relationship will have to wait, as we said, for the discussion of semantics.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/Fundamental_Methods_of_Logic_(Knachel)/06%3A_Inductive_Logic_II_-_Probability_and_Statistics/6.04%3A_Basic_Statistical_Concepts_and_TechniquesIn this section and the next, the goal is equip ourselves to understand, analyze, and criticize arguments using statistics. Such arguments are extremely common; they’re also frequently manipulative an...In this section and the next, the goal is equip ourselves to understand, analyze, and criticize arguments using statistics. Such arguments are extremely common; they’re also frequently manipulative and/or fallacious. It is possible, with a minimal understanding of some basic statistical concepts and techniques, along with an awareness of the various ways these are commonly misused (intentionally or not), to see the “lies” for what they are: bad arguments that shouldn’t persuade us.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/Fundamental_Methods_of_Logic_(Knachel)/06%3A_Inductive_Logic_II_-_Probability_and_Statistics/6.01%3A_The_Probability_of_CalculusSometimes, however, it is possible to specify precisely how probable the conclusion of an inductive argument is in light of its premises. To do that, we must learn something about how to calculate pro...Sometimes, however, it is possible to specify precisely how probable the conclusion of an inductive argument is in light of its premises. To do that, we must learn something about how to calculate probabilities; we must learn the basics of the probability calculus. This is the branch of mathematics dealing with probability computations. We will cover its most fundamental rules and learn to perform simple calculations.
- https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/Fundamental_Methods_of_Logic_(Knachel)/04%3A_Deductive_Logic_II_-_Sentential_LogicSentential logic (also called propositional logic) is logic that includes sentence letters (A,B,C) and logical connectives, but not quantifiers. The semantics of sentential logic uses truth assignment...Sentential logic (also called propositional logic) is logic that includes sentence letters (A,B,C) and logical connectives, but not quantifiers. The semantics of sentential logic uses truth assignments to the letters to determine whether a compound propositional sentence is true.
