6.12: Putting It Together- ¿Necesito un suéter?

Click on each link below for a review summary to help you complete the assignments and prepare for the quiz to demonstrate your mastery of the objectives.

Vocabulario - La ropa

Las prendas de ropa (articles of clothing)

• el abrigo (coat)
• el bolso (bag / purse)
• las botas (boots)
• la bufanda (scarf)
• los calcetines (socks)
• la camisa (shirt)
• la camiseta (t-shirt)
• la chaqueta (jacket)
• la falda (skirt)
• la gorra (baseball cap)
• el gorro (hat)
• los guantes (gloves)
• el impermeable (raincoat)
• los lentes (eyeglasses)
• los pantalones (pants / trousers)
• los pantalones cortos (shorts)
• el paraguas (umbrella)
• el pijama (pyjamas)
• el sombrero (hat)
• el suéter (sweater)
• los tenis (sneakers)
• el traje (suit)
• el traje de baño (swimsuit)
• el vestido (dress)
• los zapatos (shoes)

Unos verbos útiles (useful verbs):

• llevar (to wear; also means to carry and to bring)
• ponerse (to put on)
• traer puesto (to be wearing)

Los demostrativos

Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns are used to point out the proximity of a noun in relation to the speaker.

Demonstrative adjectives

A "demonstrative adjective" is a word used with a noun in a sentence to point out its proximity in relation to the speaker. Since nouns in Spanish have gender and number, "demonstrative adjectives" will also have gender and number to "agree with the noun". Observe the following that shows the perspective of the speaker in relation to the proximity of the object:

SPEAKER →	Aquí - here: (closest to speaker) →	Allí - there: (further from speaker) →	Allá - over there: (furthest from speaker)
Singular, masculine	este libro - this book	ese libro - that book	aquel libro - that book over there
Singular, femenine	esta silla- this chair	esa silla - that chair	aquella silla - that book over there
Plural, masculine	estos libros - these book	esos libros - those books	aquellos libros - those books over there
Plural, femenine	estas sillas - these chairs	esas sillas - those chairs	aquellas sillas - those chairs over there

Note: the demonstrative adjective is in bold.

Demonstrative pronouns

A "demonstrative pronoun" is the word that "replaces the noun" once it is known. They are the same in Spanish as the demonstrative adjectives. Observe the following chart that shows the perspective of the speaker in relation to the proximity of the object:

SPEAKER →	Aquí - here: (closest to speaker) →	Allí - there: (further from speaker) →	Allá - over there: (furthest from speaker)
Singular, masculine	este - this one	ese - that one	aquel - that one over there
Singular, femenine	esta - this one	esa - that one	aquella - that one over there
Plural, masculine	estos - these ones	esos - those ones	aquellos - those ones over there
Plural, femenine	estas - these ones	esas - those ones	aquellas - those ones over there

Note: the demonstrative pronoun is in bold.

Neuter demonstrative pronouns

The neuter demonstrative pronouns are used to point out a situation, idea, concept, or noun that is unknown to the speaker. ¡Ojo! Do not confuse these with the singular masculine demonstrative pronouns, the ending is different:

SPEAKER →	Aquí - here: (closest to speaker) →	Allí - there: (further from speaker) →	Allá - over there: (furthest from speaker)
Neutral	esto: ¡Esto es muy interesante!	eso: ¡Me gusta eso!	aquello: ¿Qué es aquello?

Note: the neuter demonstrative pronoun is in bold.

Vocabulario - Las compras

En la tienda de ropa

• el escaparate (the display case, store window)
• el/la empleado/a (clerk, employee)
• el/la cajero/a (cashier)
• efectivo (cash)
• la caja (cash register)
• la cartera (wallet)
• el probador (dressing room)
• la talla (size)
• probar (o>ue) (to test, try on)
• cestirse (e>i) (to wear, to put on)
• costar (o>ue) (to cost)
• medir (e>i) (to measure; to be a certain length/height/width)
• devolver (o>ue) (to return, give back)
• volver (o>ue) (to return, come back)
• de moda (fashionable for clothing) /a la moda (fashionable for a person)
• rebajado (on sale)
• apretado (tight)
• ancho (wide)
• barato (cheap)
• caro (expensive)
• cómodo (comfortable)
• pequeño, chico, mediano, grande (petite, small, medium, large)
• de marca (brand-name)

En el supermercado

• la lata (can)
• la caja (box)
• la bolsa (bag)
• la botella (bottle)
• el frasco (jar)
• una libra (one pound)
• medio kilo (half a kilogram, i.e. roughly a pound)
• un cuarto de galón (one quart, i.e. ¼ gallon)
• una docena, media docena (one dozen, half dozen)
• el carrito (cart)
• el pasillo (aisle)
• el estante (shelf)
• pagar (to pay)
• el cambio (change)
• el recibo (receipt)

En sitios de Internet

• inscribirse (to sign up, to become a member)
• buscar (to look for, seek, search for; ¡OJO! Is not followed by a preposition in Spanish)
• pedir (e>i) (to order, request)
• recibir un descuento (to get a discount)
• llenar el formulario (to fill/fill out the form)
• preferir (e>ie) la entrega urgente (to prefer express delivery)

Saber and Conocer

Saber Irregular in the first person singular, regular in all other forms in the present tense..	Conocer Irregular in the first person singular, regular in all other forms in the present tense.
sé	conozco
sabes	conoces
sabe	conoce
sabemos	conocemos
sabéis	conocéis
saben	conocen

The distinction is not so difficult to remember:

Saber → to know a skill / how to do something, to be aware of some information, to have knowledge about some topic.

Conocer → to know a person, to be familiar with who they are because of a previous physical encounter. Also, to know a place because you have been there.

Los números 101-1000+

98 noventa y ocho
99 noventa y nueve
100 cien

Note how the pattern changes slightly: we’re not using y anymore. That’s just to separate the tens place from the ones place. So “one hundred one,” not “one hundred and one.”
101 ciento uno

102 ciento dos
110 ciento diez
120 ciento veinte
134 ciento treinta y cuatro (the y is separating the tens place from the ones place)

200 doscientos
300 trescientos
400 cuatrocientos
500 quinientos
600 seiscientos
700 setecientos
800 ochocientos
900 novecientos

Note: you must use mil to talk about years (this is different from the English way of splitting years into two-digit clusters)
1000 mil (Note: Not “un mil,” just “mil”)

1500 mil quinientos
2000 dos mil
4000 cuatro mil
100.000 cien mil

(in) 1950 = (en) mil novecientos cincuenta
(in) 1821 = (en) mil ochocientos veintiuno

1.000.000 un millón
11.000.000 once millones

El clima

Most weather expressions in Spanish are built with hace:

• Hace mucho calor. (It’s hot)
• Hace fresco. (It’s cool)
• Hace frío. (It’s cold)
• Hace sol. (It’s sunny)
• Hace buen tiempo. (The weather is good)
• Hace mal tiempo. (The weather is bad)
• Hace viento. (It’s windy)

There are some weather expressions that are different and are not built with hace, such as:

• Está despejado. (It’s clear)
• Está nublado. (It’s cloudy)
• Está húmedo. (It’s humid)
• Está soleado. (It’s sunny)
• Hay niebla. (It’s foggy)
• Hay relámpagos. (There is lightning)
• Llovizna. (It’s raining)
• Llueve mucho / está lloviendo. (It’s raining a lot)
• Nieva / está nevando. (It’s snowing)
• Truena. (There is thunder)

Las estaciones del año (The seasons of the year)

• el invierno (winter)
• la primavera (spring)
• el verano (summer)
• el otoño (fall)

Adjetivos de emoción y condición

Lista de adjetivos de emoción y condición

• abierto/a (open)
• aburrido/a (bored)
• alegre (happy)
• asustado/a (scared, frightened)
• avergonzado/a (embarrassed)
• borracho/a (drunk)
• cansado/a (tired)
• cerrado/a (closed)
• confundido/a (confused)
• contento/a (content)
• despierto/a (awake)
• dormido/a (asleep)
• emocionado/a (excited)
• en forma (in shape)
• enfermo/a (sick)
• enamorado (in love)
• enojado/a (angry)
• estresado/a (stressed)
• feliz (happy)
• frustrado/a (frustrated)
• intersado/a (interested)
• limpio/a (clean)
• muerto/a (dead)
• nervioso/a (nervous)
• ocupado/a (busy)
• orgulloso/a (proud)
• preocupado/a (worried)
• sano/a (healthy)
• sorprendido/a (surprised)
• sucio/a (dirty)
• tranquilo/a (calm)
• triste (sad)
• vivo/a (alive)

El presente progresivo

The progressive may be used in different tenses by changing the conjugation of the verb estar (past, present or future) and leaving the gerund in its intact form. For now let’s focus on the present progressive:

Subject Pronoun + estar (conjugated in the present tense) + gerund

What’s a gerund? In English, gerunds all end in -ing: reading, dancing, singing, etc. (For more on gerunds in English, see the entry on gerunds in the Guide to Writing.)

In Spanish, the ending of the gerund depends on the kind of verb:

for -ar verbs: drop the “-ar” and add → -ando for -er and -ir verbs: drop the “-er” or “-ir” and add → -iendo Stem-changing -ir verbs (not -ar or -er verbs!) change their stem vowels as follows: o-u, e-i. Note: verbs that change from e-ie and e-i in the present tense both change e-i in the gerund form. The gerund of the verb ir is irregular: yendo.

Ejemplos:

-ar verb:

• Tomar → tomando (taking)
• Cantar → cantando (singing)
• Comenzar → comenzando (starting) ¡OJO! Though this has a stem-change in the present it’s an -ar verb so its gerund is regular.

-er verbs:

• Beber → bebiendo (drinking)
• Volver → volviendo (returning)
• ¡OJO! Though “volver” has a stem-change in the present, it’s an -er verb so its gerund is regular.

-ir verb:

• Escribir → escribiendo (writing)

stem-changing -ir verbs:

• Dormir → durmiendo (sleeping)
• Preferir → prefiriendo (preferring)
• Seguir → siguiendo (following)
• Servir → sirviendo (serving)

Ser y estar

Below are acronyms to help you remember the usage of ser and estar.

Ser

Estar

Acronyms for "ser"

DOCTOR: Date and Day, Occupation, Characteristics, Time, Origin, Relation

POTIONS: People, Occupation, Things, Identity, Origin, Nationality, Substance

Acronym for "estar

PLACE: Position, Location, Action, Condition, Emotion

Here is a summary of when to use "ser" and when to use "estar":

Uses of "ser"

Identity: María y Gisela son hermanas. Origin and nationality: Soy de Bolivia. Soy boliviano.

Uses of "estar"

Position of people, places, things: El libro está en mi mochila. Diego está entre Susana y Ariel. Location of people, places, things* (*not events): Estamos en la casa de Juan. La universidad está en el centro. Condition: Physical (think "state of being"): Estáis muy guapos hoy. Paco está enfermo. Emotions (think "transitory" condition): Estamos tristes ahora. Actions in progress (present progressive): Pedro está hablando con Ana por teléfono. Weather expressions: Está nublado hoy.

• Occupation/Profession: Helga y Fabiana son estudiantes.
• Characteristics of people and places (if describing fundamental qualities/personality): Los chicos son bajos y son un poco gordos. Son simpáticos.
• Possession: Fido es su perro. Es mi diccionario.
• Time of day and dates: Son las cuatro de la tarde. Hoy es lunes.
• Intentions: Este consejo es para ustedes.
• Impersonal statements (general): Es importante comer fruta.
• Substance (what something is made of): La mesa es de madera.
• Mathematical equations: tres más tres son seis.
• Location of events: Las consultas son en el hospital.

Los pronombres de objeto directo e indirecto

Direct object nouns

In a sentence, the "direct object noun" is what/whom the verb affects "directly". A direct object can be "people, animals, things, ideas, or events".

The photos below show that: A sentence in Spanish usually begins with a subject pronoun, followed by a verb. If there is a direct object in the sentence, it usually follows the verb. To identify a direct object in a sentence, answer the question "verb (affecting) what?" (left photo) or "verb (affecting) whom?" (right photo). In Spanish, if the direct object noun is a person or a pet, it is preceded by the word "a" which is called the "personal a"; there is no English equivalent for this construction.

Direct object pronouns

"Direct Object Pronouns" are words that replace "direct object nouns" to avoid repeating a noun already mentioned. The direct object pronouns for replacing the direct object nouns are:

Singular	Plural
me = me	nos = us
te = you	os = you
lo = you (m.); him; it (m.)	los = you (m.); them (m.)
la = you (f.); her; it (f.)	las = you (f.); them (f.)

Indirect object nouns

In a sentence, an "indirect object noun" is the "receiver" of an action. It answers the question "to whom or for whom" the action is done. In the example shown in the photo below, the indirect object answers this question: ¿A quién le compra David unos boletos? (To whom does David buy tickets?), which is "a mí". The indirect object pronoun is marked in blue and bold in the photo.

Indirect object pronouns

"Indirect object pronouns" are words that replace "indirect object nouns". Spanish speakers often use the indirect object pronoun and the indirect object noun in the same sentence. The indirect object noun is used to emphasize or clarify "to whom" the pronoun refers. The indirect object pronoun is often used without the indirect object noun when the person for whom the action is being done is known. The chart below shows the indirect object pronouns marked in blue. The indirect object pronouns that refer to the indirect object nouns are:

When the infinitive or present participle is used, there are two options for indirect object pronoun placement: before the conjugated verb, or attached to the infinitive or present participle. When a pronoun is attached to a present participle, an accent mark is added. Note: The IOP is marked in blue and bold, the indirect object noun is marked in blue, and the direct object noun is underlined.

Yo lo voy a estudiar. [lo = español] OR Yo voy a estudiarlo. [lo = español] Yo los voy a escuchar. [los = los chicos] OR Yo voy a escucharlos. [los = los chicos] ¿Vas a comprarle un regalo a Carla? OR ¿Le vas a comprar un regalo a Carla? = Are you going to buy a gift for Carla? Estoy mostrándoles las fotos a ellos. OR ¿Les estoy mostrando las fotos a ellos. = I am showing the photos to them.

• Te compro un abrigo. = I buy you a coat.
• No te compro nada. = I don't buy you anything.

Clarifier (Singular)	IOP	Clarifier (Plural)	IOP
a mí	me	a nosotros; a nosotras	nos
a ti	te	a vosotros; a vosotras	os
a usted	le	a ustedes	les
a él	le	a ellos	les
a ella	le	a ellas	les

Unclear	Clearer
Ella les vende ropa. She sells clothing (to them or to you all?).	Ella les vende ropa a ellos. She sells clothing to them.
Yo le presto una camisa. I loan a shirt (to you or to him or to her?).	Yo le vendo una camisa a Luis. I loan a shirt to Luis.

Placement of the object pronouns

Object pronouns usually precede the conjugated verb. In negative sentences, place the pronoun between "no" and the conjugated verb. Note: The IOP is marked in blue and bold, the indirect object noun is marked in blue, and the direct object noun is underlined.

Las como (las frutas). = I eat them (the fruits). Los veo (los estudiantess). = I see them (the students).

Singular	Plural
me = (to, for) me	nos = (to, for) us
te = (to, for) you (familiar)	os = (to, for) you all (familiar)
le = (to, for) you (formal); him; her	les = you all (formal); them

Since "le" and "les" have multiple meanings, "a" + [noun] or "a" + [pronoun] is often used to clarify to whom the indirect object pronouns refer. The clarifiers are marked in blue in the charts below and the IOP equivalent to the clarifiers are marked in blue and bold. Note that the direct object noun is underlined.

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Contributors and Attributions

CC licensed content, Shared previously

• Putting It Together: u00bfNecesito un suu00e9ter?. Authored by: Lumen Learning. License: CC BY: Attribution
• 6.18: Putting It Together- ¿Necesito un suéter? by Erica Brown, Alejandra Escudero, María Cristina Montoya, & Elizabeth Small is licensed CC BY 4.0.
• 5.5: Los demostrativos- adjetivos y pronombres by M. Barrio De Mendoza, K Gutiérrez, H.Ho, C. Lin, & A Stere Lugo is licensed CC BY-NC 4.0.
• 5.3: Los objetos directos y los pronombres de los objetos directos by M. Barrio De Mendoza, K Gutiérrez, H.Ho, C. Lin, & A Stere Lugo is licensed CC BY-NC 4.0.
• 5.4: Los objetos indirectos y los pronombres de los objetos indirectos by M. Barrio De Mendoza, K Gutiérrez, H.Ho, C. Lin, & A Stere Lugo is licensed CC BY-NC 4.0.
• Remixed by Karen Le Cornet. License: CC BY: Attribution