5.8: Putting it Together - La familia, la comida y las fiestas

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See below for a review summary of what you have learned this chapter to help you prepare for the assessment to demonstrate your mastery of the objectives.

Vocabulario - La familia

La familia

el abuelo / la abuela (grandfather / grandmother)
el esposo / la esposa (husband / wife)
el hermano / la hermana (brother / sister)
el hijo / la hija (son / daughter)
la madre, mamá (mother, mom)
el nieto / La nieta (grandson / granddaughter)
el novio / La novia (boyfriend / girlfriend)
el padre, papá (father, dad)
la pareja (couple)
el pariente (relative)
el primo / La prima (cousin)
el sobrino / la sobrina (nephew / niece)
el tío / la tía (uncle / aunt)
la cuñada / el cuñado (sister-in-law / brother-in-law)
los medio hermanos / el medio hermano/ la media hermana (half-siblings / half-brother / half-sister)
los hermanastros / el hermanastro / la hermanastra (stepsiblings / stepbrother / stepsister)
el hijastro / la hijastra (stepson / stepdaughter)
ea madrastra / el padrastro (stepmother / stepfather)
la suegra / el suegro (mother-in-law / father-in-law)

Tipos de familias:

familia nuclear o pequeña
familia extendida o grande
primera (first), segunda (second), tercera (third) generación
la familia política
la familia moderna
la familia tradicional

Mascotas

el conejo (rabbit, bunny)
el cuy (guinea pig)
el gato / la gata (cat)
el pájaro (bird)
el perro / la perra (dog)
el pez (fish)
la tortuga (turtle)

Los posesivos

Posesión con ser + de

There are two ways to indicate possession in Spanish. As you may recall from chapter 1, one way is to use the verb ser in the following pattern: object(s) + ser de + person who has the object(s).

La mochila es de Joaquín. (The backpack is Joaquín's.)
Los cuadernos son de los estudiantes. (The notebooks are the students'.)

Los adjetivos posesivos

A more common way to express possession, especially when it is clear to whom something belongs, is to use possessive adjectives:

singular possessor	plural possessor
mi (my)	nuestro (our)
tu (your)	vuestro (your)
su (his, her, your)	su (their, your)

Vocabulario - La comida

Frutas

el durazno (peach)
la fresa (strawberry)
la manzana (apple)
el melón (cantaloupe, melon)
la naranja (orange)
la piña (pineapple)
la banana (banana)
la sandía (watermelon)
las uvas (grapes)

Verduras (vegetables)

el brócoli (broccoli)
la cebolla (onion)
la ensalada (salad)
la lechuga (lettuce)
el maíz (corn, maize)
el pepino (cucumber)
el tomate (tomato)
la zanahoria (carrot)

Carbohidratos

el arroz (rice)
el azúcar (sugar)
el cereal (cereal)
los frijoles (beans)
el pan (bread)
las papas, las patatas (potatoes)

Proteínas, grasas y productos lácteos

el camarón (shrimp)
la carne (meat)
la crema (cream)
el huevo (egg)
la mantequilla (butter)
el pavo (turkey)
el pescado (fish)
el pollo (chicken)
el queso (cheese)
el tocino (bacon)
el yogur (yogurt)

Condimentos

la salsa de tomate (ketchup)
la mayonesa (mayonnaise)
la mostaza (mustard)
el pepinillo (pickle)
la pimienta (pepper [black pepper])
la sal (salt)
la salsa picante (hot/spicy sauce)

Bebidas (drinks)

la cerveza (beer)
el jugo (LatAm), el zumo (Spain) (juice)
la leche (milk)
el refresco (soda, pop)
el vino tinto ([red] wine)
el vino blanco ([white] wine)

Postres (desserts)

el flan (flan, custard)
el helado (ice cream)
las galletas (cookies)
el pastel (cake, pie)

Platos (dishes)

las arepas (corn flour fritters)
el jamón ibérico (Iberian ham)
la parrillada (barbecued meat)
la pupusa (thick griddle cake or flatbread made with cornmeal or rice flour from El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Guatemala)

Utensilios

la copa (wine glass)
la cuchara (spoon)
el cuchillo (knife)
la olla (pot)
el plato (plate)
la servilleta (napkin)
la taza (coffee or tea cup)
el tenedor (fork)
el vaso (water glass)

Comidas (meals)

el desayuno (breakfast)
el almuerzo (lunch)
la merienda (snack)
la cena (dinner, supper)

Vocabulario - Celebraciones tradicionales

Palabras asociadas con tradiciones y celebraciones tradicionales

los antepasados (ancestors)
El Año Nuevo (New Year’s)
las artesanías (handicrafts)
El carnaval (Carnival)
la cocina (cuisine)
la costumbre (habit, tradition, custom)
la creencia (belief)
el desfile (parade)
El Día de los Muertos (Day of the Dead)
El día de Independencia (Independence Day)
El Día de San Patricio (Saint Patrick’s Day)
la fiesta / el día feriado (holiday)
el folclor (folklore)
el hábito (habit)
la herencia cultural (cultural heritage)
la identidad (identity)
El Janucá (Hanukkah)
el legado (legacy)
el nacionalismo (nationalism)
La Navidad (Christmas)
La Noche de las Brujas (Halloween)
la ofrenda (offering / altar)
La Pascua (Easter)
la práctica (practice)
el pueblo (people)
las relaciones (relationships)
el valor (value)

Verbos

conmemorar (to commemorate)
disfrazarse (to wear a disguise or costume)
festejar (to celebrate)
heredar (to inherit)
recordar (to remember)
respetar (to respect)

Vocabulario - Enfermedad y salud

Las enfermedades comunes y condiciones delicadas de salud del diario vivir

la gripa o la gripe (flu)
la tos (cough)
la fiebre (fever)
la infección (infection)
el golpe (The hit)
la hinchazón (swelling)
la raspadura (scrape)
la herida (wound)
la alergia (allergy)
el dolor de estómago (stomach pain)
la cicatriz (scar)
Algunos verbos usados en el tema de la salud.
romperse un hueso (break a bone)
torcerse un músculo/un tendón (strain a muscle/tendon)
lastimarse (to injure oneself)
desmayarse (to faint)
toser (to cough)
recuperarse (to recuperate)
doler (o < ue) (to hurt; similar usage as “gustar”, e.g. A José le duelen los pies = José’s feet hurt.)

Condiciones físicas y psicológicas de cuidado

estar embarazada (be pregnant)
tener síntomas de… (have symptoms of…)
tener un dolor de muela (to have a toothache)
estar mareado/a (to be dizzy)

En el consultorio médico y las emergencias en el hospital

el ataque al corazón (heart attack)
la silla de ruedas (wheelchair)
la receta médica (prescription)
la vacuna (vaccine)
el antibiótico (antibiotic)
la pastilla (pills)
el grado de temperatura (degree of temperature)
el cirujano/ la cirujana (surgeon)
el especialista (specialist)
el enfermero / la enfermera (nurse)

Verbos Reflexivos

In Spanish, to talk about some of the actions that describe daily routine or personal care (getting up, taking a shower, getting dressed, etc.), we use reflexive verbs. The pronoun "se" (in blue) attached to an infinitive verb (levantarse, peinarse, despertarse…), indicates that a verb is reflexive.

Conjugation

Reflexive verbs require reflexive pronouns to indicate that the subject of the sentence receives the action of the verb (oneself): me, te, se, nos, os, se. The reflexive pronoun and the conjugation ending must agree. Analyze the conjugations below paying special attention to the reflexive pronouns and conjugation endings in blue.

despertarse (e:ie) vestirse (e:i)

me despierto nos despertamos me visto nos vestimos

te despiertas os despertáis te vistes os vestís

se despierta se despiertan se viste se visten

Note: Reflexive verbs can be conjugated in any other tense. For example, the same verbs above in the preterite tense would be:

me desperté nos despertamos me vestí nos vestimos

te despertaste os despertasteis te vestiste os vestisteis

se despertó se despertaron se vistió se vistieron

Both the verb ending and the reflexive pronoun agree with the subject.

Yo me pongo los zapatos. Vosotros os despertáis temprano.

I put on my shoes (myself). You (all) wake up early (yourselves).

¡Ojo!: Unlike English, parts of the body or clothing are not used with the possessive pronouns, instead, use definite or indefinite articles instead.

Common reflexive verbs

In the chart below, the "se" ending in blue indicates that the verb is reflexive.

Verbo	Inglés	Verbo	Inglés
acordarse (de) (o:ue)	to remember	llamarse	to be named
acostarse (o:ue)	to go to bed	maquillarse	to put on makeup
afeitarse	to shave	peinarse	to comb one's hair
bañarse	to bathe; to take a bath	ponerse (+noun)	to put on (+item)
cepillarse (los dientes, el pelo)	to brush (one's teeth, hair)	ponerse (+adj.)	to become (+adj.)
despertarse (e:ie)	to wake up	probarse (o:ue)	to try on
dormirse (o:ue)	to fall asleep	quedarse	to remain; to stay
ducharse	to take a shower	quitarse	to take off (something)
enojarse	to get angry	secarse (las manos, el pelo)	to dry (one's hands, one's hair)
irse	to go away; to leave	sentarse (e:ie)	to sit down
lavarse (las manos, el pelo)	to wash (one's hands, hair)	sentirse (e:ie)	to feel
levantarse	to get up	vestirse (e:i)	to get dressed

¡Ojo!: Many of the reflexive verbs can be also used as a non-reflexive verb. The meaning will change. Study the following pairs of sentences and the change in meaning created by the addition of the reflexive pronouns. In the example below, non-reflexive verbs are indicated in bold, and the reflexive verbs are in bold with the reflexive pronouns and conjugation endings in blue.

Carlos lava su coche.

Carlos washes his car.

Yo le seco el pelo a Helga.

I dry Helga's hair.

Carlos se lava las manos.

Carlos washes his hands.

Yo me seco el pelo.

I dry my hair.

Verbos reflexivos de emoción y verbos recíprocos

Verbos reflexivos de emoción

in reflexive verbs the subject does the action to him/her/itself. But there are some reflexive verbs in Spanish that use the reflexive pronoun to show how one is feeling, especially the onset of an emotional or physical state. These are often expressed in English with “to get” + adjective; be very careful not to translate such English idioms literally! Use the reflexive verb instead. Below are common reflexive emotional verbs and their non-reflexive (transitive) forms for comparison:

Forma reflexiva	Forma no reflexiva
aburrirse (to get bored)	aburrir (to bore someone)
alegrarse (to become happy)	alegrar (to make someone happy)
asustarse (to get scared)	asustar (to frighten someone)
calmarse (to calm oneself down)	calmar (to calm someone down)
cansarse (to get tired)	cansar (to tire someone out)
casarse con (to get married)	casar (to perform a marriage for someone)
divertirse (to have a good time)	divertir (to entertain someone)
enojarse (to get angry)	enojar (to make someone angry)
frustrarse (to get frustrated)	frustrar (to frustrate someone)
sorprenderse (to get surprised)	sorprender (to surprise someone)
sentirse (e>ie) (to feel, have a feeling)	sentir (to feel something)

List of Common Reciprocal Verbs

abrazarse (to hug each other)
amarse (to love each other)
ayudarse (to help each other)
besarse (to kiss each other)
casarse (to marry each other)
conocerse (to know each other)
despedirse (to say goodbye to each other)
divorciarse (to divorce each other)
mirarse (to look at each other)
pelearse (to fight with each other)
reunirse (to get together)
turnarse (to take turns)

Contributors and Attributions

5.19: Putting It Together- ¿Quiénes son los miembros de una familia? by Erica Brown, Alejandra Escudero, María Cristina Montoya, & Elizabeth Small is licensed CC BY 4.0. Original source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-spanish1-2
2.16: Putting It Together- Mente sana en cuerpo sano by Erica Brown, Alejandra Escudero, María Cristina Montoya, & Elizabeth Small is licensed CC BY 4.0. Original source: https://lumenlearning.com/courses/introductory-spanish-ii/
6.4: Los verbos reflexivos by M. Barrio De Mendoza, K Gutiérrez, H.Ho, C. Lin, & A Stere Lugo is licensed CC BY-NC 4.0. Original source: https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Languages/Spanish/Naveguemos_juntos_(Mendoza_Gutierrez_Ho_Lin_and_Lugo)/06%3A_Capitulo_6-_La_rutina_diaria/6.04%3A_Los_verbos_reflexivos
Remixed by Karen Le Cornet. License: CC BY: Attribution

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