5: Grammar
- Page ID
- 341046
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 5.1: Syntax (Part 1)
- This page covers the structure of complete sentences, emphasizing the role of subjects and predicates, and discusses compound subjects and phrases for detail. It outlines basic sentence patterns and the use of coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS) for combining independent clauses, noting the comma requirement. Additionally, it introduces conjunctive adverbs for connecting clauses with a semicolon, providing examples and categorizing them by function for clarity in sentence construction.
- 5.2: Syntax (Part 2)
- This page covers complex sentences, focusing on subordination to link clauses, highlighting the role of subordinating conjunctions and adjective clauses. It distinguishes between restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses with examples and punctuation guidance. Additionally, it addresses common sentence errors such as fragments and run-on sentences, explaining how to correct them by ensuring completeness and proper punctuation.
- 5.3: Syntax (Part 3)
- This page emphasizes the significance of proper structure in writing, focusing on parallelism and the correct use of modifiers, appositives, and correlative conjunctions. It illustrates how parallel structure enhances rhythm and clarity, while faulty parallelism leads to confusion. Examples demonstrate the difference between correct and incorrect forms, and the text provides exercises to practice identifying and correcting these grammatical issues for improved writing clarity.
- 5.4: Verbs (Part 1)
- This page provides an overview of the importance of verbs in English, emphasizing correct verb tense and form usage. It identifies two main types of verb errors: verb form and verb tense errors. The text details various verb tenses, including progressive and perfect progressive forms, and explains the passive voice, gerunds, and infinitives.
- 5.5: Verbs (Part 2)
- This page discusses the use of modal auxiliaries, which express mood in conjunction with main verbs, and identifies ten key modals, emphasizing their functions and common usage errors. It also covers the correct use of "be," "have," and "do" in the present tense, focusing on subject-verb agreement and the common pitfalls associated with it, particularly in complex subjects.
- 5.6: Nouns and Article Use
- This page explains the classification of nouns into count nouns, which can be quantified (e.g., desks), and non-count nouns, which cannot (e.g., money). It discusses the use of articles, differentiating between definite (the) and indefinite (a/an) articles. Singular count nouns require an article, whereas plural and non-count nouns generally do not. The key concepts include identifying different noun types, proper article application, and understanding exceptions in usage.
- 5.7: Pronouns
- This page explains various types of pronouns, including subject, object, and possessive pronouns, along with common errors and exercises for practice. It emphasizes pronoun-antecedent agreement in number and person, and addresses indefinite and collective nouns. Additionally, it clarifies the usage of "who" (as a subject) and "whom" (as an object), providing examples, tips for differentiation, and exercises to reinforce understanding.
- 5.8: Punctuation (Part 1)
- This page details the usage of commas and semicolons in writing. Commas are used for lists, adjectives, independent clauses, interruptions, dates, addresses, and letter formatting, while semicolons connect related independent clauses and separate list items with commas. The text provides examples and exercises to reinforce correct punctuation placement, emphasizing the importance of punctuation in enhancing clarity and readability in writing.
- 5.9: Punctuation (Part 2)
- This page outlines the proper use of colons, quotation marks, apostrophes, dashes, and hyphens in writing. It details how colons introduce lists and quotes, quotation marks indicate direct speech or titles, apostrophes show possession or form contractions, dashes emphasize information, and hyphens connect words or divide them. The text includes examples and exercises for practicing punctuation usage, emphasizing the specific contexts for each punctuation mark.
- 5.10: Capitalization
- This page outlines capitalization rules, highlighting that the first word of a sentence, nationalities, languages, religions, days, months, and holidays should be capitalized, along with titles when paired with proper names and specific events. It emphasizes that proper nouns are capitalized while common nouns are not, and there are specific rules for certain computer-related terms. Understanding these rules is crucial for effective writing and minimizing errors.
- 5.11: Diction and Spelling (Part 1)
- This page highlights the expansion of the English language and the role of prefixes and suffixes in enhancing vocabulary and understanding unfamiliar words. It discusses commonly confused words, providing definitions and examples while stressing their correct usage to improve clarity in writing. Strategies for avoiding misuse include using a dictionary, maintaining a list of confused words, and regular study.
- 5.12: Diction and Spelling (Part 2)
- This page emphasizes the need for precise language in formal writing, advising against slang and clichés for originality. It highlights common homonyms and their distinctions to ensure clarity in communication. The text also offers rules and tips for improving spelling skills, including mnemonics and practice techniques like flashcards.