Index

aesthetic judgment and moral judgment 80, 95, 116

Aristotle xiv, xv, 3, 10, 19, 21, 26, 29, 39, 48, 61, 72, 81, 97, 100, 102, 123, 152, 179, 181, 189, 233, 241, 253, 271, 285–287, 294–295, 311

belief. See also knowledge

distinctive of non-philosophers xxiv, 153–154, 161–162, 176

particulars are the objects of belief 161, 163–164, 168, 197, 203

Cave Allegory. See Chapter 11

Confucius 106

courage 118

courage as a personal virtue 17, 78–79, 98, 109–111, 120, 180, 294

courage as a political virtue 101–102, 118, 120, 153

dialectic 75, 120, 184, 195, 202, 204, 206–208, 214, 218, 235

disability xxii, 84–85, 90, 98

disgust 67, 81, 115–117, 123, 127, 136–137, 245, 283

distaste. See disgust

divided line analogy xviii, xxiv, 196, 198–202, 211–217, 219, 287, 301

education (paideia) xiv, xviii, xxii, xxv, 4, 66, 72, 94–96, 102, 110–111, 116, 118, 120, 122, 133–134, 136–137, 139, 147, 166, 176, 178, 207, 211–212, 214, 222, 224, 278, See Chapter 4

in decaying cities and souls 230–232, 235, 244–245

point of the Cave Allegory 211

Epicurus 239–241, 246, 267

epistemology

epistemological argument against imitative poetry 279, 283

relation to metaphysics 153, 161, 199, 279

falsehood 176–177

noble falsehood, the xxii, 87–90, 105–106, 110, 134, 285, 292

true v. verbal falsehoods 76–78, 88–90, 102, 133, 145, 177, 285

feminism xxiii, 140–144, 148, 241

Form of the good, the

and wisdom 186, 191, 268

epistemological, metaphysical, moral foundation xxiv, 156, 191, 195–196, 204–205

role in dialectic 204–205

role in education (paideia) 211, 214

sun analogy 194–196

Forms, the

Forms as essences xxiv, 154–156, 158–161, 178, 195, 203, 214, 264, 277

located in the intelligible world xxiv, xxv, 156, 195–198, 200, 211, 217–218, 301

mind-independent reality of xxiv, 10, 154, 156–157, 159–160, 175, 218, 263

more real than particular objects xxv, 10, 156–157, 160, 191, 197, 212, 217, 258, 263

particular objects as instances of xxiv, 154–157, 160–163, 171, 196

Powers Argument, the xxiv, xxv, 161–168, 172, 175, 183, 196, 217–218, 264–265, 301

function. See virtue(s)

Gyges, ring of 63–64, 123, 245

happiness (eudaimonia) xvi, xix, 39–40, 47–49, 66, 93–94, 146, 152, 219, 225, 236, 240, 252–254, 270, 301

arguments that a just life is happier 48–49, 51, See Chapter 13

hedonism 192–193, 239, 254

Hume, David 45–46, 126–127, 234, 267, 303, 311

hypotheses xxiv, 120, 184, 200–202, 204–206, 217

Socrates’ hypothetical method 195, 206, 218

ideal city (polis)

cooperative, not competitive 68

decline of the ideal city and soul xxv, See Chapter 12

economic organization via the Specialization Principle 69, 72, 84, 106, 126, 137–138, 235–236, 290

first, rustic city 68, 71, 97, 238, 276

second, luxurious city 71, 238

illusions

optical and hedonic 261–263

justice

as moral virtue generally xv, xxi, 1, 7

conventionalism about 31, 41, 61–63

defined as benefiting friends and harming enemies 11–16, 19–20, 48, 182

defined as each class of the city doing its own work 106, 121

defined as each part of the soul doing its own work xxiii, 121

defined as paying one’s debts and telling the truth xxi, 7–8

defined as what benefits the powerful xxi, 25–28, 30–32, 35, 38

immoralism about 42, 45, 47, 49–50

in decaying cities and souls 235

injustice worsens but does not destroy the soul 291

intrapersonal being v. interpersonal doing 93, 121

justice as a meta-virtue 109

justice as a personal virtue xvii, xix, xxii, xxiii, 93–94, 107, 118, 183

justice as a political virtue xvii, xix, xxii, 93–94, 106, 113

justice in decaying cities and souls 232, 234–236, 242, 245–246

personal justice as psychic health 123

relation to happiness xv, xvi, xix, xxii, 38–39, 46–47, 50, 56, 94, 265, 268

reputational benefits of seeming just 65–67, 234–235, 252

search for real definition of xiv, xv, xvii, xx, xxi, xxii, 2, 7, 26, 45, 50, 93

search for the real definition of 7, 96, 229

Kant, Immanuel 10, 80–81, 122, 226, 266, 300, 302

knowledge xiv, xxiv, 80, 87, 100, 118, 125, 139, 164, 179, 203, 252, 268, 270

as justified true belief 55–56, 66, 101, 167, 169, 204

as the good 193–194

distinctive of philosophers xxiv, 153–154, 176

infallibility of 168–172

knowledge v. belief xxiv, 101, 153–154, 161–163, 166–169, 172, 175–176, 196–197, 203, 217, 264

the Forms are the objects of knowledge 154, 161–164, 169, 171, 186, 196–197

love 82–83, 87–88, 125–126, 147, 153, 176–179, 245, 253

metaphysics

Forms, the. See Forms, the

Metaphysics of Pleasure Argument, the xxv, 257, 259, 263–265, 301–302

Plato’s metaphysical elevator 151, 157, 161, 191, 196, 204, 217–218, 263

Plato’s two-worlds metaphysics 172, 197, 217–218, 264, 287, 301

moderation

moderation as a personal virtue 78, 80, 114, 119, 179, 181, 275

moderation as a political virtue xxii, 102–104, 109, 118

poetry

constraints on poetic content 76–78, 275

constraints on poetic style 79–80, 275, 282

epistemological argument against imitative poetry 279–281

harmonic mode and rhythm 79–81, 95, 275, 282

imitation and narration 79, 276–277, 282–283

metaphysical argument against imitative poetry 277–279

moral argument against imitative poetry 282–284

Powers Argument, the. See Forms, the

soul (psuchê)

a fourth part of the soul? 287–289

analogy to city (polis) xxii, 67, 73, 93, 97, 114, 118, 121, 144, 183, 229, 289

‘an image of the soul in words’ 120, 265, 267–268

appetitive part xxiii, 115, 143

aristocratic soul governed by reason 256

democratic soul governed by lawful unnecessary appetites 238

distinctive pleasures of the soul’s distinct parts 254, 258

division via the Opposition Principle 114–115, 206

education as turning the soul 211–212, 214

harmony and justice 124

immortality of 48, 289–292, 296

myth of the metals, the 88–89, 110, 141

oligarchic soul governed by necessary appetites 233, 235

rational part xxiii, 115

spirited part xxiii, 115–117

timocratic soul governed by spirit 232

tyrannical soul governed by lawless unnecessary appetites 244

virtue(s)

cardinal virtues xxii, 17, 97–98, 105, 108, 111, 153, 181, 242

function 17–19, 37, 42, 48–49, 69, 94, 100–101, 117, 154, 162, 164, 166, 179

holistic v. particular virtues 100–102, 104, 110

personal virtues xxiii, 103, 118, 119, 120. See also courage; justice;  moderation;  wisdom

political virtues xxii, xxiii, 96. See also courage;  justice;  moderation; wisdom

virtue ethics 39, 122

virtues v. crafts, skills xxi, 13–15, 17, 35, 37–38, 43–45, 47, 168

wisdom

knowledge of what is best for the whole 87, 100–101, 109, 124, 138, 175, 180, 186, 191–192, 219, 236, 270

wisdom as a personal virtue 118, 124, 126, 138

wisdom as a political virtue 100–101