Untitled Page 09

3. Latin text
with study questions
and vocabulary aid

27: The only way is Pompey

Satis mihi multa verba fecisse videor, qua re esset hoc bellum genere ipso necessarium, magnitudine periculosum. Restat ut de imperatore ad id bellum deligendo ac tantis rebus praeficiendo dicendum esse videatur. Utinam, Quirites, virorum fortium atque innocentium copiam tantam haberetis, ut haec vobis deliberatio difficilis esset, quemnam potissimum tantis rebus ac tanto bello praeficiendum putaretis! Nunc vero – cum sit unus Cn. Pompeius, qui non modo eorum hominum qui nunc sunt gloriam, sed etiam antiquitatis memoriam virtute superarit – quae res est quae cuiusquam animum in hac causa dubium facere possit?

Study Questions:

• What type of clause does qua re introduce? Why is esset in the imperfect subjunctive?
• What kind of ablatives are genere ipso and magnitudine?
• Which word in the ut…videatur clause governs the preposition de?
• Explain the constructions of deligendo, praeficiendo, and dicendum esse.
• What type of clause does Utinam introduce?
• Identify and explain the tense and mood of haberetis.
• What kind of clause is ut…difficilis esset?
• What case are tantis rebus and tanto bello? How do they fit into the sentence?
• putaretis governs an indirect statement: identify the subject accusative and the infinitive.
• What is the position of unus in relation to the noun it modifies (Cn. Pompeius)?
• On what noun does the genitive phrase eorum hominum depend?
• Parse superarit.
• What kind of ablative is virtute?
• quae res est quae...: explain the uses of quae (2x).
• Why is possit in the subjunctive?
• Why does Cicero consider the kind of war under discussion inevitable (necessarium) and its scope perilous (periculosum)? (NB: To answer this question you have to read the speech from the beginning.)
• Who are the Quirites whom Cicero addresses? What is their role in the political system of late republican Rome?
• In the stretch ut haec ... putaretis! a number of alliterations occur: deliberatio, difficilis; potissimum, praeficiendum, putaretis; tantis, tanto. What (if anything) do they emphasize?

  satis (indeclinable)	enough, sufficient
  qua re (also: quare)	in what way, why (interrogative or relative adverb)
  genus, generis, n.	kind, type
  resto, -are, -iti	to remain (to be dealt with)
  deligo, -igere, -egi, -ectum	to pick out in preference to the rest, choose
  praeficio, -icere, -eci, -ectum	to put in charge (of), set over
  utinam (particle, used to reinforce wishes expressed by the subjunctive)	‘how I wish that’, ‘if only’
  fortis, -tis, -te	robust, vigorous, brave, resolute
  innocens, -ntis	blameless, upright, virtuous; harmless
  copia, -ae, f.	plentiful supply, abundance
  quisnam, quaenam, quidnam	[quis + nam] who/what
  potissimum (adverb)	especially, above all, preferably
  unus, -a, -um	one, a single; (here) only, alone
  Cn.	abbreviation of Gnaeus
  quisquam, quicquam	any (single) person, anyone (at all)
  dubius, -a, -um	uncertain what to do, hesitant

Stylistic Appreciation: Discuss the way in which Cicero positions himself vis-à-vis the audience in this paragraph. You may wish to focus on personal pronouns (mihi, vobis), Cicero’s use of qualifying words or phrases (satis, videor, videatur), his preference for passive or impersonal constructions, as well as rhetorical questions and assertions.

Discussion Point: Cicero argues that the citizens do not really have a choice: there is only one! Is that (ever) true? And do you think that everyone in Cicero’s original audience would have agreed? Who might have registered a protest?

28: The Perfect General, Pompey the Kid, and Mr. Experience

Ego enim sic existimo, in summo imperatore quattuor has res inesse oportere: scientiam rei militaris, virtutem, auctoritatem, felicitatem. Quis igitur hoc homine scientior umquam aut fuit aut esse debuit? qui e ludo atque e pueritiae disciplinis, bello maximo atque acerrimis hostibus, ad patris exercitum atque in militiae disciplinam profectus est; qui extrema pueritia miles in exercitu fuit summi imperatoris, ineunte adulescentia maximi ipse exercitus imperator; qui saepius cum hoste conflixit quam quisquam cum inimico concertavit, plura bella gessit quam ceteri legerunt, plures provincias confecit quam alii concupiverunt; cuius adulescentia ad scientiam rei militaris non alienis praeceptis sed suis imperiis, non offensionibus belli sed victoriis, non stipendiis sed triumphis est erudita. Quod denique genus esse belli potest, in quo illum non exercuerit fortuna rei publicae? Civile, Africanum, Transalpinum, Hispaniense, servile, navale bellum, varia et diversa genera et bellorum et hostium, non solum gesta ab hoc uno, sed etiam confecta nullam rem esse declarant in usu positam militari, quae huius viri scientiam fugere possit.

Study Questions:

• What kind of construction does existimo govern?
• Explain how scientiam rei militaris, virtutem, auctoritatem, felicitatem fit into the syntax of the sentence.
• What kind of ablative is hoc homine?
• Explain the construction of qui (3x) and cuius.
• What kind of ablative is extrema pueritia?
• What construction is ineunte adulescentia?
• maximi ipse exercitus imperator: which words are in the nominative, which in the genitive?
• Parse saepius.
• What is the difference between a hostis and an inimicus?
• What kind of ablative are alienis praeceptis, suis imperiis, offensionibus, victoriis, stipendiis, and triumphis?
• What is the subject of the relative clause in quo illum non exercuerit fortuna rei publica? Discuss its placement in the clause.
• Parse exercuerit and explain the mood.
• What are the subjects of declarant (the main verb of the last sentence)?
• declarant introduces an indirect statement: identify the subject accusative and the infinitive.
• What is the antecedent of the relative pronoun quae?
• Parse possit and explain the mood.

  existimo, -are, -avi, -atum	to think, judge, suppose (that)
  quattuor (indeclinable)	four
  insum, inesse, infui	to be present (in), be possessed (by)
  oportet, -êre, -uit	it is proper, right, requisite; it is demanded
  scientia, ae f.	knowledge
  virtus, -utis, f.	the quality typical of a true man; excellence, ability; moral excellence, virtue
  auctoritas, -atis, f.	commanding influence, authority, prestige
  felicitas, -atis, f.	good fortune (as a result of divine favour)
  igitur	in that case, then
  debeo, -êre, -ui, -itum	to be under an obligation; should, ought
  sciens, -ntis	aware, conscious, knowledgeable
  ludus, -i, m.	sport, play, game; place of instruction
  pueritia, -ae, f.	childhood, boyhood
  disciplina, -ae, f.	teaching, instruction, training
  militia, ae, f.	military service; warfare
  proficiscor, -ci, profectus sum	to set out, leave, depart (from... to...)
  extremus, -a, -um	situated at the edge; end of
  ineo, -ire, -ii/ivi, -itum	to come in, enter upon, begin
  adulescentia, -ae, f.	(young) adulthood
  confligo, -gere, -xi, -ctum	to collide, clash; do battle, fight; argue
  concerto, -are, -avi, -atum	to contend, fight, vie with; argue, dispute
  lego, -ere, legi, lectum	to pick out; to read
  provincia, -ae, f.	1. special function/task assigned to a magistrate 2. a provincial command 3. a territory outside Italy under direct Roman control, a province
  conficio, -icere, -eci, -ectum	to do, perform; make; produce, cause; finish off, complete; overwhelm, undo
  concupisco, -iscere, -ivi/ii, -itum	to conceive a strong desire for, covet
  alienus, -a, -um	not one’s own; of/belonging to others
  praeceptum, -i, n. (from praecipio)	a piece of advice, teaching; instruction
  imperium, -i, n.	the right of command invested in Roman high office
  offensio, -onis, f.	the action of striking against; setback, mishap; affront, outrage
  stipendium, -ii, n.	a cash payment, esp. to soldiers; a year or season of military service, campaign
  erudio, -ire, -ivi/ii, -itum	to instruct, train, educate (ad: in)
  exerceo, -ere, -ui, -itum	to train by practice, exercise; occupy
  fortuna, -ae, f.	good or bad fortune; vicissitudes
  Fortuna, -ae, f.	the goddess Fortune
  Transalpinus, -a, -um	situated in the region beyond the Alps [from the point of view of Rome]
  Hispaniensis, -is, -e	of or concerning Spain and its people
  servilis, -is, -e	of, belonging to, involving slaves
  usus, -us, m.	application, use; practical experience
  in usu	in one’s experience
  in usu poni/esse	to be in common use
  fugio, fugere, fugi	to run away, flee from, escape

Stylistic Appreciation: What are the rhetorical devices Cicero uses to convey a sense of Pompey’s comprehensive knowledge of military matters?

Discussion Point: Consider the four qualities that Cicero views as essential attributes of the perfect general: scientia rei militaris, virtus, auctoritas, felicitas. Are they still relevant qualities for military commanders today? Which qualities would your perfect general have?

Fig. 2 Roman statue of Pompey, in Villa Arconati a Castellazzo di Bollate (Milan).
Photograph by Guido Bertolotti, 2007. Image from Wikimedia.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PompeoMagno.jpg

29: His Excellence (and Excellences)

Iam vero virtuti Cn. Pompei quae potest oratio par inveniri? Quid est quod quisquam aut illo dignum aut vobis novum aut cuiquam inauditum possit adferre? Neque enim illae sunt solae virtutes imperatoriae, quae vulgo existimantur, labor in negotiis, fortitudo in periculis, industria in agendo, celeritas in conficiendo, consilium in providendo; quae tanta sunt in hoc uno, quanta in omnibus reliquis imperatoribus, quos aut vidimus aut audivimus, non fuerunt.

Study Questions:

• How does the dative virtuti fit into the sentence?
• What is the subject of the opening question?
• Identify and explain the mood of possit.
• Discuss Cicero’s manipulation of the term ‘virtus’ in this paragraph, starting with the switch from singular (virtuti) to plural (virtutes).
• Parse quae in the sentence quae tanta sunt in hoc uno... What is its antecedent?
• Cicero here lists those qualities of a general that are commonly thought of as such, but also claims that there are others: what are they? And how do they compare to labor in negotiis, fortitudo in periculis, industria in agendo, celeritas in conficiendo, and consilium in providendo?
• Why does Cicero distinguish between imperatores he and his audience have seen (vidimus) and those they have only heard of (audivimus)? Comment on the use of the first person plural verbs (vidimus, audivimus).

Stylistic Appreciation: What are the lexical and rhetorical devices Cicero uses in this paragraph to elevate Pompey’s claim to virtus above that of everyone else?

Discussion Point:

• vir-tus is related to vir (‘man’): its basic meaning is ‘manliness’. What did manliness comprise in late republican Rome? What does ‘being a man’ mean in 21st century Britain? What are the similarities, what the differences?
• Do you have to be a man to exhibit virtus?

  iam	at this point, now - in a transition to a new topic
  (often strengthened by vero):	further, besides
  par, paris	matching, equal
  + dative	measuring up to, equal to, adequate
  invenio, -enire, -eni, -entum	to encounter, come upon; discover, learn; to devise
  inauditus, -a, -um	unheard (of)
  adfero, -rre, attuli, allatum	to bring, fetch; adduce, relate
  imperatorius, -a, -um	of or belonging to a commanding officer
  vulgo (adv.)	in a way common to all, publicly, commonly
  existimo, -are, -avi, -atum	to form or hold an opinion of, judge; to think, suppose (that)
  negotium, -(i)i, n.	work, business; (pl.) public affairs
  industria, -ae, f.	diligence, application, industry
  provideo, -idere, -idi, -isum	to see in advance, see beforehand, to exercise forethought

30: Witnesses to the Truth!

Testis est Italia, quam ille ipse victor L. Sulla huius virtute et subsidio confessus est liberatam. Testis est Sicilia, quam multis undique cinctam periculis non terrore belli, sed consilii celeritate explicavit. Testis est Africa, quae magnis oppressa hostium copiis eorum ipsorum sanguine redundavit. Testis est Gallia, per quam legionibus nostris iter in Hispaniam Gallorum internecione patefactum est. Testis est Hispania, quae saepissime plurimos hostes ab hoc superatos prostratosque conspexit. Testis est iterum et saepius Italia, quae cum servili bello taetro periculosoque premeretur, ab hoc auxilium absente expetivit, quod bellum exspectatione eius attenuatum atque imminutum est, adventu sublatum ac sepultum.

Study Questions:

• Identify the subject accusative and the infinitive of the indirect statement introduced by confessus est.
• What noun does multis agree with? What noun does magnis agree with? What is the rhetorical effect of the placement of multis and magnis in their respective clauses?
• What kind of ablative are terrore and celeritate?
• On what noun does eorum ipsorum depend? And what noun does it refer back to?
• What is the subject of the relative clause per quam legionibus nostris iter in Hispaniam Gallorum internecione patefactum est?
• Identify and explain the case of legionibus nostris.
• What kind of genitive is Gallorum? What noun does it depend on?
• What kind of ablative is ab hoc?
• Parse saepius.
• In the sentence quae cum servili bello taetro periculosoque premeretur, ab hoc auxilium absente expetivit, is the cum a preposition or a conjunction?
• Explain the construction of quod (in the last sentence of the paragraph).
• Consider the references to ‘blood’ and ‘slaughter’ in this paragraph and sketch out the vision of Roman geopolitics that Cicero endorses here.
• Is there a logic to the sequence in which Cicero calls up his geographical witnesses?

Stylistic Appreciation: What rhetorical effect does the repetition of Testis est... at the beginning of each sentence create?

Discussion Point: Does it matter that some of the wars to which Cicero here alludes were civil wars? Which ones are they? How does he allude to them?

subsidium, -(i)i, n.	reinforcement, support; assistance, help
confiteor, -fiteri, -fessus sum	to admit, confess
undique (adverb)	from all sides or directions
cingo, -gere, -xi, -ctum	to surround, encircle
explico, -are, -avi/-ui, -atum/-itum	to free from, extricate
opprimo, -imere, -essi, -essum	to press on/against, smother, overpower, crush
redundo, -are, -avi, -atum	[re- + undo] to overflow, pour out
iter, itineris, n.	path, road; journey
internecio, -onis, f.	total destruction of life, massacre
patefacio, -facere, -feci, -factum	to make visible, reveal; to open, make accessible
prosterno, -ernere, -ravi, -ratum	to lay low, strike down, defeat utterly
conspicio, -icere, -exi, -ectum	to catch sight of, see, witness, discern
taeter, -tra, -trum	foul, horrible; morally offensive, vile
expeto, -ere, -ivi/-ii, -itum	to ask for, request, beg; seek after, try to obtain
exspectatio, -onis, f.	the state of waiting in suspense; expectation
attenuo, -are, -avi, -atum	to make thin/slender, weaken, reduce
imminuo, -uere, -ui, -utum	to reduce in amount or size, diminish
adventus, -us, m.	arrival
tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum	to raise, lift; remove, take away, get rid of
sepelio, -elire, -elivi/-elii, -ultum	to bury; submerge, overcome

31: Pacifying the Pond, or: Pompey and the Pirates

Testes nunc vero iam omnes orae atque omnes exterae gentes ac nationes, denique maria omnia, cum universa, tum in singulis oris omnes sinus atque portus. quis enim toto mari locus per hos annos aut tam firmum habuit praesidium, ut tutus esset, aut tam fuit abditus, ut lateret? quis navigavit, qui non se aut mortis aut servitutis periculo committeret, cum aut hieme aut referto praedonum mari navigaret? hoc tantum bellum, tam turpe, tam vetus, tam late divisum atque dispersum quis umquam arbitraretur aut ab omnibus imperatoribus uno anno aut omnibus annis ab uno imperatore confici posse?

Study Questions:

• Identify all words in the nominative in the opening sentence (testes nunc vero iam ... atque portus). What is the verb of the sentence?
• Explain the case of toto mari.
• What kind of ut-clauses are ut tutus esset and ut lateret?
• Compare and contrast the quis that introduces the second sentence (quis enim toto maris locus...) with the quis that introduces the third sentence (quis navigavit...): what is the difference?
• Explain the tense and mood of committeret.
• What kind of ablative is hieme?
• What kind of ablative is referto ... mari?
• Parse praedonum.
• What are the subject and the verb of the last sentence (hoc tantum bellum ... confici posse)? What is the rhetorical effect of their placement?
• Explain the tense and mood of arbitraretur.
• Identify the subject accusative and the verb of the indirect statement introduced by arbitraretur.
• What kind of ablative are ab omnibus imperatoribus and ab uno imperatore?
• What kind of ablative are uno anno and omnibus annis?
• Parse confici and explain its function in the sentence.
• In the opening sentence Cicero sketches a notional map of the entire Mediterranean coastline: how much of it was under Roman control at the time of his speech?
• What does the clause cum aut hieme aut referto praedonum mari navigaret tell us about ancient sea-faring?
• How and why does the accusative object of the final sentence (hoc tantum bellum, tam turpe, tam vetus, tam late divisum atque dispersum) rhetorically mirror the subject of the first sentence (testes nunc vero iam omnes orae atque omnes exterae gentes ac nationes, denique maria omnia, cum universa, tum ... omnes sinus atque portus)?
• Identify and appreciate the magnificent chiasmus in the final sentence.

  vero	moreover, indeed
  nunc	(here introducing the final, climactic item in Cicero’s list of witnesses:) as it is
  ora, -ae, f.	coast
  exter, -era, -erum	foreign
  gens, -tis, f.	nation, people, ethnicity; a (Roman) clan
  natio, -onis, f.	people, nation, ethnicity
  denique	finally, at last
  mare, -ris, (ablative: mari), n.	the sea
  cum... tum...	(correlating two circumstances, with tum indicating the more noteworthy one) both... and..., as well as
  universus, -a, -um	the whole of, entire
  singuli, -ae, -a (plural)	each one of, every single
  praesidium, -(i)i, n.	defence, protection, stronghold
  abditus, -a, -um	hidden from sight, concealed; remote, secluded
  lateo, -ere, -ui	to hide, be concealed, escape notice
  committo, -ittere, -isi, -issum	to bring into contact with; expose to
  hiems, -mis, f.	winter; winter weather; storm
  refertus, -a, -um (here + genitive)	crammed or stuffed full of
  praedo, -onis, m.	pirate
  turpis, -is, -e	offensive, disgusting, shameful, disgraceful
  vetus, -eris	old, veteran, long-standing, chronic
  late (adverb)	over a large area, widely
  divido, -idere, -isi, -isum	to separate, divide, distribute
  dispergo, -gere, -si, -sum	to spread about, scatter, disperse
  conficio, -icere, -eci, -ectum	to do, perform, accomplish; bring to completion

Stylistic Appreciation: Analyse the rhetorical design of the first sentence (Testis est ... sinus atque portus): how does its form reinforce its theme?

Discussion Point: What does the claim ‘Pompey brought the war against the pirates to an end’ imply? How did he do it?

32: The Pirates of the Mediterranean

Quam provinciam tenuistis a praedonibus liberam per hosce annos? quod vectigal vobis tutum fuit? quem socium defendistis? cui praesidio classibus vestris fuistis? quam multas existimatis insulas esse desertas, quam multas aut metu relictas aut a praedonibus captas urbes esse sociorum? Sed quid ego longinqua commemoro? Fuit hoc quondam, fuit proprium populi Romani, longe a domo bellare, et propugnaculis imperii sociorum fortunas, non sua tecta defendere. Sociis ego nostris mare per hos annos clausum fuisse dicam, cum exercitus vestri numquam Brundisio nisi hieme summa transmiserint? Qui ad vos ab exteris nationibus venirent captos querar, cum legati populi Romani redempti sint? Mercatoribus tutum mare non fuisse dicam, cum duodecim secures in praedonum potestatem pervenerint?

Study Questions:

• Explain the syntax of liberam.
• What kind of dative is vobis?
• What kind of dative is cui?
• What kind of dative is praesidio?
• Identify and explain the case of classibus vestris.
• Explain the difference between the quam in quam provinciam and the quam in quam multas.
• Identify the components of the indirect statement introduced by existimatis.
• What kind of ablative is metu?
• Parse longinqua.
• What kind of ablative is propugnaculis?
• Identify and explain the case of sociis ... nostris.
• What kind of ablative is Brundisio?
• What kind of ablative is hieme summa?
• Why is venirent in the imperfect subjunctive?
• What is the subject accusative and the infinitive of the indirect statement introduced by querar?
• legati populi Romani: which noun is in the nominative plural, which in the genitive singular?
• Try to imagine what an urbs capta entails.
• Explore the ways in which Cicero plays with ‘centre’ (Rome) and ‘periphery’ in this paragraph.
• What does Cicero mean when he says that ‘twelve axes’ (duodecim secures) fell into the hands of the pirates?
• With reference to phrases that refer to aggressive or defensive military measures, try to describe the picture of Rome’s imperial presence in the Mediterranean that Cicero is painting here.

  vectigal, -alis, n.	revenue
  tutus, -a, -um	safe, secure, protected from danger
  praesidium, -(i)i, n.	defence, protection
  classis, -is, f.	a naval force, fleet; a class or grade
  metus, -us, m. (f.)	fear, alarm, apprehension
  longinquus, -a, -um	situated at a distance, far-off, remote
  commemoro, -are, -avi, -atum	to recall, mention, relate
  quondam (adv.)	formerly, in ancient days; some day
  proprius, -a, -um	one’s own, personal, peculiar to, special
  bello, -are, -avi, -atum	to wage war, fight
  propugnaculum, -i, n.	a bulwark, rampart, defence
  fortuna, -ae, f.	fortune, chance, prosperity
  in plural:	wealth, property
  tectum, -i, n.	roof; house, dwelling
  claudo, -dere, -si, -sum	to close, shut; blockade
  legatus, -i, m.	an ambassador, envoy; legate
  redimo, -imere, -emi, -emptum	to buy back, ransom, rescue
  mercator, -oris, m.	merchant, trader
  duodecim (indeclinable)	twelve
  securis, -is, f.	an axe
  pervenio, -enire, -eni, -entum	to come to, arrive at, to pass into the hands of, to come under the control of

Stylistic Appreciation: The paragraph contains nine rhetorical questions. Can you identify sets and patterns?

Discussion Point: How would you define the way in which Cicero interacts with his audience in this paragraph?

33: Pirates ante portas!

Cnidum aut Colophonem aut Samum, nobilissimas urbes, innumerabilesque alias captas esse commemorem, cum vestros portus atque eos portus, quibus vitam et spiritum ducitis, in praedonum fuisse potestate sciatis? An vero ignoratis portum Caietae celeberrimum ac plenissimum navium inspectante praetore a praedonibus esse direptum? ex Miseno autem eius ipsius liberos, qui cum praedonibus antea bellum gesserat, a praedonibus esse sublatos? Nam quid ego Ostiense incommodum atque illam labem atque ignominiam rei publicae querar, cum prope inspectantibus vobis classis ea, cui consul populi Romani praepositus esset, a praedonibus capta atque oppressa est? Pro di immortales! tantamne unius hominis incredibilis ac divina virtus tam brevi tempore lucem adferre rei publicae potuit, ut vos, qui modo ante ostium Tiberinum classem hostium videbatis, nunc nullam intra Oceani ostium praedonum navem esse audiatis?

Study Questions:

• Identify and explain the mood of commemorem.
• Identify the subject accusatives and the infinitives of the indirect statements introduced by commemorem, sciatis, and ignoratis.
• What does Cicero mean by vitam et spiritum?
• What construction are inspectante praetore and inspectantibus vobis?
• Look at the verbs captas esse, esse direptum, esse sublatos, capta (sc. est), oppressa est. What do you notice about their voice? Is there a rationale for Cicero’s ‘choice of voice’ here? How does it change after pro di immortales!?
• cui consul…praepositus est: what case is cui and why? What is the antecedent?
• Does Cicero choose his moment for the exclamation pro di immortales well?
• What noun does tantam(ne) agree with? What is the rhetorical effect of its placement in the sentence?
• Explore the tension between ‘mortal’ and ‘immortal’ in the phrase unius hominis incredibilis ac divina virtus.
• What is the rhetorical effect of Cicero’s relentless references to pirates in this paragraph (in praedonum ... potestate; a praedonibus; cum praedonibus; a praedonibus; a praedonibus; nullam ... praedonum navem)?
• Discuss Cicero’s reference to seeing and spectatorship in this paragraph.
• Can you place the locations Cicero mentions here (Cnidus, Colophon, Samos, Caieta, Misenum, Ostia, the straits of Gibraltar) on a map? Is there a logic to the order in which they occur?

  Cnidus, -i, m.	Cnidus (a town in the extreme South-West of Caria)
  Colophon, -onis, m.	Colophon (a city in Ionia)
  Samos, -i, f. - acc. -um or -on	Samos (an island off the coast of Asia Minor)
  spiritus, -us, m.	the action of breathing, respiration;
  	breath (of life)
  scio, -ire, -ii/-ivi, -itum	to know, be aware of
  ignoro, -are, -avi, -atum	to have no knowledge of, be ignorant of
  celeber, -bris, -bre	much used, busy, frequented;
  	famed, celebrated, distinguished
  inspecto, -are, -avi, -atum	to look at, watch, observe; look on
  diripio, -ipere, -ipui, -eptum	to pull to pieces, tear to shreds
  	to seize as plunder, loot
  liberi, -um (or -orum), m. pl.	sons and daughters, children
  tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum	to pick up, take away, remove, carry off
  Ostiensis, -is, -e	of or belonging to Ostia
  incommodum, -i, n.	detriment, harm, disadvantage;
  	misfortune, trouble, set-back
  labes, -is, f.	disaster, defect;
  	stain upon honour or reputation, disgrace
  ignominia, -ae, f.	disgrace
  queror, -ri, -stus	to regret, complain, grumble, protest
  prope	in close proximity, near by;
  	(modifying a hyperbole): almost, pretty well
  praepono, -onere, -osui, -ositum	to place in front; to put in charge of
  modo (adverb)	only recently
  ostium, -(i)i, n.	a door, aperture, opening; mouth
  - ostium Oceani	the strait of Gibraltar

Stylistic Appreciation: How does Cicero maintain the supernatural colouring he introduces in his discourse with the exclamation pro di immortales! in the subsequent sentence?

Discussion Point: Why does Cicero refer to the pirates’ attack on Ostia as a national disgrace? What qualifies as a ‘national disgrace’ nowadays?

34: Pompey’s Cruise Control (I): ‘I Have a Fleet – and Need for Speed’

Atque haec qua celeritate gesta sint, quamquam videtis, tamen a me in dicendo praetereunda non sunt. Quis enim umquam aut obeundi negotii aut consequendi quaestus studio tam brevi tempore tot loca adire, tantos cursus conficere potuit, quam celeriter Cn. Pompeio duce tanti belli impetus navigavit? qui nondum tempestivo ad navigandum mari Siciliam adiit, Africam exploravit, in Sardiniam cum classe venit, atque haec tria frumentaria subsidia rei publicae firmissimis praesidiis classibusque munivit.

Study Questions:

• What kind of clause does qua introduce?
• What kind of ablative is a me? What is unusual about it?
• Explain the construction Cn. Pompeio duce.
• Explain the syntax of qui (in qui nondum...).
• Explain the syntax of navigandum.
• For most nouns in the fourth declension, the nominative singular, the genitive singular, the nominative plural, and the accusative plural all end in -us. Can you identify the three fourth-declension nouns in the paragraph and their respective cases? (One is in the nominative singular, one in the genitive singular, one in the accusative plural.)

Stylistic Appreciation: How does Cicero convey Pompey’s extraordinary speed of operation in his prose?

Discussion Point: What according to Cicero are Pompey’s priorities?

gero, -rere, -ssi, -stum	to bear, carry, perform, do
praetereo, -ire, -ii/-ivi, -itum	to pass by, go past; omit, pass over
obeo, -ire, -ivi/-ii, -itum	to meet with, visit; to attend
consequor, -qui, -cutus	to come after, follow; pursue; reach, achieve
quaestus, -us, m.	the acquisition of income, production of profit
studium, - (i)i, n.	zeal, enthusiasm, eagerness; pursuit
impetus, -us, m.	force, impetus; charge, assault; vigorous effort
tempestivus, -a, -um	seasonable; ready; suitable, opportune
frumentarius, -a, -um	of or concerned with corn; corn-
subsidium, -(i)i, n.	reserves; a supply kept in reserve
munio, -ire, -ivi/-ii, -itum	to fortify, guard from attack, safeguard

35: Pompey’s Cruise Control (II): ‘I Have a Fleet – and Need for Speed’

Inde cum se in Italiam recepisset, duabus Hispaniis et Gallia Transalpina praesidiis ac navibus confirmata, missis item in oram Illyrici maris et in Achaiam omnemque Graeciam navibus Italiae duo maria maximis classibus firmissimisque praesidiis adornavit, ipse autem, ut Brundisio profectus est, undequinquagesimo die totam ad imperium populi Romani Ciliciam adiunxit: omnes, qui ubique praedones fuerunt, partim capti interfectique sunt, partim unius huius se imperio ac potestati dediderunt. Idem Cretensibus, cum ad eum usque in Pamphyliam legatos deprecatoresque misissent, spem deditionis non ademit obsidesque imperavit. Ita tantum bellum, tam diuturnum, tam longe lateque dispersum, quo bello omnes gentes ac nationes premebantur, Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate confecit.

Study Questions:

• Identify the various clauses and constructions that make up the first long sentence (Inde cum ... Ciliciam adiunxit): what are the subjects, what the main verbs? How are they linked? How many ablative absolutes can you spot? How many subordinate clauses can you bracket off?
• Identify and explain the case of Brundisio.
• Can you explain how the Romans hit upon the verbal monstrosity undequinquagesimus, -a, -um to express ‘49th’?
• Parse dediderunt and identify its accusative object.
• Parse idem.
• Explain the construction obsides imperavit. What other constructions does the verb impero, imperare govern?
• Analyse the rhetorical design of Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate confecit.
• What kinds of ablative are extrema hieme, ineunte vere, media aestate?
• Cicero continues with his geopolitical discourse: can you place all the locations he mentions (including Illyria, Cilicia, and Pamphylia) on a map?

Stylistic Appreciation: This is the last of several paragraphs that Cicero devotes to Pompey’s campaign against the pirates. What are the rhetorical means by which he generates a sense of closure?

Discussion Point: Why did the Cretans prefer to surrender to Pompey, who was far away in Pamphylia, rather than to another Roman general in their vicinity?

inde (adverb)	from that place, thence, from there
recipio, -ipere, -epi, -eptum	to admit, receive, acquire, accept
se recipere	to turn back, withdraw, retire; return, get back
item (adverb)	similarly, likewise
adorno, -are, -avi, -atum	to get ready, prepare; equip, furnish; adorn
proficiscor, -icisci, -ectus	to set out, depart
undequinquagesimus, -a, -um	forty-ninth
adiungo, -gere, -xi, -ctum (here with ad)	to connect, link, attach; annex, acquire
ubique (adverb)	in any place whatever, anywhere; everywhere
partim (adverb)	partly
interficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum	to kill, destroy
dedo, -ere, -idi, -itum (reflexive)	to give (oneself) up, surrender
legatus, -i, m.	an ambassador, envoy, delegate; legate
deprecator, -oris, m.	one who pleads for clemency, intercessor
usque (adverb)	all the way to, as far as (with ad or in + acc.)
deditio, -onis, f.	surrender
adimo, -imere, -emi, -emptum	to remove, take away, deny, preclude
obses, -idis, m./(f.)	hostage; surety, pledge, guarantee
apparo, -are, -avi, -atum	to prepare, make ready, organize
ver, -ris, n.	spring

36: ‘Thou Art More Lovely and More Temperate’: Pompey’s Soft Sides

Est haec divina atque incredibilis virtus imperatoris: quid? ceterae, quas paulo ante commemorare coeperam, quantae atque quam multae sunt! Non enim bellandi virtus solum in summo ac perfecto imperatore quaerenda est, sed multae sunt artes eximiae huius administrae comitesque virtutis. Ac primum quanta innocentia debent esse imperatores! quanta deinde in omnibus rebus temperantia! quanta fide, quanta facilitate, quanto ingenio, quanta humanitate! quae breviter qualia sint in Cn. Pompeio consideremus: summa enim omnia sunt, Quirites, sed ea magis ex aliorum contentione quam ipsa per sese cognosci atque intellegi possunt.

Study Questions:

• What noun has to be supplied with ceterae?
• Identify and explain the case of paulo.
• In the sentence multae sunt artes eximiae huius administrae comitesque virtutis, which words are in the nominative plural, which in the genitive singular?
• What kind of ablative are innocentia, temperantia, fide, facilitate, ingenio and humanitate?
• What effect does the repetition of quanta generate?
• Why is the verb of the qualia-clause (sint) in the subjunctive?
• Identify and explain the mood of consideremus.
• Parse cognosci and intellegi.

Stylistic Appreciation: Cicero has reached a pivotal moment in his argument: after discussion of Pompey’s prowess as military leader, he now focuses on his personal qualities more broadly. Discuss the stylistic devices he uses to emphasize their importance.

Discussion Point: Can you find contemporary parallels for Cicero’s claim that good military leaders ought to possess ‘soft qualities’ of the kind he discusses here, to complement strategic or martial excellence?

paulum, -i, n.	a small amount, little, a little bit
ars, -tis, f.	skill, craftsmanship;
	personal characteristic, quality
	a systematic body of knowledge
eximius, -a, -um	outstanding, exceptional; special, distinct
administra, -ae, f.	a (female) assistant, ‘hand-maiden’
comes, -itis, m./f.	companion, partner, associate
innocentia, -ae, f.	freedom from guilt, innocence;
	uprightness, integrity
temperantia, -ae, f.	self-control, moderation, restraint
fides, -ei, f.	trust, guarantee, promise, assurance;
	good faith, honesty, honour;
	trustworthiness, reliability
facilitas, -atis, f.	facility, ease; good nature, indulgence
ingenium, -(i)i, n.	natural disposition, natural abilities, talent
humanitas, -atis, f.	human nature; humane character, kindness
qualis, -is, -e (interrogative)	of what kind or quality
contentio, -onis, f.	exercise, effort; contention, competition;
	contrast, comparison

37: SPQR Confidential

Quem enim imperatorem possumus ullo in numero putare, cuius in exercitu centuriatus veneant atque venierint? quid hunc hominem magnum aut amplum de re publica cogitare, qui pecuniam ex aerario depromptam ad bellum administrandum aut propter cupiditatem provinciae magistratibus diviserit aut propter avaritiam Romae in quaestu reliquerit? Vestra admurmuratio facit, Quirites, ut agnoscere videamini, qui haec fecerint: ego autem nomino neminem; quare irasci mihi nemo poterit, nisi qui ante de se voluerit confiteri. Itaque propter hanc avaritiam imperatorum quantas calamitates, quocumque ventum est, nostri exercitus ferant, quis ignorat?

Study Questions:

• Parse centuriatus.
• Identify and explain the mood of veneant atque venierint.
• What is the main verb of the sentence quid hunc hominem magnum aut amplum de re publica cogitare...? (NB: it needs to be supplied from the previous sentence.) What construction does it govern?
• Identify and explain the mood of diviserit and reliquerit.
• What case is Romae?
• Parse, and explain the syntax of, videamini.
• Parse voluerit.
• What weirdo form is ventum est?
• Identify and explain the mood of ferant.
• Vestra admurmuratio: how do you explain Cicero’s reference to unrest in the audience? Did he anticipate this murmur of outraged assent when drafting the speech? Did he add this bit after delivery, before disseminating the speech in writing – and how can we be sure that the admurmuratio actually happened? What is the effect of having a gesture to the original performance-context in the written version of the speech?
• Can you think of contemporary figures that (don’t) live up to Cicero’s injunction that public officials ought to magnum et amplum de re publica cogitare?

Stylistic Appreciation: How does Cicero generate an atmosphere of outraged collusion with his audience?

Discussion Point: What are the mechanisms by which ancient and modern governments ensure the proper use of public funds by elected officials? What laws against bribery and embezzlement existed in ancient Rome – as compared to contemporary Britain?

ullo in numero	of any account/in any esteem
centuriatus, -us, m.	the office of centurion
veneo, -ire, -ii (-itum)	[used as passive of vendo:]
	to be sold
Not to be confused with:
venio, venire, veni, ventum	to come
amplus, -a, -um	great, wide, spacious; glorious, magnificent
aerarium, -i, n.	(Rome’s) public treasury
depromo, -ere, -prompsi, -promptum	to draw out/forth, fetch
divido, -ere, -visi, -visum	to separate, divide; distribute, apportion
quaestus, -us, m.	acquisition, profit, advantage
- pecuniam in quaestu relinquere	to let out money at interest
admurmuratio, -onis, f.	a murmuring, murmur (here: of disapproval)
agnosco, -noscere, -novi, -notum	to know well; declare, announce; recognize
nomino, -are, -avi, -atum	to call by name, name; mention, accuse
irascor, irasci, iratus	to be angry (at)
	(most frequently, as here, with dative)
confiteor, confiteri, confessus	to acknowledge, confess, avow

38: Of Locusts and Leeches

Itinera, quae per hosce annos in Italia per agros atque oppida civium Romanorum nostri imperatores fecerint, recordamini: tum facilius statuetis, quid apud exteras nationes fieri existimetis. Utrum plures arbitramini per hosce annos militum vestrorum armis hostium urbes an hibernis sociorum civitates esse deletas? Neque enim potest exercitum is continere imperator, qui se ipse non continet, neque severus esse in iudicando, qui alios in se severos esse iudices non vult.

Study Questions:

• What kind of clause does quae introduce?
• Parse recordamini and arbitramini.
• Parse facilius.
• Identify and explain the tenses and moods (plural!) of statuetis and existimetis.
• What nouns (plural!) does plures agree with?
• What do you call the stylistic device on display in in iudicando ... iudices?
• Why could hosting a Roman winter-quarter prove so disastrous for allied communities? (Compare and contrast with modern-day protests by local communities against the closure of military bases in their region.)
• What is the timeframe of per hosce annos?

Stylistic Appreciation: In the utrum... an... clause, how do the elements in the utrum-part match up with the elements in the an-part?

Discussion Point: How does Cicero construe the relationship between ‘army’ and ‘general’ in this paragraph?

iter, itineris, n.

journey, march

-ce (hosce) a deictic particle, usually ‘enclitic’1

recordor, -ari, -atus	to think over, be mindful of, recollect
statuo, -uere, -ui, -utum	to place, fix, stand; to establish, decide, uphold
exter, extera, exterum	outside, external, foreign
existimo, -are, -avi, -atum	to value, esteem; form an opinion, judge; think
utrum... an...	(introducing a disjunctive question, the second
	alternative introduced by an): whether... or...
hiberna, -orum, n. pl.	winter encampment, winter quarters
contineo, -inere, -inui, -entum	to hold together, link, connect; keep within;
	to keep under control

39: Pompey the Peaceful, or: Imperialism with Gloves

Hic miramur hunc hominem tantum excellere ceteris, cuius legiones sic in Asiam pervenerint, ut non modo manus tanti exercitus, sed ne vestigium quidem cuiquam pacato nocuisse dicatur? Iam vero quem ad modum milites hibernent cotidie sermones ac litterae perferuntur. Non modo ut sumptum faciat in militem nemini vis adfertur, sed ne cupienti quidem cuiquam permittitur. Hiemis enim, non avaritiae perfugium maiores nostri in sociorum atque amicorum tectis esse voluerunt.

Study Questions:

• What is hic? (Hint: it’s not the demonstrative pronoun.)
• What case, number and gender is cuius? To whom does it refer?
• Identify and explain the mood of pervenerint.
• What declension (and what gender) are manus and exercitus? What case is manus in, what case exercitus?
• What type of clause does ut introduce?
• What construction does dicatur govern?
• What kind of clause is quem ad modum milites hibernent?
• Both hiemis and avaritiae are genitives dependent on refugium: but what type of genitive is hiemis, what type avaritiae?
• How many indirect statements can you find in this section? Can you identify the verbs introducing them, and find their subject accusatives?

Stylistic Appreciation: What are the rhetorical devices Cicero uses to emphasise the good behaviour of Pompey’s forces in Asia?

Discussion Point: Cicero ends this section by invoking the normative force of the ancestors. Are ‘older generations’ by definition ethically superior – in ancient Rome and elsewhere in history?

miror, -ari, -atus	to be surprised, amazed, bewildered; marvel
manus, -us, f.	hand; in the plural: band, troop
ne... quidem	not even [negating the enclosed word]
vestigium, -(i)i, n.	footprint, track
pacatus, -a, -um	tranquil, peaceable, disposed to peace
paco, -are, -avi, -atum	to impose a settlement on, bring under control, subdue
noceo, -ere, -ui, -itum	(regularly with dative): to harm, injure
iam vero	further, now, besides
quem ad modum/quemadmodum	(interrogative) in what way? how?
	(relative) in the manner in which
hiberno, -are, -avi, -atum	to spend the winter (esp. of troops)
cotidie (adverb)	every day, daily
sermo, -onis, m.	speech, talk; conversation, dialogue; gossip
litterae, -arum, f.	letters
perfero, -rre, pertuli, perlatum	to carry/convey to, deliver; tolerate, endure
sumptus, -us, m.	expenditure, outlay, expense
- sumptum facere	to expend money
hiems/hiemps, -mis, f.	winter
avaritia, ae, f.	greed, avarice, rapacity
perfugium, -(i)i, n.	a place of refuge, shelter
tectum, -i, n.	roof, ceiling; house, dwelling

40: No Sight-Seeing or Souvenirs for the Perfect General

Age vero ceteris in rebus qua ille sit temperantia, considerate. Unde illam tantam celeritatem et tam incredibilem cursum inventum putatis? Non enim illum eximia vis remigum aut ars inaudita quaedam gubernandi aut venti aliqui novi tam celeriter in ultimas terras pertulerunt, sed eae res, quae ceteros remorari solent, non retardarunt: non avaritia ab instituto cursu ad praedam aliquam devocavit, non libido ad voluptatem, non amoenitas ad delectationem, non nobilitas urbis ad cognitionem, non denique labor ipse ad quietem; postremo signa et tabulas ceteraque ornamenta Graecorum oppidorum, quae ceteri tollenda esse arbitrantur, ea sibi ille ne visenda quidem existimavit.

Study Questions:

• Can you think of any reasons why the imperative form Age is singular whilst considerate (equally imperative) is plural?
• What kind of clause is ceteris in rebus qua ille sit temperantia?
• What kind of ablative is qua... temperantia?
• What kind of clause does putatis introduce?
• Parse retardarunt. What is its accusative object?
• What do you think of Cicero’s use of synonyms such as voluptatem and delectationem? Do they complement each other (and if so how) or do they give the text a bloated wordiness?
• Identify the subject accusative and infinitive of the indirect statement introduced by arbitrantur.
• Identify and explain the case of sibi.
• How does the explanation of Pompey’s speed Cicero gives in this paragraph affect our understanding of his previous praise of Pompey’s speed as a facet of his martial prowess?

Stylistic Appreciation: Explore the rhetorical effect of negations in the passage.

Discussion Point: Describe and discuss the Romans’ attitude to Greece that comes through in this paragraph. How does Pompey differ from the ceteri?

age (vero)!	(a call for attention:) come!
unde	from which place, whence, where
cursus, -us, m.	the action of running; charge, onrush, motion,
	movement, speed
	journey, voyage, passage
invenio, -enire, -eni, -entum	to encounter, meet; to find, discover, come by
eximius, -a, -um	outstanding, exceptional, remarkable
remex, -igis, m.	oarsman, rower
remoror, -ari, -atus	to wait, linger, dally; delay, hold up
retardo, -are, -avi, -atum	to hinder the progress of, hold up, inhibit
devoco, -are, -avi, -atum	to call down; to call away, summon, divert
amoenitas, -atis, f.	allurement, attraction, charm; pleasant spot
delectatio, -onis, f.	pleasure, delight
nobilitas, -atis, f.	renown, celebrity, distinction; nobility
cognitio, -onis, f.	the act of getting to know, study, investigation
quies, -etis, f.	rest, repose, relaxation
signum, -i, n.	sign; (here) statue
tabula, -ae, f.	board, plank, panel of wood; writing-tablet;
	painting
tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum	to pick up, carry off, remove, eliminate
ne... quidem	not even
viso, -ere, -i	to go and look, view, visit

41: Saint Pompey

Itaque omnes nunc in iis locis Cn. Pompeium sicut aliquem non ex hac urbe missum, sed de caelo delapsum intuentur; nunc denique incipiunt credere, fuisse homines Romanos hac quondam continentia, quod iam nationibus exteris incredibile ac falso memoriae proditum videbatur; nunc imperii vestri splendor illis gentibus lucem adferre coepit; nunc intellegunt non sine causa maiores suos tum, cum ea temperantia magistratus habebamus, servire populo Romano quam imperare aliis maluisse. Iam vero ita faciles aditus ad eum privatorum, ita liberae querimoniae de aliorum iniuriis esse dicuntur, ut is qui dignitate principibus excellit, facilitate infimis par esse videatur.

Study Questions:

• Parse intuentur.
• Explain the syntax of the infinitives credere and fuisse.
• What kind of ablative is hac ... continentia?
• What is the antecedent of quod?
• Identify the words in the nominative in the clause quod iam nationibus exteris incredibile ac falso memoriae proditum videbatur.
• Parse falso and memoriae: why can’t falso modify memoriae?
• Who is the subject implied in intellegunt?
• Explain the tense of videbatur.
• In the cum-clause cum ea temperantia magistratus habebamus: who is the subject? What kind of ablative is ea temperantia? What case is magistratus?
• What kind of ablatives are dignitate and facilitate?
• What is the significance of the word delapsum? What impression does it give of Pompey?
• Who are the ancestors of the Eastern people who preferred to be subject to the Romans to ruling others?
• Discuss the way in which Cicero intertwines Pompey’s dignitas (‘social rank and standing in the community’) and his facilitas (‘accessibility’) in the last sentence of the paragraph: why does he stress facilitas so much?

Stylistic Appreciation: Discuss how Cicero employs the temporal adverbs quondam, iam and nunc in his argument.

Discussion Point: Can you think of contemporary public figures who combine dignitas with facilitas?

intueor, -eri, -itus	to look at, watch; observe, see; consider;
	to look upon, regard as
delabor, -bi, -psus	to fall, drop; descend, glide down; slip
incipio, -ipere, -epi, -eptum	to begin
falsus, -a, -um	erroneous, untrue; incorrect, wrong
prodo, -ere, -idi, -itum	(here) to hand down, transmit
splendor, -oris, m.	brightness, brilliance, radiance; lustre; glory
coepi, -isse, -tum	to begin
malo, -lle, -lui	to wish rather, prefer
aditus, -us, m.	approach, access, right of entry
privatus, -i, m.	one who holds no public office; individual
querimonia, -ae, f.	an expression of grievance, complaint, protest
iniuria, -ae, f.	unlawful conduct, injustice, injury
excello, -ere, -ui	to be pre-eminent, surpass, excel
facilitas, -atis, f.	ease, facility, indulgence
infimus, -a, -um	lowest in position, most undistinguished,
	humblest
par, paris	matching, equal, similar, like

42: Peace for our Time

Iam quantum consilio, quantum dicendi gravitate et copia valeat, in quo ipso inest quaedam dignitas imperatoria, vos, Quirites, hoc ipso ex loco saepe cognovistis. Fidem vero eius quantam inter socios existimari putatis, quam hostes omnes omnium generum sanctissimam iudicarint? Humanitate iam tanta est, ut difficile dictu sit, utrum hostes magis virtutem eius pugnantes timuerint an mansuetudinem victi dilexerint. Et quisquam dubitabit quin huic hoc tantum bellum permittendum sit, qui ad omnia nostrae memoriae bella conficienda divino quodam consilio natus esse videatur?

Study Questions:

• Why is valeat in the subjunctive?
• What kind of ablative are consilio, gravitate and copia?
• What is the antecedent of the relative pronoun quam?
• Parse generum.
• Parse iudicarint and explain the mood.
• What kind of ablative is humanitate?
• What kind of clause is ut difficile dictu sit?
• Parse dictu.
• Parse pugnantes.
• dicendi (in the first sentence) goes with both gravitate and copia; eius (in the penultimate sentence) goes with both virtutem and mansuetudinem. What do you call this phenomenon?
• Explain the construction governed by the preposition ad (ad omnia nostrae memoriae bella conficienda).
• Why is videatur in the subjunctive?
• What does Cicero mean when he says that public oratory comprises quaedam dignitas imperatoria?

Stylistic Appreciation: Discuss the rhetorical effect of Cicero’s use of quantus, -a, -um and tantus, -a, -um.

Discussion Point: Cicero argues that the secret of Pompey’s ability to bring wars to a successful conclusion derives in large part from his ‘soft qualities’ – the reliability of his ‘word’ (fides) and his human kindness (humanitas). Is that a principle that holds true elsewhere in history?

gravitas, -atis, f.	weight, heaviness; dignity, importance, gravity
copia, -ae, f.	abundant power, wealth, riches, fullness, copiousness, multitude, abundance
valeo, -ere, -ui, -itum	to be strong; to have power, force, influence
	to avail, prevail, be strong, effective
insum, inesse, infui	to be in or upon; to be contained in, to be in,
	to belong to, to appertain to
dignitas, -atis, f.	dignity, greatness, grandeur, authority, rank
imperatorius, -a, -um	of or belonging to a general
cognosco, -ere, cognovi, cognitum	to become thoroughly acquainted with,
	to perceive, understand
genus, -eris, n.	birth, descent, origin; kind, type, character
sanctus, -a, -um	sacred, inviolable
mansuetudo, -inis, f.	mildness, gentleness, clemency
diligo, -ere, dilexi, dilectum	to value/esteem highly, love
permitto, -ere, permisi, permissum	to let go through; to give up, intrust, surrender, commit; to give leave, let, allow, suffer, grant, permit
quin (conjunction + subjunctive)	that
memoria, -ae, f.	memory, recollection
	the period of recollection, time
nascor, nasci, natus sum	to be born, to rise, to arise, to spring forth

43: Rumour and Renown: Pompey’s auctoritas

Et quoniam auctoritas quoque in bellis administrandis multum atque in imperio militari valet, certe nemini dubium est quin ea re idem ille imperator plurimum possit. Vehementer autem pertinere ad bella administranda, quid hostes, quid socii de imperatoribus nostris existiment, quis ignorat, cum sciamus homines in tantis rebus, ut aut contemnant aut metuant, aut oderint aut ament, opinione non minus et fama quam aliqua ratione certa commoveri? Quod igitur nomen umquam in orbe terrarum clarius fuit? cuius res gestae pares? de quo homine vos, id quod maxime facit auctoritatem, tanta et tam praeclara iudicia fecistis?

Study Questions:

• Explain the grammar and syntax of multum and plurimum.
• What kind of ablative is ea re?
• Identify the subject accusative and the infinitive of the indirect statement introduced by ignorat.
• Identify and explain the mood of existiment.
• What kind of clause does ut introduce?
• What kind of ablative are opinione, fama, and ratione?
• Identify the subject accusative and the infinitive of the indirect statement introduced by sciamus.
• Parse clarius.
• What verb form has to be supplied in the clause cuius res gestae pares?
• What is auctoritas? How does it differ from potestas or imperium? Is Cicero right to claim that the reputation/prestige of the general matters in warfare?

Stylistic Appreciation: In the indirect statement dependent on sciamus Cicero switches into an ‘anthropological register’ with a statement about how humans behave in extreme situations. What is the rhetorical effect of this switch?

Discussion Point: Can you think of figures in your life who are formally invested with power of one sort or another because of their social role or office (= potestas) but have little or no auctoritas (‘commanding respect’) – or, conversely, of individuals who do not possess any formal powers but nevertheless command respect and obedience? How would you explain this?

quoniam	since, seeing that, inasmuch as, because
quoque	in the same way, too, likewise, no less
valeo, -ere, -ui, -itum	to be powerful, be well, be potent; to have the ability or power (with infinitive or internal accusative)
dubius, -a, -um	hesitant, undecided, doubtful, uncertain
quin (conjunction + subjunctive)	that
possum, posse, potui	to be able (to); to have power, influence, or importance
vehementer (adverb)	with great force, violently, firmly
pertineo, -ere, -ui	to extend, reach; pertain to, be a concern
contemno, -nere, -psi, -ptum	to regard with contempt, look down on; to disregard
metuo, -ere, -i	to fear, be afraid
odi, -isse	to hate, dislike
opinio, -onis, f.	opinion, belief; fancy, imagination
fama, -ae, f.	news, tidings; rumour, hearsay;
	public opinion; fame, glory, renown
commoveo, -overe, -ovi, -otum	to move, shake, agitate; to interest, stimulate, prompt, strike
clarus, -a, -um	loud, sonorous; bright, shining; celebrated, famous
par, paris	matching, equal, similar, like
praeclarus, -a, -um	very clear/bright; excellent, famous, celebrated

44: Case Study I: The Socio-Economics of Pompey’s auctoritas

An vero ullam usquam esse oram tam desertam putatis, quo non illius diei fama pervaserit, cum universus populus Romanus referto foro completisque omnibus templis, ex quibus hic locus conspici potest, unum sibi ad commune omnium gentium bellum Cn. Pompeium imperatorem depoposcit? Itaque, ut plura non dicam neque aliorum exemplis confirmem, quantum auctoritas valeat in bello, ab eodem Cn. Pompeio omnium rerum egregiarum exempla sumantur: qui quo die a vobis maritimo bello praepositus est imperator, tanta repente vilitas annonae ex summa inopia et caritate rei frumentariae consecuta est unius hominis spe ac nomine, quantum vix in summa ubertate agrorum diuturna pax efficere potuisset.

Study Questions:

• oram: why does Cicero use this particular word as opposed to, say, regionem? What kind of implications does it have?
• What kind of construction does putatis introduce?
• Specify and explain the mood of pervaserit.
• What kind of construction are referto foro and completis omnibus templis?
• hic locus: what place in Rome is Cicero talking about?
• What kind of clause is ut plura non dicam neque aliorum exemplis confirmem?
• What kind of clause is quantum auctoritas valeat in bello?
• Specify and explain the mood of sumantur.
• Explain the syntax of qui.
• What kind of ablative is a vobis?
• On what words does the genitive unius hominis depend and what kinds (! plural intended) of genitive is it?
• What kind of ablatives are spe and nomine?
• Parse potuisset and explain the mood.
• illius diei fama: how does Cicero convey the atmosphere in Rome on this day?

an	introducing direct questions with a notion of
	surprise/indignation: ‘can it really be that...?’
usquam	in any place, anywhere
pervado, -dere, -si, -sum	to cross, traverse; pervade, penetrate
refercio, -cire, -si, -tum	to cram or stuff full
forum, -i, n.	the forum
compleo, -ere, -evi, -etum	to fill, to occupy a space, throng
conspicio, -icere, -exi, -ectum	to see, stare at, watch, discern
deposco, -scere, -posci	to demand (peremptorily), ask for
confirmo, -are, -avi, -atum	to strengthen, corroborate
egregius, -ia, -ium	outstanding, excellent, splendid, pre-eminent
sumo, -mere, -mpsi, -mptum	to take, put on, seize, get, procure
maritimus, -a, -um	relating to the sea, naval
praepono, -onere, -osui, -ositum	to place in front, set in authority over,
	put in charge of
repente (adverb)	without warning, suddenly; in an instant
vilitas, -atis, f.	lowness of price, cheapness
annona, -ae, f.	(annual) marketable output, produce;
	the supply of corn; corn, food
inopia, -ae, f.	lack of wealth, poverty; dearth;
	shortage, scarcity
caritas, -atis, f.	dearness, high price; love, affection, esteem
res frumentaria	the corn-supply
consequor, -qui, -cutus	to go or come after, to follow
vix (adverb)	with difficulty, hardly, barely, just
ubertas, -atis, f.	productiveness, fruitfulness, fertility, abundance

Stylistic Appreciation: Discuss the ways in which Cicero relates Pompey to the Roman commonwealth (and the world as a whole) with reference to the comprehensive, superlative, and extreme expressions in the paragraph (e.g. ullam ... oram, tam desertam, universus populus Romanus, omnibus templis, ad commune omnium gentium bellum, omnium rerum egregiarum exempla, tanta vilitas, ex summa inopia et caritate, in summa ubertate agrorum, diuturna pax).

Discussion Point: Explore the correlation between the appointment of Pompey as general in the war against the pirates and the ensuing drop in the price of corn in Rome. Why is this ‘cause-and-effect’ relationship between a political decision and its economic consequences such a brilliant illustration of Pompey’s auctoritas?

45: Case Study II: Pompey’s auctoritas and psychological warfare

Iam accepta in Ponto calamitate ex eo proelio, de quo vos paulo ante invitus admonui, cum socii pertimuissent, hostium opes animique crevissent, satis firmum praesidium provincia non haberet, amisissetis Asiam, Quirites, nisi ad ipsum discrimen eius temporis divinitus Cn. Pompeium ad eas regiones fortuna populi Romani attulisset. Huius adventus et Mithridatem insolita inflatum victoria continuit et Tigranem magnis copiis minitantem Asiae retardavit. Et quisquam dubitabit, quid virtute perfecturus sit, qui tantum auctoritate perfecerit? aut quam facile imperio atque exercitu socios et vectigalia conservaturus sit, qui ipso nomine ac rumore defenderit?

Study Questions:

• What kind of construction is accepta in Ponto calamitate?
• What kind of ablative is paulo?
• Parse pertimuissent, crevissent and haberet.
• Specify and explain the mood and tense of amisissetis and attulisset.
• What form is divinitus? What is the subject of the nisi-clause?
• What kind of ablative is magnis copiis?
• Parse minitantem.
• What kind of clauses do quid and quam introduce?
• What forms are perfecturus sit and conservaturus sit?
• Specify and explain the mood of perfecerit and defenderit.
• What are the accusative objects of defenderit?
• Explore how Cicero represents the complementary impact of the virtus and the auctoritas of Pompey.

Stylistic Appreciation: How does the syntax of the first sentence reinforce Cicero’s themes and rhetorical agenda?

Discussion Point: What entity/force does Cicero refer to with fortuna populi Romani?

accipio, -ipere, -epi, -eptum	to receive, acquire, get
proelium, -(i)i, n.	battle
paulum, -i, n.	a small amount, little, a little bit
invitus, -a, -um	unwilling, reluctant
admoneo, -ere, -ui, -itum	to give a reminder to, to remind (of or that)
pertimesco, -escere, -ui	to become very scared, take excessive fright
ops, opis, f.	power, ability
plural:	domination, influence, resources
animus, -i, m.	mind; courage, spirit, morale
cresco, -ere, crevi, cretum	to be born, arise; develop, grow, increase
amitto, -ittere, -isi, -issum	to send away, dismiss; to forfeit, lose
discrimen, -inis, n.	a separating line, a point in which things differ; a decisive stage, critical point, crisis
divinitus (adverb)	by divine agency or inspiration, providentially
insolitus, -a, -um	unusual, unfamiliar
inflo, -are, -avi, -atum	to fill with air, puff out, inflate; cause to swell
minitor, -ari, -atus (+ dative)	to threaten (somebody/something)
retardo, -are, -avi, -atum	to hinder the progress of, inhibit
dubito, -are, -avi, -atum	to be in doubt, be uncertain
vectigal, -alis, n.	revenue
rumor, -oris, m.	noise, rumour, reputation, esteem

46: auctoritas Supreme

Age vero illa res quantam declarat eiusdem hominis apud hostes populi Romani auctoritatem, quod ex locis tam longinquis tamque diversis tam brevi tempore omnes huic se uni dediderunt: quod a communi Cretensium legati, cum in eorum insula noster imperator exercitusque esset, ad Cn. Pompeium in ultimas prope terras venerunt eique se omnes Cretensium civitates dedere velle dixerunt! Quid? idem iste Mithridates nonne ad eundem Cn. Pompeium legatum usque in Hispaniam misit? eum quem Pompeius legatum semper iudicavit, ii quibus erat molestum ad eum potissimum esse missum, speculatorem quam legatum iudicari maluerunt. Potestis igitur iam constituere, Quirites, hanc auctoritatem, multis postea rebus gestis magnisque vestris iudiciis amplificatam, quantum apud illos reges, quantum apud exteras nationes valituram esse existimetis.

Study Questions:

• What word does quantam agree with?
• Parse communi and legati.
• Who is the noster imperator?
• Which words does the -que after ei connect?
• Parse ei.
• Explain the syntax of se and omnes ... civitates.
• Identify the subject accusative and the infinitive of the indirect statement dependent on existimetis.

Stylistic Appreciation: What are the stylistic devices Cicero uses to highlight Pompey’s auctoritas?

Discussion Point: If you were a member of one of Rome’s established senatorial families, how would you react to Cicero’s rhetoric in this paragraph?

declaro, -are, -avi, -atum	to make known, declare, tell, reveal; testify to, show
dedo, -ere, -idi, -itum	to yield possession of, give up, surrender
commune, -is, n.	property of rights held in common; commonwealth, state, collective body
usque (ad/in) (adverb)	all the way (to), right up (to), as far (as)
molestus, -a, -um	troublesome, annoying, vexing
potissimum (adverb)	especially, above all
speculator, -oris, m.	a spy
constituo, -uere, -ui, -utum	to set up, establish, locate; arrange, agree on
valeo, -ere, -ui, -itum	to have strength, be powerful, have weight

47: Felicitas, or how not to ‘Sull(a)y’ Pompey

Reliquum est ut de felicitate, quam praestare de se ipso nemo potest, meminisse et commemorare de altero possumus, sicut aequum est homines de potestate deorum, timide et pauca dicamus. Ego enim sic existimo, Maximo, Marcello, Scipioni, Mario, et ceteris magnis imperatoribus non solum propter virtutem, sed etiam propter fortunam saepius imperia mandata atque exercitus esse commissos. Fuit enim profecto quibusdam summis viris quaedam ad amplitudinem et ad gloriam et ad res magnas bene gerendas divinitus adiuncta fortuna. De huius autem hominis felicitate, de quo nunc agimus, hac utar moderatione dicendi, non ut in illius potestate fortunam positam esse dicam, sed ut praeterita meminisse, reliqua sperare videamur, ne aut invisa dis immortalibus oratio nostra aut ingrata esse videatur.

Study Questions:

• What is the object of meminisse and commemorare?
• Identify the subject accusative and infinitive of the indirect statement introduced by existimo.
• What is missing from the clause sicut aequum est homines de potestate deorum and has to be supplied from the surrounding text?
• Which name is conspicuously absent from Cicero’s list of generals who enjoyed outstanding fortuna?
• Parse saepius.
• What noun does quaedam modify? What is the rhetorical effect of its placement in the sentence?

Stylistic Appreciation: Cicero declares that he wishes to speak about Pompey’s felicitas ‘timide et pauca’. What are the rhetorical ploys by which he puts this principle into practice?

Discussion Point: felicitas indicates divine support. Can you think of contemporary politicians who appeal to the supernatural sphere as a source of support in governance?

reliquus, -qua, -quum	the rest of, the remaining
reliquum est	for the rest
praesto, -are, -iti (-avi), -atum (-itum)	to be outstanding/superior, excel; to make available, furnish, supply; vouch for
sicut	in the same way as, just as... (so)...
timide (adverb)	apprehensively, nervously
propter (preposition + accusative)	because of, on account of, thanks to
mando, -are, -avi, -atum	to hand over, deliver, entrust
committo, -ittere, -isi, -issum	to join, engage; entrust to; bring about
profecto (adverb)	without question, undoubtedly, assuredly
amplitudo, -inis, f.	size, bulk, extent; distinction, eminence, prestige
divinitus	by divine agency or inspiration
adiungo, -gere, -xi, -ctum	to connect, link up, attach to, assign
ago, agere, egi, actum	to drive
agere de	to speak about, treat, discuss
utor, uti, usus + ablative	to use, employ
moderatio, -onis, f.	moderation, restraint
praeteritus, -a, -um	that has occurred, been done; past, bygone
invisus, -a, -um	hateful, odious, disliked, unpopular
ingratus, -a, -um	ungrateful, thankless, unappreciative;
+ dative	unwelcome to, displeasing to, unpopular with

48: The Darling of the Gods

itaque non sum praedicaturus, quantas ille res domi militiae, terra marique, quantaque felicitate gesserit, ut eius semper voluntatibus non modo cives adsenserint, socii obtemperarint, hostes oboedierint, sed etiam venti tempestatesque obsecundarint: hoc brevissime dicam, neminem umquam tam impudentem fuisse, qui ab dis immortalibus tot et tantas res tacitus auderet optare, quot et quantas di immortales ad Cn. Pompeium detulerunt: quod ut illi proprium ac perpetuum sit, Quirites, cum communis salutis atque imperii, tum ipsius hominis causa, sicuti facitis, velle et optare debetis.

Study Questions:

• non sum praedicaturus... – What is the technical term for this literary technique, and what is the effect of employing it here?
• Parse domi militiae and terra marique.
• Identify and explain the mood of gesserit.
• Parse obtemperarint and obsecundarint.
• Identify and explain the mood of auderet.
• How does quod ut illi proprium ac perpetuum sit fit into the syntax of the sentence?

Stylistic Appreciation: Explore the ways in which Cicero hints at a quasi-divine status for Pompey without actually turning him into a god.

Discussion Point: What relationship between Pompey and the gods does Cicero posit in this paragraph?

praedico, -are, -avi, -atum	to make known, proclaim, declare
voluntas, -atis, f.	will, intention, disposition
adsentio, -tire, -si, -sum	to agree, assent, approve
obtempero, -are, -avi, -atum	to be submissive to, comply with, obey
oboedio, -ire, -ivi/-ii, -itum	to obey, submit to
obsecundo, -are, -avi, -atum	to act in compliance or support, fall in with
impudens, -ntis	shameless, impudent, brazen
tacitus, -a, -um	silent, quiet, secret
audeo, -ere, -sus	to dare, venture
opto, -are, -avi, -atum	to wish, desire, pray for
defero, -rre, detuli, delatum	to carry, convey, bring; transfer; confer, grant to
proprius, -a, -um	belonging, one’s own, one’s own property
perpetuus, -a, -um	continuous, permanent
causa (preposition + genitive)	because of, on account of

49: Summing Up

Quare cum et bellum sit ita necessarium, ut neglegi non possit, ita magnum, ut accuratissime sit administrandum, et cum ei imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo sit eximia belli scientia, singularis virtus, clarissima auctoritas, egregia fortuna, dubitatis, Quirites, quin hoc tantum boni, quod vobis ab dis immortalibus oblatum et datum est, in rem publicam conservandam atque amplificandam conferatis?

Study Questions:

• What kind of ut-clause are ut neglegi non possit and ut accuratissime sit administrandum?
• Parse ei. What does it refer back to?
• Explain the subjunctive (sit) in the relative clause introduced by in quo.
• What kind of genitive is boni?

Stylistic Appreciation: What are the rhetorical devices Cicero uses to render his summing-up both clear and memorable?

Discussion Point: What relationship does Cicero construe between the gods and the Roman citizens?

neglego, -gere, -xi, -ctum	to disregard, ignore, do nothing about
accuratus, -a, -um	carefully performed or prepared, meticulous
praeficio, -icere, -eci, -ectum	to put in charge (of), set over
eximius, -a, -um	outstanding, exceptional, remarkable, special
singularis, -is, -e	alone, peculiar, special; remarkable, unusual
clarus, -a, -um	sonorous; bright, shining; celebrated, famous
egregius, -a, -um	outstanding, excellent, splendid
tantum, -i, n. (pronoun)	such a quantity, so much
bonum, -i, n.	any good, boon, advantage, blessing
offero, -rre, obtuli, oblatum	to put in the path of, provide, supply, offer
amplifico, -are, -avi, -atum	to enlarge, increase; extol, exalt, magnify
confero, -rre, contuli, collatum	to carry, convey; direct, aim; confer, bestow;
	to bring together; compare

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1 ‘enclitic’ is a linguistic term deriving from the Greek enklinein = ‘to lean on’; it is a word that does not stand on its own so gets attached to (‘leans on’) the preceding one.

http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0045.02