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    © Ingo Gildenhard, CC BY 4.0 https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0156.03

    § 44: A Glance at Teenage Antony: Insolvent, Transgendered, Pimped, and Groomed

    Visne igitur te inspiciamus a puero? sic opinor; a principio ordiamur. tenesne memoria praetextatum te decoxisse? ‘patris’, inquies, ‘ista culpa est’. concedo. etenim est pietatis plena defensio. illud tamen audaciae tuae quod sedisti in quattuordecim ordinibus, cum esset lege Roscia decoctoribus certus locus constitutus, quamvis quis fortunae vitio, non suo decoxisset. sumpsisti virilem, quam statim muliebrem togam reddidisti. primo vulgare scortum; certa flagitii merces nec ea parva; sed cito Curio intervenit, qui te a meretricio quaestu abduxit et, tamquam stolam dedisset, in matrimonio stabili et certo collocavit.

    Study Questions:

    • Parse visne.
    • Identify and explain the mood of inspiciamus.
    • Identify and explain the mood of ordiamur.
    • On what noun does the genitive patris depend?
    • Parse inquies.
    • Identify and explain the case of audaciae tuae.
    • What did the lex Roscia stipulate? When was it passed?
    • What noun does the adjective virilem modify?
    • Who was Curio?

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • How would you describe the overall tone Cicero adopts in this paragraph? Can you point to specific details in the text that epitomize it?
    • What is the rhetorical effect of the word order in the sentence etenim est pietatis plena defensio?
    • Discuss Cicero’s choice of adverbs and adjectives in the second half of the passage, with an eye to the contrast between the seemingly banal (certus, statim, certa, parva, cito, certo) and the more elaborate (virilem, muliebrem, vulgare, meretricio, stabili).

    Discussion Points:

    • What’s Cicero cooking up here (cf. decoxisse, decoctoribus, decoxisset) — or how does he construe a plot reminiscent of Peter Greenaway’s The Cook, the Thief, His Wife, & Her Lover — with Antony performing in all four roles?
    • Clothes make the wo/man: discuss the fashion-show staged in this paragraph (cf. praetextatum, virilem (sc. togam), muliebrem togam, stolam).
    • Why is cross-dressing funny? Discuss with reference to contemporary takes, such as Some Like it Hot, Tootsie, or The World According to Garp.
    • Can you think of more recent instances in which public figures are shamed for (alleged) misdemeanors in their youth? What’s your take on this practice?

    inspicio, -icere, -exi, -ectum

    to examine, investigate, consider

    opinor, -ari, -atus

    to hold as an opinion, think, believe

    ordior, -diri, -sus

    to embark on, start, begin

    praetextatus, -a, -um

    being of an age to wear the toga praetexta

    decoquo, -quere, -xi, -ctum

    to boil down, waste away, squander;

    to be unable to pay debts;

    (intr.) to become insolvent

    concedo, -dere, -ssi, -ssum

    to go away, withdraw; to concede, grant

    etenim (conj.)

    and indeed; for

    audacia, -ae, f.

    daring, boldness, impudence, recklessness

    sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessum

    to sit, be seated

    quattuordecim

    fourteen

    ordo, -inis, m.

    row (of seats in a theatre), rank, standing order

    decoctor, -oris, m. [decoquo + tor]

    an insolvent person, defaulting debtor

    quamvis

    to any degree you like

    no matter how, however much

    vitium, -i, n.

    defect, fault, disadvantage

    sumo, -mere, -mpsi, -mptum

    to take up, put on (clothes etc.), seize

    toga virilis

    the toga worn by free male Roman upon reaching maturity

    statim (adv.)

    immediately, at once

    toga muliebris

    a toga worn by prostitutes and other stigmatized females prohibited from wearing the stola

    reddo, -ere, -idi, -itum

    to give back, restore, repay, render, deliver

    (w. predicate) to render, cause to turn out

    vulgaris, -is, -e

    common, ordinary, everyday

    scortum, -i, n.

    whore, prostitute, harlot

    certus, -a, -um

    fixed, settled, definite; certain, indisputable

    flagitium, -(i)i, n.

    shameful / disgraceful act; disgrace, infamy

    merces, -edis, f.

    payment for services rendered, wage, reward

    cito (adv.)

    quickly

    meretricius, -a, -um

    of, belonging to, or typical of a prostitute

    quaestus, -us, m.

    income, profit, occupation

    abduco, -cere, -xi, -ctum

    to lead away, carry off, remove;

    to attract away, entice away; divert

    tamquam (conj.)

    just as, (w. subj.) as though

    stola, -ae, f.

    garment for upper-class married women

    stabilis, -is, -e

    steady, lasting, permanent

    colloco, -are, -avi, -atum

    to put or set up, settle, establish, bestow

    § 45: Desire and Domesticity: Antony’s Escapades as Curio’s Toy-Boy

    Nemo umquam puer emptus libidinis causa tam fuit in domini potestate quam tu in Curionis. quotiens te pater eius domu sua eiecit, quotiens custodes posuit ne limen intrares! cum tu tamen nocte socia, hortante libidine, cogente mercede, per tegulas demitterere. quae flagitia domus illa diutius ferre non potuit. scisne me de rebus mihi notissimis dicere? recordare tempus illud cum pater Curio maerens iacebat in lecto; filius se ad pedes meos prosternens, lacrimans, te mihi commendabat; orabat ut se contra suum patrem, si sestertium sexagiens peteret, defenderem; tantum enim se pro te intercessisse dicebat. ipse autem amore ardens confirmabat, quod desiderium tui discidi ferre non posset, se in exilium iturum.

    Study Questions:

    • What noun does the genitive Curionis depend on?
    • What kind of ablative is domu sua?
    • Parse demitterere.
    • Explain the syntax of quae (flagitia…).
    • Parse scisne. What kind of construction does it introduce?
    • Parse recordare.
    • Reconstruct the scenario presupposed in the ut-clause introduced by orabat.
    • Explain the grammar and syntax of the phrase sestertium sexagiens.
    • Parse defenderem.
    • What kind of genitive is tui discidi?
    • Parse iturum.

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • Discuss the word order … te pater eius….
    • Analyze how Cicero correlates and contrasts Curio father and Curio son in the second half of the paragraph (recordare … se in exilium iturum).
    • Cicero here evokes a scenario (two young lovers prevented by an older guardian from carrying on their affair) familiar from New Comedy: can you identify stylistic and thematic touches reminiscent of the genre?

    Discussion Points:

    • How does Cicero construe the relationships between himself, Antony, Curio Junior, and Curio Senior?
    • How would you describe the impact of Antony on the Curio household? (Start by picking out those terms that belong to the semantic field of ‘household’.)
    • Explore the nexus between ‘family household’ (overseen by a paterfamilias) and the ‘commonwealth’ (res publica) in Rome’s cultural imaginary. What makes Cicero’s portrayal of Antony’s impact on the domestic situation in the Curio family so damning from a civic point of view?

    nemo, inis, m. / f.

    nobody, no one; as adj.: no

    puer, -eri, m.

    boy

    (here) slave boy

    emo, emere, emi, emptum

    to buy, purchase

    libido, -inis, f.

    desire, craving, sexual appetite, lust

    causâ (abl., governing a gen.)

    for the purpose of, for the sake of

    quotiens (interr. or exclam.)

    How many times? How many times!

    domus, -us, f.

    house

    eicio, eicere, eieci, eiectum

    to throw out, remove, expel

    custos, -odis, m. and f.

    guardian

    limen, -inis, n.

    threshold, doorstep

    socia, -ae f.

    a (female) partner, associate

    cogo, -ere, coegi, coactum

    to drive together, collect, summon, gather

    to compel, force, constrain

    merces, -edis, f.

    payment for services rendered, wage, reward

    tegula, -ae, f.

    a roof-tile

    demitto, -ittere, -isi, -issum

    to let fall, drop, make descend, lower

    flagitium, -(i)i, n.

    shameful / disgraceful act; disgrace, infamy

    diu (comparative: diutius) (adv.)

    for a long time, long

    recordor, -ari, -atus

    to call to mind, recollect

    maereo, -ere

    to be sad, mourn, grieve

    lectus, -i, m.

    bed, couch

    prosterno, -ernere, -ravi, -ratum

    to lay low, strike down, knock down

    to lay prostrate on the ground

    commendo, -are, -avi, -atum

    to commit / entrust someone (acc.) to (dat.)

    sestertius, -i, m.

    (decies centena milia) sestertium

    sesterce (a Roman coin)

    a hundred thousand sesterces

    sexagiens (adv.)

    sixty times

    peto, -ere, -ivi / ii, -itum

    to go for, seek out, seek to obtain, ask

    to sue for, lay claim to, demand

    tantum, -i, (pron.)

    so much

    intercedo, -dere, -ssi, -ssum

    to intervene; to exist between; oppose

    to intervene as guarantor, stand surety

    confirmo, -are, -avi, -atum

    to strengthen, make robust; to assert, declare

    desiderium, -(i)i, n.

    desire, longing; want, need; object of desire

    discidium, -(i)i, n.

    splitting, separation; divorce

    § 46: Family Therapy: Cicero as Counselor

    Quo tempore ego quanta mala florentissimae familiae sedavi vel potius sustuli! patri persuasi ut aes alienum fili dissolveret; redimeret adulescentem, summa spe et animi et ingeni praeditum, rei familiaris facultatibus eumque non modo tua familiaritate sed etiam congressione patrio iure et potestate prohiberet. haec tu cum per me acta meminisses, nisi illis quos videmus gladiis confideres, maledictis me provocare ausus esses?

    Study Questions:

    • What kind of construction is quo tempore?
    • What kind of ablatives are familiaritate and congressione?
    • What norms and institutions does Cicero evoke with the formulation patrio iure et potestate?
    • What are the swords that Cicero claims he and his audience see (cf. illis quos videmus gladiis)?
    • What kind of conditional sequence does nisi introduce?
    • What does Cicero refer to with maledictis?
    • Parse ausus esses.

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • Identify the stylistic features by which Cicero announces that he came to the rescue (quo tempore … sustuli!).
    • The middle sentence of the paragraph begins and ends with p-alliteration: patri persuasi … patrio iure et potestate prohiberet. What (if anything) does Cicero thereby wish to emphasize?
    • Analyze the rhetorical design of the ut-clause (ut aes alienum … prohiberet).

    Discussion Points:

    • What advice would you have given to Curio pater in this situation?
    • To what extent (if at all) should parents be responsible for the extravagances of their offspring?

    malum, -i, n.

    trouble, distress, pain, hardship; harm, evil

    florens, -ntis

    flowering; prosperous, flourishing;

    distinguished

    sedo, -are, -avi, -atum

    to cause to subside; allay, relieve, mitigate

    tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum

    to pick up, raise, hoist; get rid of, remove

    persuadeo, -dere, -si, -sum

    (usually w. dat. of person) to persuade, prevail upon

    aes alienum

    (cf. aes, aeris, n.

    debt

    copper, bronze, brass)

    dissolvo, -vere, -vi, -utum

    to undo, dismantle, set free, clear up, pay

    redimo, -imere, -emi, -emptum

    to buy back, pay the cost of; rescue, save

    praeditus, -a, -um (w. abl.)

    endowed with, equipped / furnished with

    res, rei, f.

    property, wealth; thing, matter, material

    res familiaris

    private property, estate, patrimony

    facultas, -atis, f.

    ability, power, capacity, skill;

    (pl., as here) resources, means

    familiaritas, -atis, f.

    close friendship, intimacy

    congressio, -onis, f.

    meeting, encounter; sexual intercourse

    memini, -inisse

    to remember, pay heed to

    patrius, -a, -um

    paternal; ancestral

    confido, -dere, -sus sum (w. dat.)

    to put one’s trust in, have confidence in

    maledictum, -i, n.

    insult, reproach, taunt

    provoco, -are, -avi, -atum

    to call out, stir up, challenge

    audeo, -dere, -sus

    to dare, venture, be bold

    § 47: Hitting ‘Fast-Forward’, or: How to Pull Off a Praeteritio

    Sed iam stupra et flagitia omittamus: sunt quaedam quae honeste non possum dicere; tu autem eo liberior quod ea in te admisisti quae a verecundo inimico audire non posses. sed reliquum vitae cursum videte, quem quidem celeriter perstringam. ad haec enim quae in civili bello, in maximis rei publicae miseriis fecit, et ad ea quae cotidie facit, festinat animus. quae peto ut, quamquam multo notiora vobis quam mihi sunt, tamen, ut facitis, attente audiatis. debet enim talibus in rebus excitare animos non cognitio solum rerum sed etiam recordatio; etsi incidamus, opinor, media ne nimis sero ad extrema veniamus.

    Study Questions:

    • Parse omittamus.
    • Parse eo.
    • Parse perstringam.
    • Explain the syntax of quae (quae peto ut…).
    • What kind of ablative is multo?
    • ut facitis: what is the meaning of ut here?
    • Parse incidamus.

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • Analyze the word order in the sentence ad haec enim … festinat animus.
    • Analyze the design of the sentence debet enim … recordatio.

    Discussion Points:

    • What is a praeteritio? Why (and when) is it an effective rhetorical technique? Can you design your own on a topic of the day?
    • What exactly is it that Cicero leaves unspoken? And is it decent to even ask this question?
    • Why does Cicero claim that Antony’s more recent misdeeds are better known to his audience than to himself?

    iam (adv.)

    now; by now, by then, already

    stuprum, -i, n.

    dishonour, shame; illicit sexual intercourse

    flagitium, -(i)i, n.

    shameful / disgraceful act; disgrace, infamy

    omitto, -ittere, -isi, -issum

    to let go of; withdraw from; abandon

    to leave out of account, pass over, omit

    quidam, quaedam, quiddam

    a certain person; a certain (undefined) thing

    honeste (adv.)

    honourably, with propriety, decently

    liber, libera, liberum

    free; licentious; showing lack of restraint

    verecundus, -a, -um

    modest, seemly, becoming

    inimicus, -i, m.

    personal adversary

    audio, -ire, -ivi / ii, -itum

    to hear; to listen to

    to hear said with respect to oneself

    reliquus, -a, -um

    left, remaining

    perstringo, -ngere, -nxi, -ctum

    to constrict, brush, graze, skirt, hug

    miseria, -ae, f. (esp. pl.)

    affliction, distress; trouble, woe

    festino, -are, -avi, -atum

    to act hurriedly, make haste, move quickly

    attente (adv.)

    carefully, with concentration

    excito, -are, -avi, -atum

    to cause to move, rouse, stir, provoke

    cognitio, -onis, f.

    the act of getting to know; investigation

    recordatio, -onis, f.

    recollection

    etsi (conj.)

    even if, although

    (introducing main clause) and yet

    incîdo, -dere, -di, -sum [in + caedo]

    not to be confused with:

    incido, -ere, -i, incasum [in + cado]

    to cut open, sever, break up, cut short

    to fall (into), rush upon, arise, occur

    nimis (adv.)

    to an excessive degree, too much, unduly

    sero (adv.)

    late, tardily; too late

    extremum, -a, um

    situated at the end, last remaining

    § 48: Antony Adrift

    Intimus erat in tribunatu Clodio qui sua erga me beneficia commemorat; eius omnium incendiorum fax, cuius etiam domi iam tum quiddam molitus est. quid dicam ipse optime intellegit. inde iter Alexandriam contra senatus auctoritatem, contra rem publicam et religiones; sed habebat ducem Gabinium, quicum quidvis rectissime facere posset. qui tum inde reditus aut qualis? prius in ultimam Galliam ex Aegypto quam domum. quae autem domus? suam enim quisque domum tum obtinebat nec erat usquam tua. domum dico? quid erat in terris ubi in tuo pedem poneres praeter unum Misenum, quod cum sociis tamquam Sisaponem tenebas?

    Study Questions:

    • What case is Clodio? How does it fit into the syntax of the sentence?
    • What is the antecedent of qui?
    • What are Antony’s beneficia towards Cicero?
    • What is the verb of the clause eius omnium incendiorum fax?
    • What is the antecedent of cuius?
    • Parse domi.
    • Identify and explain the mood of dicam.
    • Parse senatus.
    • What is the verb of the sentence inde iter … et religiones?
    • What kind of accusative is Alexandriam?
    • Parse qui (tum inde reditus).
    • What is the verb of the question qui tum inde reditus aut qualis?
    • What are the verbs in the sentence prius in ultimam Galliam ex Aegypto quam domum?
    • Explain the mood of poneres.
    • Where is Sisapo?

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • Quite a few sentences in this paragraph lack a verb: what is the rhetorical effect of these elisions?
    • Analyze the rhetorical design of contra senatus auctoritatem, contra rem publicam et religiones.
    • quid dicam? – qui … reditus aut qualis? – quae autem domus? – quid erat in terris?: the paragraph teems with rhetorical questions: why does Cicero opt for this device here?
    • Explore the rhetorical effect of such indefinite pronouns as quiddam, quidvis, and quisque.

    Discussion Points:

    • cuius domi – quam domum – quae autem domus? – suam domum – nec erat … tua [sc. domus] – domum dico: what is Cicero trying to achieve with his relentless focus on the home / household? How does this emphasis relate to the ‘imperial geography’ that his references to Alexandria, Gaul, and Spain evoke?

    intimus, -a, -um (w. dat.)

    (of friends) most intimate, closest

    tribunatus, -us, m.

    the office of tribune; tribuneship

    erga (prep. + acc.)

    towards, for, to

    beneficium, -(i)i, n.

    service, kindness, favour

    commemoro, -are, -avi, -atum

    to recall, mention, relate; place on record

    incendium, -(i)i, n.

    destructive fire, conflagration

    fax, facis, f.

    torch, firebrand

    (fig.) a person that starts mischief

    quidam, quaedam, quiddam

    a certain person; a certain (undefined) thing

    molior, -iri, -itus

    to labour, make efforts, strive, set in motion

    intellego, -gere, -xi, -ctum

    to understand, realize, discern

    inde (adv.)

    from there, thence; next

    religio, -onis, f.

    supernatural feeling of constraint;

    religious scruple, fear, or awe

    habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum (w. double acc.)

    to have someone acting in a certain capacity

    quicum

    = cum quo

    quivis, quaevis, quidvis (pron.)

    anyone, anything

    reditus, -us, m.

    the act of coming back, return

    prius (adv.)

    at an earlier time, previously, before

    obtineo, -inere, -inui, -entum

    to maintain, keep up; to govern, hold

    to secure, gain

    usquam (adv.)

    in any place, anywhere

    pedem ponere (in + abl.)

    to set foot (in)

    § 49: Credit for Murder

    venis e Gallia ad quaesturam petendam. aude dicere te prius ad parentem tuam venisse quam ad me. acceperam iam ante Caesaris litteras ut mihi satis fieri paterer a te: itaque ne loqui quidem sum te passus de gratia. postea sum cultus a te, tu a me observatus in petitione quaesturae; quo quidem tempore P. Clodium approbante populo Romano in foro es conatus occidere, cumque eam rem tua sponte conarere, non impulsu meo, tamen ita praedicabas, te non existimare, nisi illum interfecisses, umquam mihi pro tuis in me iniuriis satis esse facturum. in quo demiror cur Milonem impulsu meo rem illam egisse dicas, cum te ultro mihi idem illud deferentem numquam sim adhortatus. quamquam, si in eo perseverares, ad tuam gloriam rem illam referri malebam quam ad meam gratiam.

    Study Questions:

    • What is the sense of ad in the gerundive phrase ad quaesturam petendam?
    • Parse aude.
    • Parse paterer.
    • Explain the grammar and syntax of quo (quidem tempore).
    • What construction is approbante populo Romano?
    • What does the -que in cumque link?
    • Parse conarere.
    • Parse interfecisses and explain the tense and mood.
    • What does rem illam refer to?
    • Identify and explain the mood of dicas.
    • What kind of clause does quamquam introduce?

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • Analyze the rhetorical design of the cum-clause cumque eam rem tua sponte conarere, non impulsu meo.
    • Analyze how Cicero brings personal pronouns and possessive adjectives into play in this paragraph (te; parentem tuam; mihi  … a te; ne loqui quidem sum te passus;  … sum cultus a te, tu a me observatus …; tua sponte conarere, non impulsu meo;  … te non existimare …; mihi pro tuis in me iniuriis; impulsu meo; te ultro mihi idem illud deferentem; ad tuam gloriam … ad meam gratiam).

    Discussion Points:

    • The paragraph is stuffed full with technical terms to do with socio-political relations in republican Rome such as satis facere, gratia, colo, observare, as well as practices that smoothed the economy of friendship and patronage, such as letters of recommendation (cf. acceperam iam ante Caesaris litteras). How does Cicero get invective mileage out of this idiom?

    quaestura, -ae, f.

    quaestorship

    peto, -ere, -ivi / ii, -itum

    to make for, resort to, seek (to obtain);

    (here) to be a candidate for, seek (office)

    prius … quam … / priusquam

    before

    accipio, -ipere, -epi, -eptum

    to receive, acquire, get

    litterae, -arum, f.

    a letter

    satis facere, -ere, feci, factum

    to meet a person’s needs or desires

    (w. dat.) to make amends, give attention to

    ne … quidem

    not even

    gratia, -ae, f.

    favour, goodwill, kindness, gratitude;

    influence

    colo, -ere, -ui, cultum

    to cultivate, farm, look after, adorn, worship

    to pay attention to, cultivate the friendship of

    observo, -are, -avi, -atum

    to observe, watch; pay attention to, respects

    petitio, -onis, f.

    an attack, request, claim; candidature

    conor, -ari, -atus

    to make an effort, attempt, endeavour

    occido, -dere, -di, -sum

    to kill, slaughter; ruin

    (spons), spontis, f.

    will, volition

    sponte mea (tua, sua)

    of my (your, one’s) own will, voluntarily

    impulsus, -us, m. [impello]

    shock, thrust; incitement to action, prompting

    praedico, -are, -avi, -atum

    to make known, declare, announce

    demiror, -ari, -atus

    to be utterly astonished at, to wonder

    ultro (adv.)

    in addition, of one’s own accord

    defero, -rre, detuli, delatum

    to convey, bring; to entrust, confer

    (here) to present for acceptance, offer

    adhortor, -ari, -atus

    to give encouragement to, urge on

    quamquam

    (introducing a main sentence) to be sure, however, at any rate

    persevero, -are, -avi, -atum

    to persist in; continue

    refero, -rre, rettuli, relatum + ad

    (here) to assign to

    § 50: With Caesar in Gaul: Profligacy and Profiteering

    quaestor es factus: deinde continuo sine senatus consulto, sine sorte, sine lege ad Caesarem cucurristi. id enim unum in terris egestatis, aeris alieni, nequitiae perditis vitae rationibus perfugium esse ducebas. ibi te cum et illius largitionibus et tuis rapinis explevisses, si hoc est explere, haurire quod statim effundas, advolasti egens ad tribunatum, ut in eo magistratu, si posses, viri tui similis esses.

    accipite nunc, quaeso, non ea quae ipse in se atque in domesticum decus impure et intemperanter, sed quae in nos fortunasque nostras, id est in universam rem publicam, impie ac nefarie fecerit. ab huius enim scelere omnium malorum principium natum reperietis.

    Study Questions:

    • What construction is perditis vitae rationibus?
    • What kind of genitives are egestatis, aeris alieni, and nequitiae? On what noun do they depend?
    • Explain the syntax of perfugium.
    • Explain the syntax of te (ibi te cum…)
    • Explain the syntax of the two infinitives explere and haurire. What case are they in?
    • What construction does ducebas govern?
    • Who does viri tui refer to?
    • What kind of ablative is scelere?
    • Parse reperietis.

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • What is the effect of the absence of connectives in the opening sentences (quaestor … ducebas), in particular the two asyndetic tricola sine senatus consulto, sine sorte, sine lege and egestatis, aeris alieni, nequitiae  … profugium, and the polysyndeton in the following cum-clause (ibi te cum et illius largitionibus et tuis rapinis explevisses) and the rest of the paragraph (in se atque in domesticum decus; impure et intemperanter; in nos fortunasque nostras; impie ac nefarie)?
    • What does the hyperbaton id enim unum … perfugium enact?
    • Analyze the rhetorical design of Cicero’s transition from a focus on domesticum decus to one on universa res publica.

    Discussion Points:

    • What image of Caesar do you get from this paragraph? To what extent is it historically accurate?
    • What is the scelus that Cicero refers to at the end of the paragraph? Why does he call it the source of all evils?
    • How does Cicero entwine the personal and the political here?

    quaestor, -oris, m.

    quaestor (a Roman magistrate)

    facio, -ere, feci, factum

    to do, make, construct, produce

    (here) to appoint to an office

    continuo (adv.)

    forthwith, immediately

    senatûs consultum

    decree of the senate

    sors, -rtis, f.

    lot, appointment, allocation

    sphere of duty assigned by lot

    egestas, -atis, f.

    extreme poverty, need, destitution

    aes alienum

    (cf. aes, aeris, n.

    debt

    copper, bronze, brass)

    nequitia, -ae, f.

    moral worthlessness, profligacy, vice

    perdo, -ere, -idi, -itum

    to ruin, destroy, dissipate, waste

    ratio, -onis, f.

    (here) ‘guiding principle’

    perfugium, -(i)i, n.

    refuge, shelter, sanctuary

    duco, -cere, -xi, -ctum

    (here) to consider, believe, think

    largitio, -onis, f.

    largess, gift; bribe, dole

    rapina, -ae, f. [rapio + ina]

    plunder

    expleo, -ere, -evi, -etum

    to fill up, satisfy, make good,

    carry to completion, achieve

    haurio, -rire, -si, -stum / -ritum

    to draw, scoop up; drink, imbibe

    to consume, absorb

    effundo, -undere, -udi, -usum

    to pour out, shed, discharge, expend, use up

    advolo, -are, -avi, -atum

    to fly towards, approach swiftly

    egens, -ntis

    poverty-stricken, needy, indigent

    quaeso (-ere)

    (in 1st pers. parenthesis) I ask / implore you

    please

    decus, -oris, n.

    high esteem, honour, glory

    honourable / seemly behaviour, dignity

    impure (adv.) [impurus + e]

    foully, vilely, infamously

    intemperanter (adv.) [intemperans + ter]

    without self-control or restraint

    excessively, violently

    universus, -a, -um

    the whole of, entire; universal

    impie (adv.) [impius + e]

    disrespectful (of the gods)

    nefarie (adv.) [nefarius + e]

    wickedly, foully, monstrously

    principium, (i)i, n. [princeps + ium]

    start, origin, founding

    nascor, -i, natus

    to be born, come into being, arise

    reperio, -ire, repperi, -tum

    to find by looking, discover

    § 78: Caesar’s Approach to HR, or Why Antony Has What it Takes

    Et domi quidem causam amoris habuisti, foris etiam turpiorem, ne L. Plancus praedes tuos venderet. productus autem in contionem a tribuno pl. cum respondisses te rei tuae causa venisse, populum etiam dicacem in te reddidisti. sed nimis multa de nugis: ad maiora veniamus.

    C. Caesari ex Hispania redeunti obviam longissime processisti. celeriter isti redisti, ut cognosceret te, si minus fortem, at tamen strenuum. factus es ei rursus nescio quo modo familiaris. habebat hoc omnino Caesar: quem plane perditum aere alieno egentemque, si eundem nequam hominem audacemque cognorat, hunc in familiaritatem libentissime recipiebat.

    Study Questions:

    • Parse domi and foris.
    • Explain the syntax of te (… respondisses te rei tuae…).
    • What is the verb in the sentence sed nimis multa de nugis?
    • Identify and explain the mood of veniamus.
    • Parse redeunti and explain its syntax.
    • Parse isti.
    • Whom does ei refer to?
    • What is the antecedent of quem?
    • What is the verb of the relative clause introduced by quem?
    • Parse cognorat.

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • How does design enhance sense in the sentence factus es ei rursus nescio quo modo familiaris?
    • Cicero must want to have himself say -isti … isti … -isti this way — so why?

    Discussion Points:

    • What kind of principles (moral, utilitarian, any) do you apply in choosing your friends? What do you think of Caesar’s approach?
    • Can we (ever) tell from what they write to each other if any Romans were what we’d like to think of as friends? (E.g. Cicero and … Atticus?)

    causa, -ae, f.

    judicial proceedings, trial; case, cause;

    an alleged reason or extenuating plea;

    excuse, pretext

    a ground (of action), (good) reason

    foris (adv.)

    out of doors, outside; away from home

    turpis, -is, -e (adj.)

    offensive, loathsome; shameful, disgraceful

    praes, -dis, m.

    one who acts as surety or security

    vendo, -ere, -idi, -itum

    to sell; to dispose of; to promote the sale of

    produco, -cere, -xi, -ctum

    to bring forth, lead out

    to bring before a public meeting; to present

    to extend in time, draw out

    contio, -onis, f.

    a public meeting, assembly; public speech

    dicax, -acis (adj.)

    having a ready tongue, witty

    reddo, -ere, -idi, -itum

    to give back, restore, render;

    to pay; bring about, produce

    nugae, -arum, f. pl.

    trifles, frivolities

    obviam (adv.)

    in the way, towards, against, to meet

    procedo, -dere, -ssi, -ssum

    to go / move forward, advance, come forth

    strenuus, -a, -um

    active, vigorous, keen, energetic

    rursus (adv.)

    backwards; once again

    nescio quo modo

    in some (strange / unaccountable) way

    somehow or other

    familiaris, -is, -e

    of or belonging to one’s household

    closely associated by friendship, intimate

    well-known, familiar

    (as noun) friend

    omnino (adv.)

    in every respect, absolutely, altogether

    plane (adv.)

    plainly, clearly, distinctly

    perditus, -a, -um

    debilitated, broken, ruined, bankrupt

    morally depraved

    aes alienum

    debt

    egens, -ntis

    poverty-stricken, needy, indigent

    nequam (indeclinable)

    having no value, useless

    morally worthless, depraved

    familiaritas, -atis, f.

    close friendship, intimacy

    libenter (adv.)

    with pleasure, willingly, gladly

    § 79: The Art of Nepotism

    His igitur rebus praeclare commendatus iussus es renuntiari consul et quidem cum ipso. nihil queror de Dolabella qui tum est impulsus, inductus, elusus. qua in re quanta fuerit uterque vestrum perfidia in Dolabellam quis ignorat? ille induxit ut peteret, promissum et receptum intervertit ad seque transtulit; tu eius perfidiae voluntatem tuam ascripsisti. veniunt Kalendae Ianuariae; cogimur in senatum: invectus est copiosius multo in istum et paratius Dolabella quam nunc ego.

    Study Questions:

    • How does qua fit into the syntax of the sentence?
    • What kind of clause does quanta introduce? What noun does quanta modify? What case is it in?
    • What kind of genitive is vestrum?
    • What kind of ut-clause is ut peteret?
    • What is the accusative object of peteret, intervertit, and transtulit?
    • How do promissum et receptum fit into the sentence?
    • Who does eius [in the phrase eius perfidiae] refer to?
    • Parse copiosius and paratius.
    • What kind of ablative is multo?

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • What might praeclare commendatus be dripping with?
    • Why might Cicero rely on a rhetorical question (… quis ignorat?) when invoking the notoriety of Caesar’s and Antony’s perfidy towards Dolabella?
    • Analyze the rhetorical design of invectus est … quam nunc ego.

    Discussion Points:

    • Discuss the implications of the passives in the passage (iussus es; renuntiari; est impulsus, inductus, elusus; cogimur).
    • What kind of picture does Cicero draw of Caesar’s coterie here? How does he position himself (and the rest of the senators) within Caesar’s universe?

    praeclare (adv.)

    very clearly; very well;

    with conspicuous merit or success

    commendo, -are, -avi, -atum

    to entrust, commit;

    to bring to the favourable notice of,

    to recommend

    renuntio, -are, -avi, -atum

    to take / send back a message, report;

    to announce; to proclaim

    quidem (particle)

    certainly, indeed, at any rate;

    and what is more

    queror, -ri, -stus (de)

    to complain, protest, grumble

    nihil, n. (indecl.)

    nothing

    (used adverbially) in no respect, not at all

    impello, -ellere, -uli, -ulsum

    to strike or beat against; assail

    to impel along, push forward, urge on

    induco, -cere, -xi, -ctum

    to lead to, bring to, induce, prevail on

    eludo, -dere, -si, -sum

    to deceive, trick, fool;

    to avoid or escape from; baffle; elude

    perfidia, -ae, f.

    faithlessness, treachery, falsehood

    peto, -ere, -ivi / -ii, -itum

    to seek, reach out for, go for, aim at

    to be a candidate for, seek (a magistracy)

    to stand for election

    promitto, -ittere, -isi, -issum

    to send forth; to promise, guarantee

    recipio, -ipere, -epi, -eptum

    to admit (to shelter), receive; to accept

    to regain, recover

    interverto, -tere, -si, -sum

    to embezzle, tamper with; cancel, revoke

    transfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum

    to carry or convey, transport

    to transfer (from one person to another)

    to translate

    ascribo, -bere, -psi, -ptum

    to write in addition; to enrol, enlist

    to reckon as belonging to, assign, ascribe

    to attribute

    kalendae, -arum f. pl.

    the first day of the month, the Calends

    cogo, -ere, coegi, coactum

    to drive together, round up

    to bring together, assemble, muster

    to summon, convene

    to compel, force, constrain

    inveho, -here, -xi, -ctum

    to carry / bring in; import; to ride into attack

    (pass.) to attack with words, inveigh (against)

    copiose (adv.)

    abundantly, copiously

    (rhet.) with a wealth of words and arguments,

    eloquently

    parate (adv.)

    in a state of readiness, after due preparation

    § 80: Antony Augur, Addled and Addling

    Hic autem iratus quae dixit, di boni! primum cum Caesar ostendisset se, priusquam proficisceretur, Dolabellam consulem esse iussurum — quem negant regem, qui et faceret semper eius modi aliquid et diceret — sed cum Caesar ita dixisset, tum hic bonus augur eo se sacerdotio praeditum esse dixit ut comitia auspiciis vel impedire vel vitiare posset, idque se facturum esse asseveravit. in quo primum incredibilem stupiditatem hominis cognoscite.

    Study Questions:

    • What is the subject accusative and the verb of the indirect statement introduced by ostendisset?
    • Explain the syntax of Dolabellam.
    • Explain the syntax of quem.
    • Why are faceret and diceret in the imperfect subjunctive?
    • What kind of clause does ut introduce?
    • Explain the syntax of id.
    • What does the -que after id link?
    • Explain the syntax of quo.

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • Analyze the rhetorical design of the exclamation Hic autem … di boni!
    • What is the rhetorical effect of the parenthesis quem negant … et diceret?

    Discussion Points:

    • What role and function did ‘religious objections’ play in the political culture of the Roman republic? Can you think of possible advantages of involving the gods in this way in political decision-making?
    • Compare and contrast the appeals to the divine sphere in ancient Rome with the ways in which the supernatural is brought into play in contemporary politics.

    iratus, -a, -um

    angry, enraged, furious

    primum (adv.)

    first

    ostendo, -dere, -di, -tum / -sum

    to show, display; to make clear

    to make known, disclose (a fact / opinion)

    priusquam (conj.)

    before

    proficiscor, -icisci, -ectus

    to set out, depart

    nego, -are, -avi, -atum

    to say (that … not), deny

    semper (adv.)

    always, all the time; at all times, invariably

    augur, -uris, m.

    augur

    sacerdotium, -(i)i, m.

    priesthood

    praeditus, -a, -um (w. abl.)

    endowed / provided (with); possessed (of)

    comitium, -ii, n.

    the place for assemblies

    comitia (pl.)

    a (voting) assembly

    auspicium, -(i)i, n.

    auspices; omen

    the right to take auspices; augural powers

    impedio, -ire, -ivi / -ii, -itum

    to restrict the movement of; obstruct, hinder

    vitio, -are, -avi, -atum

    to cause faults / defects in, spoil, harm, impair

    to invalidate (because of some technical fault)

    assevero, -are, -avi, -atum

    to assert emphatically, declare, affirm

    § 81: Compounding Ignorance through Impudence

    Quid enim? istud quod te sacerdoti iure facere posse dixisti, si augur non esses et consul esses, minus facere potuisses? vide ne etiam facilius. nos enim nuntiationem solum habemus, consules et reliqui magistratus etiam spectionem. esto: hoc imperite; nec enim est ab homine numquam sobrio postulanda prudentia. sed videte impudentiam. multis ante mensibus in senatu dixit se Dolabellae comitia aut prohibiturum auspiciis aut id facturum esse quod fecit. quisquamne divinare potest quid viti in auspiciis futurum sit, nisi qui de caelo servare constituit? quod neque licet comitiis per leges et si qui servavit, non comitiis habitis sed priusquam habeantur, debet nuntiare. verum implicata inscientia impudentia est: nec scit quod augurem nec facit quod pudentem decet.

    Study Questions:

    • Explain how istud fits into the syntax of its sentence.
    • Parse sacerdoti.
    • What do you need to supply to complete the ne-clause (vide ne…)?
    • Whom does Cicero have in mind when he says nos (nos enim…)?
    • What is the difference between nuntiatio and spectio?
    • Parse esto.
    • Explain the syntax of hoc and imperite.
    • Identify and explain the case of viti.
    • What kind of ablative is comitiis (quod neque licet comitiis per leges…)?
    • What construction is comitiis habitis?

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • How does Cicero generate a sense of ridicule at Antony’s supposed stupidity and a sense of outrage at his impudence in this paragraph?

    Discussion Points:

    • Explore the ways in which Cicero draws on Rome’s civic religion to expose Antony as supposedly ignorant. Then ask yourself whether Antony did not know very well exactly what he was doing.

    sacerdotium, -(i)i, n.

    priesthood

    ius, iuris n.

    law, code

    augur, -uris, m.

    augur

    minus (compar. adv.)

    (as a mild neg.) not (so) very, not fully

    nuntiatio, -onis, f.

    the announcement (by an augur) of the signs he had observed

    magistratus, -us, m.

    magistracy; magistrate

    spectio, -onis, f.

    the act / the right of observing omens

    imperite (adv.)

    in an ignorant or unskilful manner

    sobrius, -ia, -ium

    sober

    postulo, -are, -avi, -atum

    to ask for, demand; expect

    prudentia, -ae, f.

    wisdom, sagacity, intelligence

    impudentia, -ae, f.

    shamelessness, effrontery, impudence

    mensis, -is, m.

    month

    comitia, -orum, n. pl.

    voting assembly

    prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum

    to keep off, hold at bay; prevent, stop, forbid

    auspicium, -(i)i, n.

    augury; omen; augural powers; auspices

    quisquam, quicquam (pron.)

    any (single) person, anyone (at all)

    divino, -are, -avi, -atum

    to practise divination; to foresee

    vitium, -(i)i, n.

    defect, fault, shortcoming

    unfavourable augury; augural impediment

    de caelo servare

    to watch the sky

    constituo, -uere, -ui, -utum

    to set up, establish, decide, decree, resolve

    licet, -ere, -uit / -itum est

    it is permitted; one may

    implico, -are, -avi / -ui, -atum / -itum

    to fold or twine about itself; entwine, enfold

    to intertwine, involve, entangle

    inscientia, -ae, f.

    ignorance

    pudens, -ntis

    behaving properly; decent

    decet, -ere, decuit

    (impers.) it is right, proper, fitting

    § 82: Antony Galloping after Caesar Only to Hold his Horses

    Itaque ex illo die recordamini eius usque ad Idus Martias consulatum. quis umquam apparitor tam humilis, tam abiectus? nihil ipse poterat; omnia rogabat; caput in aversam lecticam inserens, beneficia quae venderet a collega petebat. ecce Dolabellae comitiorum dies. sortitio praerogativae; quiescit. renuntiatur: tacet. prima classis vocatur, renuntiatur. deinde, ita ut assolet, suffragia; tum secunda classis. quae omnia sunt citius facta quam dixi.

    Study Questions:

    • Parse recordamini. What is its accusative object?
    • What noun does eius depend on?
    • Parse Idus.
    • What is the verb in the sentence quis … abiectus?
    • Explain the tense and mood of venderet.

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • What is the point of the hyperbaton eius  … consulatum?
    • In the second half of the passage (ecce … dixi), how does Cicero rhetorically re-enact what he claimed was an extremely smooth and quick dispatch of proceedings?

    Discussion Points:

    • What associations do you think Cicero wanted to invoke with the image of Antony sticking his head into the rear end of Caesar’s litter (caput in aversam lecticam inserens)?
    • How’s your grasp of Roman voting assemblies? Can you explain what the technical terms in this passage mean (sortitio praerogativa, renuntiatur (2x), prima classis, suffragia, secunda classis)?

    recordor, -ari, -atus

    to call to mind, give one’s thoughts to

    usque (ad)

    all the time (up to), right (until)

    Idus, -uum, f. pl.

    Ides

    Martius, -a, -um

    of or belonging to Mars; of March

    umquam (adv.)

    at any time, ever

    apparitor, -oris, m.

    an attendant on a magistrate;

    lictor, servant, clerk

    humilis, -is, -e

    low, low down; humble, lowly

    submissive, abject, ignoble, mean

    abiectus, -a, -um

    dejected, downcast; humble, commonplace

    groveling, subservient

    rogo, -are, -avi, -atum

    to ask, to ask for, request; to ask approval for

    caput, -itis, n.

    head

    aversus, -a, -um

    having the back turned, facing in the opposite direction; situated at the back

    lectica, -ae, f.

    a litter

    insero, -ere, -ui, -tum

    to put or thrust in, insert, introduce

    beneficium, -(i)i, n.

    service, kindness; favour

    vendo, -ere, -idi, -itum

    to sell; betray for money

    collega, -ae, m.

    a colleague

    ecce (interjection)

    See! Behold! Look! Lo and behold!

    sortitio, -onis, f.

    lottery, allocation by lot

    praerogativus, -a, -um

    (of a centuria) appointed by lot to vote first

    quiesco, -ere, quievi, quietum

    to repose, rest;

    to take no action, stand by, do nothing

    renuntio, -are, -avi, -atum

    to proclaim (the results of)

    taceo, -ere, -ui, -itum

    to be silent, say nothing

    classis, -is, f.

    one of the five classes into which the Roman citizens were divided on the basis of property

    assoleo, -ere

    to be a customary accompaniment

    to be usual, go with

    (impers.) it is usual, the custom is

    suffragium, -(i)i, n.

    a vote, resolution

    (sex) suffragia

    a group of six out of the eighteen equestrian centuriae

    § 83: Antony’s Fake Auspices

    Confecto negotio bonus augur — C. Laelium diceres — ‘alio die’ inquit. o impudentiam singularem! quid videras, quid senseras, quid audieras? neque enim te de caelo servasse dixisti nec hodie dicis. id igitur obvenit vitium quod tu iam Kalendis Ianuariis futurum esse provideras et tanto ante praedixeras. ergo hercule magna, ut spero, tua potius quam rei publicae calamitate ementitus es auspicia; obstrinxisti religione populum Romanum; augur auguri, consul consuli obnuntiasti. nolo plura, ne acta Dolabellae videar convellere, quae necesse est aliquando ad nostrum collegium deferantur.

    Study Questions:

    • What construction is confecto negotio?
    • Who was C. Laelius?
    • Identify and explain the tense and mood of diceres.
    • Identify and explain the case of impudentiam singularem.
    • Parse servasse.
    • What kind of ablative is tanto?
    • What noun does magna modify?
    • What kind of ablative is calamitate?
    • Explain the syntax of plura.
    • What kind of clause does ne introduce?

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • Analyze the rhetorical design of quid videras, quid senseras, quid audieras?
    • What is the point of the hyperbaton magna  … calamitate?
    • What stylistic device is Cicero playing with in augur auguri, consul consuli obnuntiasti?

    Discussion Points:

    • How sincere do you think Cicero was when he conjured the prospect of divine punishment because of Antony’s alleged abuse of the auspices? And is ‘sincerity’ a useful category for discussing rhetoric involving the divine sphere?

    conficio, -icere, -eci, -ectum

    to do, perform, accomplish; carry out

    to bring to completion, finish off, conclude

    impudentia, -ae, f.

    shamelessness, effrontery, impudence

    singularis, -is, -e

    specific, peculiar, special, single; remarkable

    sentio, -tire, -si, -sum

    to feel, discern, recognize, have experience of

    obvenio, -enire, -eni, -entum

    to come up, to fall to; to happen, occur, arise;

    to present itself

    vitium, -(i)i, n.

    defect, fault, shortcoming

    unfavourable augury; augural impediment

    provideo, -idere, -idi, -isum

    to see in advance, see beforehand; foresee

    praedico, -cere, -xi, -ctum

    to say beforehand; to give warning of, foretell

    hodie (adv.)

    today, at the present time, now; yet, still

    hercule (interjection)

    by Hercules!

    calamitas, -atis, f.

    disaster, misfortune, ruin, calamity

    ementior, -iri, -itus

    to falsify, mispresent, fabricate, invent

    obstringo, -ngere, -nxi, -ctum

    to constrict, constrain, confine

    to place under an obligation; to bind

    (w. abl.) to involve, implicate in

    religio, -onis, f.

    religious awe

    (here) breach of religious protocol; religious pollution

    obnuntio, -are, -avi, -atum

    to announce (unfavourable omens) to impede civic procedures

    actum, -i, n.

    act, deed, transaction; decrees;

    written record of events

    convello, -ellere, -elli, -ulsum

    to tear up, dislodge; shake, batter; nullify

    aliquando (adv.)

    at some time or other; one day; ever

    collegium, -(i)i, n.

    a college or board of priests

    defero, -rre, detuli, delatum

    to carry, convey, bring

    to refer for decision (to), put (before)

    § 84: On to the Lupercalia…

    Sed arrogantiam hominis insolentiamque cognoscite. quamdiu tu voles, vitiosus consul Dolabella; rursus, cum voles, salvis auspiciis creatus. si nihil est cum augur eis verbis nuntiat quibus tu nuntiasti, confitere te, cum ‘alio die’ dixeris, sobrium non fuisse; sin est aliqua vis in istis verbis, ea quae sit augur a collega requiro.

    sed ne forte ex multis rebus gestis M. Antoni rem unam pulcherrimam transiliat oratio, ad Lupercalia veniamus. non dissimulat, patres conscripti: apparet esse commotum; sudat, pallet. quidlibet, modo ne faciat quod in porticu Minucia fecit. quae potest esse turpitudinis tantae defensio? cupio audire, ut videam ubi campus Leontinus appareat.

    Study Questions:

    • Parse cognoscite.
    • Parse voles (quamdiu … voles; cum voles).
    • Explain the use of cum (cum voles).
    • Explain the syntax of ea.
    • How does augur fit into the syntax of its sentence?
    • What are the Lupercalia?
    • Parse veniamus.
    • What happened in the porticus Minucia?
    • What’s up with the campus Leontinus?

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • Cicero here alternates between addressing the senate, engaging Antony, speaking in the first person plural, and adopting the point of view of a participant observer. What is the rhetorical effect of these variations in perspective?
    • What are the devices Cicero uses to create a vivid (and visceral) description of Antony’s reaction to his mentioning of the Lupercalia?

    Discussion Points:

    • How does Cicero bring the theme of augural manipulation to a close and segue into the following topic?

    arrogantia, -ae, f.

    haughtiness, insolence, pride, conceit

    insolentia, -ae, f.

    unfamiliarity; extravagance;

    insolence, arrogance

    quamdiu (interr. and rel. adv.)

    (interr.) for how long?

    (rel.) for what length of time, as long as

    vitiosus, -a, -um

    flawed, defective; faulty, unsound

    rursus (adv.)

    backwards, once again

    on the other hand, contrariwise

    creo, -are, -avi, -atum

    to procreate; bring into being; produce

    to appoint

    salvus, -a, -um

    safe, secure, unharmed, intact, unimpaired

    nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum

    to report, convey, deliver, announce

    confiteor, -fiteri, -fessus sum

    to admit (the truth / commission of); reveal

    requiro, -rere, -sivi / -sii, -situm

    to try to find, seek; ask / enquire about

    vis, vis, f.

    strength, power, force;

    (of words) meaning, significance, general sense

    forte (adv.)

    by any chance

    transilio, -ire, -ui

    to leap or spring across; to pass over, skip

    dissimulo, -are, -avi, -atum

    to conceal, disguise; pretend not to notice

    patres conscripti

    senators

    appareo, -ere, -ui, -itum

    to be seen / visible; to appear; to be plain

    commotus, -a, -um

    excited, nervous; angry, annoyed

    sudo, -are, -avi, -atum

    to sweat, perspire

    palleo, -ere, (-ui)

    to be pale / bloodless; to pale

    quilibet, quaelibet, quidlibet

    whoever / whatever you please

    modo ut (ne)

    only provided that (… not)

    porticus, -us, f.

    portico, colonnade

    turpitudo, -inis, f.

    indecency, disgrace, shamefulness

    § 85: Vive le roi! Le roi est mort

    Sedebat in rostris collega tuus amictus toga purpurea, in sella aurea, coronatus. escendis, accedis ad sellam — ita eras Lupercus, ut te consulem esse meminisse deberes — diadema ostendis. gemitus toto foro. unde diadema? non enim abiectum sustuleras, sed attuleras domo, meditatum et cogitatum scelus. tu diadema imponebas cum plangore populi; ille cum plausu reiciebat. tu ergo unus, scelerate, inventus es qui, cum auctor regni esses eumque quem collegam habebas dominum habere velles, idem temptares quid populus Romanus ferre et pati posset.

    Study Questions:

    • Parse amictus.
    • What are the verbs in the sentences gemitus toto foro and unde diadema?
    • Explain the case of domo.
    • How does meditatum et cogitatum scelus fit into the syntax of the sentence?
    • What aspect(s) of the imperfect are in play in imponebas and reiciebat?
    • Parse scelerate.
    • How does dominum fit into the syntax of the sentence?
    • Parse idem. How does it fit into the sentence?
    • Why is temptares in the subjunctive?
    • Why is posset in the subjunctive?

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • Discuss Cicero’s use of tenses (present, imperfect, pluperfect) in this paragraph.

    Discussion Points:

    • Do you find Cicero’s account of the incident entirely plausible? What do you think happened in the Roman forum on 15 February 44 BCE — and why?

    rostrum, -i, n.

    rostra (pl.)

    snout, muzzle, beak; ship-beak

    speaker’s platform

    amicio, -cire, -cui / -xi, -ctum

    to cover, clothe, dress

    purpureus, -a, -um

    purple

    sella, -ae, f.

    seat, stool, chair

    coronatus, -a, -um

    adorned with wreaths, garlanded

    escendo, -dere, -di, -sum

    to ascend, go up

    accedo, -dere, -ssi, -ssum

    to draw near, approach, go to

    Lupercus, -i, m.

    a priest taking part in the Lupercalia

    diadema, -atis, n.

    ornamental headband, diadem, crown

    ostendo, -dere, -di, -tum / -sum

    to show, display; disclose; demonstrate

    gemitus, -us, m.

    groaning, moaning

    unde (interr. adv.)

    from what place? where… from? whence?

    abicio, -cere, -eci, -ectum

    to throw away; discard; throw down

    (w. ad pedes) to throw oneself at the feet of

    tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum

    to pick up, lift, hoist; raise

    to get rid of, remove, eliminate

    affero, -rre, attuli, allatum

    to bring with one, deliver, fetch; serve

    to confer, bestow (on), put forward

    meditor, -ari, -atus

    to think about constantly, contemplate

    to intend, devise, plan, think out

    cogito, -are, -avi, -atus

    to think, ponder, consider;

    to prepare for, plan, contemplate

    scelus, -eris, n.

    crime, villainy

    impono, -onere, -osui, -ositum

    to place / put / lay on; confer

    plangor, -oris, m.

    the action of beating; lamentation

    plausus, -us, m.

    clapping of hands in approval; applause

    reicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum

    to throw, drive back;

    to refuse to accept, rebuff, reject

    sceleratus, -a, -um

    accursed; ill-starred; unfortunate

    (of persons) accursed because of criminal acts

    invenio, -enire, -eni, -entum

    to encounter, come upon, meet

    to find, come across, discover

    auctor, -oris, m.

    agent, advocate, supporter;

    originator, author, founder

    tempto, -are, -avi, -atum

    to test, try out, attempt, investigate

    patior, -ti, -ssus

    to be subjected to, experience, undergo, suffer

    § 86: Antony as Willing Slave and Would-Be King-Maker

    At etiam misericordiam captabas: supplex te ad pedes abiciebas. quid petens? ut servires? tibi uni peteres, qui ita a puero vixeras ut omnia paterere, ut facile servires; a nobis populoque Romano mandatum id certe non habebas. o praeclaram illam eloquentiam tuam cum es nudus contionatus! quid hoc turpius, quid foedius, quid suppliciis omnibus dignius? num exspectas dum te stimulis fodiamus? haec te, si ullam partem habes sensus, lacerat, haec cruentat oratio. vereor ne imminuam summorum virorum gloriam; dicam tamen dolore commotus: quid indignius quam vivere eum, qui imposuerit diadema, cum omnes fateantur iure interfectum esse qui abiecerit?

    Study Questions:

    • Explain Cicero’s use of the imperfects captabas and abiciebas.
    • What kind of ut-clause is ut servires?
    • What kind of subjunctive is peteres?
    • Parse paterere. What kind of ut-clauses are ut omnia paterere and ut facile servires?
    • Identify and explain the case of hoc (quid hoc turpius…?).
    • Identify and explain the case of sensus.
    • What is the antecedent of the relative pronoun qui (qui abiecerit)?

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • Analyze the rhetorical design of haec te … oratio.

    Discussion Points:

    • At the end of the paragraph, Cicero argues that Antony deserves to be dead — indeed, ought to have been killed for his attempt to crown Caesar king. In what scenarios (if any) do you endorse capital punishment as a justified response to politically motivated actions?

    misericordia, -ae, f.

    pity, compassion, pathos

    capto, -are, -avi, -atum

    to try to get hold of, grasp at; seek, aim at

    to go in for, aspire after, try to win over

    supplex, -icis

    suppliant

    abicio, -cere, -eci, -ectum

    to throw away; discard; throw down

    (w. ad pedes) to throw oneself at the feet of

    servio, -ire, -ivi / -ii, -itum

    to serve as slave, wait on, labour for

    to be politically subject, act in subservience

    patior, -ti, -ssus

    to be subjected to, experience, undergo, suffer

    mandatum, -i, n.

    order, instruction, commission

    contionor, -ari, -atus

    to deliver a public speech

    turpis, -is, -e

    offensive, foul, loathsome;

    shameful, degrading, disgraceful

    foedus, -a, -um

    offensive, foul, loathsome;

    hideous, unclean, repugnant, monstrous

    shameful, disgraceful, vile

    supplicium, -(i)i, n.

    reparation; punishment; penalty

    exspecto, -are, -avi, -atum

    to wait for, await; look forward to, hope for

    dum (conj.)

    as long as, while; until, until such time as

    stimulus, -i, n.

    goad, prick, spur

    fodio, -dere, fodi, fossum

    to pierce, prick, prod, jab; dig

    sensus, -us, m.

    sense; understanding, self-awareness

    lacero, -are, -avi, -atum

    to tear, rend, mangle; shatter, batter, torture

    to cause mental anguish, vex, harass

    cruento, -are, -avi, -atum

    to stain with blood, to cause to bleed, wound

    imminuo, -uere, -ui, -utum

    to diminish

    indignus, -a, -um

    unworthy, unmerited; unseemly, shameful

    scandalous, shocking

    § 87: Historical Precedent Demands Antony’s Execution

    At etiam ascribi iussit in fastis ad Lupercalia C. Caesari dictatori perpetuo M. Antonium consulem populi iussu regnum detulisse, Caesarem uti noluisse. iam iam minime miror te otium perturbare; non modo urbem odisse sed etiam lucem; cum perditissimis latronibus non solum de die sed etiam in diem bibere. ubi enim tu in pace consistes? qui locus tibi in legibus et in iudiciis esse potest, quae tu, quantum in te fuit, dominatu regio sustulisti? ideone L. Tarquinius exactus, Sp. Cassius, Sp. Maelius, M. Manlius necati ut multis post saeculis a M. Antonio, quod fas non est, rex Romae constitueretur?

    Study Questions:

    • Parse ascribi.
    • What are the fasti?
    • Who is the subject of the first sentence (At etiam … noluisse)?
    • How does uti fit into the syntax of the sentence?
    • Explain the syntax of odisse and bibere.
    • Parse consistes.
    • Explain the grammar of qui (locus…).
    • What is the antecedent of quae?
    • What case is Romae?

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • Analyze the style of the proposed inscription C. Caesari … uti noluisse.
    • What is the rhetorical effect of Cicero’s m-ing in iam iam minime miror?

    Discussion Points:

    • What we seem to capture here is Antony’s (and Caesar’s) version in retrospect of what happened at the Lupercalia. How does it differ from Cicero’s?

    ascribo, -bere, -psi, -ptum

    to add in writing, insert; enrol, enlist, assign

    fasti, -orum, m. pl.

    list of festivals; calendar; list of consuls

    perpetuo (adv.)

    continuously;

    without limit in time, permanently

    iussus, -us, n.

    bidding, command

    defero, -rre, detuli, delatum

    to carry, convey, bring; transfer, hand over

    to entrust; confer, award, grant

    utor, uti, usus

    to use, avail oneself of, exercise, employ

    iam (adv.)

    now, by now

    minime (superlative adv.)

    least; least of all, to a minimal degree

    (= a negative) by no means, not at all

    otium, -(i)i, n.

    freedom from business, leisure time

    domestic peace

    perturbo, -are, -avi, -atum

    to throw into confusion, upset, disrupt

    to agitate, perturb, stir up

    odi, -isse, osum

    to hate, dislike, have an aversion to

    perditus, -a, -um

    debilitated, broken; ruined, desperate;

    morally depraved

    latro, -onis, m.

    mercenary; brigand, robber, bandit

    consisto, -sistere, -stiti

    to stop, halt, stand still

    to find a home, settle; reside, live

    tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum

    to pick up, lift, hoist; raise

    to get rid of, remove, eliminate

    dominatus, -us, m.

    absolute rule, lordship, dominion

    regius, -a, -um

    royal, regal; despotical

    ideo (adv.)

    for that reason, therefore

    exigo, -igere, -egi, -actum

    to drive out, force out, eject

    to achieve, complete; spend time, complete

    to demand, require

    neco, -are, -avi, -atum

    to put to death, kill

    fas (indecl.), n.

    what is right / permissible by divine law

    constituo, -uere, -ui, -utum

    to set up, place, establish; decree, decide

    § 88: Antony on the Ides of March

    Sed ad auspicia redeamus; de quibus Idibus Martiis fuit in senatu Caesar acturus. quaero: tum tu quid egisses? audiebam equidem te paratum venisse, quod me de ementitis auspiciis, quibus tamen parere necesse erat, putares esse dicturum. sustulit illum diem Fortuna rei publicae. num etiam tuum de auspiciis iudicium interitus Caesaris sustulit? sed incidi in id tempus quod eis rebus in quas ingressa erat oratio praevertendum est. quae tua fuga, quae formido praeclaro illo die, quae propter conscientiam scelerum desperatio vitae, cum ex illa fuga beneficio eorum qui te, si sanus esses, salvum esse voluerunt, clam te domum recepisti!

    Study Questions:

    • Parse redeamus.
    • What kind of ablative is Idibus Martiis?
    • Parse fuit … acturus.
    • Identify and explain the tense and the mood of egisses.
    • Explain the syntax of te and me.
    • Parse incidi.
    • What case is eis rebus?
    • Parse formido.

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • Discuss Cicero’s use of the future (perfect) and the subjunctive in this paragraph.
    • What are the stylistic features that Cicero uses to capture Antony’s flight from the senate house after Caesar’s murder (quae tua fuga … recepisti!)?

    Discussion Points:

    • Reconstruct the events — and the likely motivations and psychology of the main actors — in the wake of Caesar’s assassination. Why did the conspirators only kill Caesar and not also his main supporters?

    ago, agere, egi, actum

    agere de

    to drive, bring, move

    to deal with, to make a matter of business

    equidem (particle)

    (w. first pers. sg.) I for my part;

    indeed, in truth

    pareo, -ere, -ui, -itum

    to submit to, obey

    tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum

    to pick up, lift, hoist; raise

    to get rid of, remove, eliminate

    interitus, -us, m.

    violent death, extinction

    incido, -ere, -i, incasum

    to fall or drop into, to impinge on;

    to enter inadvertently into, come upon

    to present itself, arise, occur

    ingredior, -di, -ssus

    to go into, enter upon, commence, embark on

    praeverto, -tere, -ti, -sum

    to urge on firstly; to attend to firstly

    (w. dat.) to give precedence to (over)

    fuga, -ae, f.

    flight, fleeing, rout; exile, banishment

    formido, -inis, f.

    fear, terror, alarm; religious dread, awe

    conscientia, -ae, f.

    complicity, awareness of, (guilty) conscience

    desperatio, -onis, f.

    abandonment of hope, despair

    cum (conj.) + indicative

    when

    beneficium, -(i)i, n.

    service, kindness; favour

    clam (adv.)

    secretly, under cover

    recipio, -ipere, -epi, -eptum

    to admit to shelter, welcome, receive

    (refl.) to turn back, withdraw, retire

    § 89: No Compromise with a Public Enemy!

    O mea frustra semper verissima auguria rerum futurarum! dicebam illis in Capitolio liberatoribus nostris, cum me ad te ire vellent ut ad defendendam rem publicam te adhortarer, quoad metueres, omnia te promissurum; simul ac timere desisses, similem te futurum tui. itaque cum ceteri consulares irent redirent, in sententia mansi: neque te illo die neque postero vidi neque ullam societatem optimis civibus cum importunissimo hoste foedere ullo confirmari posse credidi. post diem tertium veni in aedem Telluris et quidem invitus, cum omnis aditus armati obsiderent.

    Study Questions:

    • What case is auguria?
    • Why might dicebam be in the imperfect?
    • Explain the syntax of me (cum me ad te ire vellent).
    • What kind of clause is ut … adhortarer?
    • Parse desisses.
    • How is tui to be construed?
    • Parse mansi.
    • What days does Cicero refer to with illo die, postero [die] and post diem tertium?
    • Where was the temple of Tellus?

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • Analyze the rhetorical design and the ideological punch of neque … credidi.

    Discussion Points:

    • Was Cicero correct in thinking that any compromise with Antony was bound to fail?

    frustra (adv.)

    to no purpose, in vain, without avail

    verus, -a, -um

    real, true; grounded in truth, well-founded

    liberator, -oris, m.

    liberator

    quoad (interr. and rel. adv.)

    to the degree that, as far as; while

    up to the time that, until

    metuo, -ere, -i, metutum

    to regard with fear, be afraid of, fear

    simul atque / ac

    as soon as, the moment that

    desino, -inere, -(i)i, -itum

    to leave off, desist, finish, stop, cease from

    similis, -is, -e

    similar, like (w. gen. or dat.)

    (sui / sibi) constant, unchanged

    consularis, -is, -e

    of or proper to a consul

    (as noun) former consul

    maneo, -ere, -si, -sum

    to remain, persist, continue, abide by

    to remain fixed

    societas, -atis, f.

    partnership, fellowship, society

    close relationship

    importunus, -a, -um

    unfavourable, troublesome, oppressive

    foedus, -eris, n.

    formal agreement, treaty, bond, tie

    aedes, -is, f.

    room, apartment;

    (pl.) house, abode; temple, sanctuary

    aditus, -us, m.

    approach, entry; access

    armatus, -i, m.

    an armed man, soldier

    obsideo, -idere, -edi, -essum

    to occupy; besiege, blockade, lay siege to

    to beset, assail, press

    § 90: Antony’s Finest Hour

    Qui tibi dies ille, M. Antoni, fuit! quamquam mihi inimicus subito exstitisti, tamen me tui miseret quod tibi invideris. qui tu vir, di immortales, et quantus fuisses, si illius diei mentem servare potuisses! pacem haberemus, quae erat facta per obsidem puerum nobilem, M. Bambalionis nepotem. quamquam bonum te timor faciebat, non diuturnus magister offici; improbum fecit ea quae, dum timor abest, a te non discedit, audacia. etsi tum, cum optimum te multi putabant me quidem dissentiente, funeri tyranni, si illud funus fuit, sceleratissime praefuisti.

    Study Questions:

    • Explain the syntax of qui.
    • Parse miseret.
    • Parse invideris.
    • What kind of conditional sequence does Cicero use with fuisses – potuisses?
    • What noun does ea modify?
    • What construction is me quidem dissentiente? What is the force of quidem?
    • Parse funeri.

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • How does design reinforce sense in the sentence quamquam bonum … audacia?

    Discussion Points:

    • Do you agree with Cicero that the republican commonwealth and peace could have been restored had Antony continued to collaborate with the senate?

    subito (adv.)

    suddenly, unexpectedly

    exsto, -are, exstiti

    to stand out, exist, be found

    misereo, -ere, -ui

    me miseret + gen.

    to feel / show compassion, have pity

    I am moved to pity / feel sorry for

    invideo, -idere, -idi, -isum

    to look at askance, regard with ill will or envy

    obses, -idis, m. / f.

    hostage; surety, pledge, guarantee

    nepos, -otis, m. / (f.)

    a grandson, descendant

    diuturnus, -a, -um

    lasting for a long time, permanent, long-lived

    officium, -(i)i, n.

    duty, obligation

    improbus, -a, -um

    morally unsound, unprincipled, rascally

    shameless, insolent, rude

    audacia, -ae, f.

    boldness, daring; impudence, effrontery

    etsi (conj.)

    even if, although

    (introducing a main clause) and yet

    dissentio, -tire, -si, -sum

    to differ in opinion, disagree, dissent

    funus, -eris, n.

    funeral rites or ceremonies; funeral

    dead body, corpse; death

    scelerate (adv.)

    with heinous wickedness, atrociously

    praesum, -esse, -fui

    to be in charge (of), be in control (of)

    § 91: Antony as Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde

    Tua illa pulchra laudatio, tua miseratio, tua cohortatio; tu, tu, inquam, illas faces incendisti, et eas quibus semustilatus ille est et eas quibus incensa L. Bellieni domus deflagravit. tu illos impetus perditorum et ex maxima parte servorum quos nos vi manuque reppulimus in nostras domos immisisti. idem tamen quasi fuligine abstersa reliquis diebus in Capitolio praeclara senatus consulta fecisti, ne qua post Idus Martias immunitatis tabula neve cuius benefici figeretur. meministi ipse de exsulibus, scis de immunitate quid dixeris. optimum vero quod dictaturae nomen in perpetuum de re publica sustulisti: quo quidem facto tantum te cepisse odium regni videbatur ut eius omnem propter proximum dictatorem metum tolleres.

    Study Questions:

    • What is the verb of the opening sentence (Tua … cohortatio)?
    • How does et eas … et eas fit into the sentence?
    • What does the et after perditorum link?
    • What kind of construction is quasi fuligine abstersa?
    • What kind of ablative is reliquis diebus?
    • Parse senatus.
    • What noun does qua modify? What case is it in?
    • Parse Idus.
    • neve: what does the enclitic conjunction -ve link?
    • Why is dixeris in the subjunctive?
    • What is the main clause in the sentence optimum vero … sustulisti?
    • What noun does the genitive dictaturae depend on? What kind of genitive is it?
    • Explain the syntax of quo (quo quidem facto).
    • What kind of genitive is regni?
    • What kind of clause does ut (ut eius omnem…) introduce?
    • What does eius refer back to?

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • Analyze the design of the opening sentence (Tua … cohortatio).
    • What is the rhetorical effect of the anaphoric tu, tu, inquam?

    Discussion Points:

    • Why was the funeral of Caesar such a charged moment?

    laudatio, -onis, f.

    panegyric; (funerary) eulogy; funeral oration

    miseratio, -onis, f.

    compassion, pity; expression of grief

    cohortatio, -onis, f.

    exhortation, encouragement

    fax, -cis, f.

    torch, firebrand

    incendo, -dere, -di, -sum

    to set on fire, kindle;

    incite, stir up, inflame, provoke

    sem(i)ustilo, -are

    to half-burn, scorch

    deflagro, -are, -avi, -atum

    to destroy by fire, burn down

    impetus, -us, m.

    onset, thrust, attack, violence

    violent mental impulse, urge

    repello, -ere, reppuli, repulsum

    to drive back, repel, fend off, deter

    immitto, -ittere, -isi, -issum

    to cause to go, send (against), direct

    quasi

    as it were

    fuligo, -inis, f.

    soot

    abstergeo, -gere, -si, -sum

    to wipe clean, remove, wipe off

    senatûs consulta

    decrees of the senate

    immunitas, -atis, f.

    exemption, immunity

    tabula, -ae, f.

    a flat piece of wood, board, plank

    a writing tablet, record; bronze plate

    -ve (enclitic)

    or

    beneficium, -(i)i, n.

    service, kindness; favour

    figo, -gere, -xi, -xum

    to drive in, fix in, insert (nails etc.)

    to fasten up; post up for public information,

    to promulgate

    exsul, -lis, m.

    a banished person, exile

    tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum

    to pick up, lift, hoist; raise

    to get rid of, remove, eliminate

    proximus, -a, -um

    nearest, adjacent, close

    immediately preceding, last, most recent

    immediately following, next

    § 92: Selling the Empire

    Constituta res publica videbatur aliis, mihi vero nullo modo, qui omnia te gubernante naufragia metuebam. num igitur me fefellit, aut num diutius sui potuit esse dissimilis? inspectantibus vobis toto Capitolio tabulae figebantur, neque solum singulis venibant immunitates sed etiam populis universis: civitas non iam singillatim, sed provinciis totis dabatur. itaque si haec manent, quae stante re publica manere non possunt, provincias universas, patres conscripti, perdidistis, neque vectigalia solum sed etiam imperium populi Romani huius domesticis nundinis deminutum est.

    Study Questions:

    • What noun does omnia modify?
    • What construction is te gubernante?
    • Parse sui.
    • What construction is inspectantibus vobis?
    • Parse venibant.
    • What construction is stante re publica?

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • Analyze the dramatic trajectory of the first sentence (constituta … metuebam).

    Discussion Points:

    • Explore the political and financial relationships between Rome and its (conquered) provinces in late-republican times. To what extent does the paragraph here foreshadow the realities of the principate?
    • Cicero accuses Antony of something akin to treason. Was he a ‘traitor of the people’? Who is a traitor of the people?

    constituo, -uere, -ui, -utum

    to set up, establish, decree, decide, arrange

    guberno, -are, -avi, -atum

    to guide the course of, steer; direct, govern

    naufragium, -(i)i, n.

    shipwreck; disaster, calamity, ruin; wreckage

    fallo, -lere, fefelli, -sum

    to deceive, trick, mislead; disguise

    diutius (compar. adv.)

    longer

    inspecto, -are, -avi, -atum

    to look at, watch; (intr.) to look on

    singuli, -ae, -a (pl.)

    each one of, every single; individual, single

    (masculine pl. form used as noun) individuals

    universus, -a, -um

    whole, entire

    veneo, -ire, -ii, (-itum)

    to be sold

    civitas, -atis, f.

    community; the rights of a citizen, citizenship

    singillatim (adv.)

    one by one, singly, separately

    vectigal, -alis, n.

    revenue; income

    nundinae, -arum, f. pl.

    a market-day; a market or fair

    deminuo, -uere, -ui, -utum

    to lessen, diminish; curtail, impair

    § 100: Further Forgeries and a Veteran Foundation

    Sed ad chirographa redeamus. quae tua fuit cognitio? acta enim Caesaris pacis causa confirmata sunt a senatu; quae quidem Caesar egisset, non ea quae egisse Caesarem dixisset Antonius. unde ista erumpunt, quo auctore proferuntur? si sunt falsa, cur probantur? si vera, cur veneunt? at sic placuerat ut ex Kalendis Iuniis de Caesaris actis cum consilio cognosceretis. quod fuit consilium, quem umquam advocasti, quas Kalendas Iunias expectasti? an eas ad quas te peragratis veteranorum coloniis stipatum armis rettulisti?

    o praeclaram illam percursationem tuam mense Aprili atque Maio, tum cum etiam Capuam coloniam deducere conatus es! quem ad modum illinc abieris vel potius paene non abieris scimus.

    Study Questions:

    • Identify and explain the mood of redeamus.
    • How does quae … Antonius fit into the syntax of the sentence?
    • Identify and explain the mood of egisset and dixisset.
    • What kind of construction is quo auctore?
    • Parse veneunt.
    • Identify and explain the case of percursationem.
    • What kind of ablative is mense Aprili atque Maio?
    • Identify and explain the case of Capuam.
    • Parse abieris.

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • Discuss the design and rhetorical force of the question quae tua fuit cognitio?
    • How does design reinforce theme in the sentence acta enim Caesaris … dixisset Antonius?

    Discussion Points:

    • Why does Cicero use a string of rhetorical questions to attack Antony’s handling of Caesar’s state papers?
    • How does Cicero manage the transition from one topic (Caesar’s acta) to the next (Antony’s journey and doings in Southern Italy)?

    chirographum, -i, n.

    one’s handwriting; document, manuscript

    cognitio, -onis, f.

    the act of getting to know, comprehension

    study, investigation, inquiry

    actum, -i, n.

    act, deed, transaction

    erumpo, -umpere, -upi, -uptum

    to burst forth, spring out / up

    profero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum

    to bring forth; to put on show, display

    to give voice to, utter, express

    to produce (documents) in evidence; publish

    veneo, -ire, -ii, (-itum)

    to be sold

    placeo, -ere, -ui or -itus

    to be pleasing / acceptable to; seem good

    to be resolved or agreed on (by)

    consilium, -(i)i, n.

    debate, discussion, deliberation

    advice, counsel

    deliberative or advisory body; council

    decision; intention; deliberate action

    advoco, -are, -avi, -atum

    to call upon, summon, call together, convoke

    exspecto, -are, -avi, -atum

    to wait for, expect

    peragro, -are, -avi, -atum

    to travel through, traverse

    veteranus, -a, -um

    mature

    (as noun) veteran

    colonia, -ae, f.

    settlement, colony

    stipo, -are, -avi, -atum

    to compress, press tight

    (w. abl.) to surround with, fill, cram, stuff

    percursatio, -onis, f.

    a rapid journey

    deduco, -cere, -xi, -ctum

    to lead away from, remove, bring back

    to establish, settle

    illinc (adv.)

    from that place, thence

    abeo, -ire, -ii, -itum

    to go away, depart; pass away

    potius (adv.)

    rather, more exactly, on the contrary

    paene (adv.)

    almost, all but, practically

    § 101: Revels and Remunerations

    Cui tu urbi minitaris. utinam conere, ut aliquando illud ‘paene’ tollatur! at quam nobilis est tua illa peregrinatio! quid prandiorum apparatus, quid furiosam vinulentiam tuam proferam? tua ista detrimenta sunt, illa nostra: agrum Campanum, qui cum de vectigalibus eximebatur ut militibus daretur, tamen infligi magnum rei publicae vulnus putabamus, hunc tu compransoribus tuis et collusoribus dividebas. mimos dico et mimas, patres conscripti, in agro Campano collocatos. quid iam querar de agro Leontino? quoniam quidem hae quondam arationes Campana et Leontina in populi Romani patrimonio grandiferae et fructuosae ferebantur. medico tria milia iugerum: quid si te sanasset? rhetori duo: quid si te disertum facere potuisset? sed ad iter Italiamque redeamus.

    Study Questions:

    • How does Cui fit into the syntax of the sentence?
    • Parse minitaris.
    • What kind of clause does utinam introduce?
    • What does ‘paene’ refer (back) to?
    • Parse conere and explain the mood.
    • Parse apparatus.
    • How do you reconcile the relative pronoun qui (nominative masculine singular, referring back to agrum Campanum) with a first person plural verb (putabamus)?
    • Identify and explain the tense and mood of querar.
    • Parse the adjectives Campana and Leontina. What noun do they modify?
    • Parse sanasset and explain the tense and mood.
    • Parse rhetori.
    • What noun needs to be supplied after duo?

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • What might the homoioteleuton in quid furiosam vinulentiam tuam proferam emphasize?
    • Discuss the positioning of deictic and pronominal adjectives in tua ista detrimenta sunt, illa nostra.

    Discussion Points:

    • Can you think of more recent instances in history where individuals benefitted financially from close association with powerful politicians? (Put differently, to what extent is kleptocracy a universal?)

    minitor, -ari, -atus

    (intr. w. dat.) to use threats (against)

    utinam

    if only

    conor, -ari, -atus

    to attempt, endeavour

    quam

    how

    nobilis, -is, -e

    renowned, famous, celebrated

    peregrinatio, -onis, f.

    travel abroad, foreign travel

    prandium, -(i)i, n.

    midday meal

    apparatus, -us, m.

    preparation; display, pomp, sumptuousness

    instruments, equipment

    furiosus, -a, -um

    frenzied, raving mad; wild, uncontrolled

    vinulentia, -ae, f.

    fondness for wine

    excessive wine consumption, intoxication

    profero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum

    to bring forth; show, display; produce

    to make known, public, disclose

    detrimentum, -i, n.

    material reduction; harm, damage, loss

    ager, agri, m.

    piece of land, country, region; soil, terrain

    vectigalis, -is, -e

    (of land etc.) yielding taxes; subject to taxes

    eximo, -imere, -emi, -emptus

    to take out, extract; get rid of, banish

    to remove (from); set free, exempt

    infligo, -gere, -xi, -ctum

    to knock or dash (against), to inflict

    compransor, -oris, m.

    table-companion

    collusor, -oris, m.

    playmate, fellow gambler

    divido, -idere, -isi, -isum

    to separate, divide (up), split, share out

    mimus, -i, m.

    an actor in mimes; a mime

    mima, -ae, f.

    an actress performing in mimes

    colloco, -are, -avi, -atum

    to put or set in a particular place;

    to put up, place, settle

    queror, -ri, -stus (de)

    to regret, complain, grumble, protest

    quoniam (conj.)

    seeing that … now, since, because

    quondam (adv.)

    formerly; in the future, some day

    aratio, -onis, f.

    the action of ploughing;

    estate of arable land

    patrimonium, -(i)i, n.

    property, possession, estate

    grandifer, -era, -erum

    yielding large crops

    fructuosus, -a, -um

    fruitful, productive; rewarding, lucrative

    fero, -re, tuli, latum

    (here) to have on or in it, contain

    medicus, -i, m.

    doctor, physician

    mille (indecl. n. and adj.)

    a thousand

    milia, -ium (pl.)

    thousand

    iugerum, -i / -is, n.

    pl. acres, an expanse of farmland

    sano, -are, -avi, -atum

    to cure, heal, restore to health

    rhetori, -oris, m.

    teacher of rhetoric, rhetorician

    disertus, -a, -um

    eloquent; skillfully expressed

    § 102: Antony Colonized a Colony!

    Deduxisti coloniam Casilinum, quo Caesar ante deduxerat. consuluisti me per litteras de Capua tu quidem, sed idem de Casilino respondissem: possesne, ubi colonia esset, eo coloniam novam iure deducere. negavi in eam coloniam quae esset auspicato deducta, dum esset incolumis, coloniam novam iure deduci: colonos novos ascribi posse rescripsi. tu autem insolentia elatus omni auspiciorum iure turbato Casilinum coloniam deduxisti, quo erat paucis annis ante deducta, ut vexillum tolleres, ut aratrum circumduceres; cuius quidem vomere portam Capuae paene perstrinxisti, ut florentis coloniae territorium minueretur.

    Study Questions:

    • Parse Casilinum and explain its case. Where is Casilinum located?
    • Identify and explain the mood of respondissem.
    • Why is posses in the imperfect subjunctive?
    • Explain the syntax of auspicato.
    • Parse rescripsi.
    • What construction is omni auspiciorum iure turbato?
    • What kind of ablative is paucis annis.
    • Explain the syntax of cuius. What noun does it refer back to?
    • What kind of clause are ut … tolleres and ut … circumduceres?

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • Discuss the design of the opening sentence (Deduxisti … deduxerat).
    • After consuluisti, ‘tu quidem’ is technically speaking unnecessary — why does Cicero add it nevertheless?

    Discussion Points:

    • Do you find it plausible that Antony consulted Cicero on a religious technicality to do with his settlement policy?

    deduco, -cere, -xi, -ctum

    to lead away from, remove, bring back

    to establish, settle

    consulo, -ere, -ui, -tum

    to consult, take counsel

    auspicato (adv.)

    after taking the auspices; auspiciously

    incolumis, -is, -e

    undamaged, unimpaired, intact

    ascribo, -bere, -psi, -ptum

    to add in writing, insert; enroll, enlist, assign

    rescribo, -bere, -psi, -ptum

    to write in response

    insolentia, -ae, f.

    unfamiliarity; lack of moderation

    insolence, arrogance

    elatus (ppp. of effero)

    raised above; exalted; sublime

    vexillum, -i, n.

    military standard

    aratrum, -i, n.

    a plough

    circumduco, -cere, -xi, -ctum

    to lead round, go round

    vomer, -eris, m.

    ploughshare

    perstringo, -ngere, -nxi, -ctum

    to brush, graze, skirt

    florens, -ntis

    flowering, flourishing, prosperous; powerful

    minuo, -uere, -ui, -utum

    to reduce in size or extent, make smaller

    to weaken, detract

    § 103: Antony’s Enrichment Activities

    Ab hac perturbatione religionum advolas in M. Varronis, sanctissimi atque integerrimi viri, fundum Casinatem. quo iure, quo ore? ‘Eodem’, inquies, ‘quo in heredum L. Rubri, quo in heredum L. Turseli praedia, quo in reliquas innumerabiles possessiones’. et si ab hasta, valeat hasta, valeant tabulae modo Caesaris, non tuae, quibus debuisti, non quibus tu te liberavisti. Varronis quidem Casinatem fundum quis venisse dicit, quis hastam istius venditionis vidit, quis vocem praeconis audivit? misisse te dicis Alexandriam qui emeret a Caesare; ipsum enim expectare magnum fuit.

    Study Questions:

    • On what noun does the genitive M. Varronis depend?
    • Parse inquies.
    • On what noun do the genitives heredum (2x) depend?
    • Identify and explain the tense and mood of valeat and valeant.
    • What are the antecedents of quibus (2x)?
    • Parse venisse.
    • Identify and explain the case of Alexandriam.
    • Identify and explain the mood of emeret.

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • Analyze the design of the sentence Varronis quidem … audivit?

    Discussion Points:

    • How does Cicero play off Caesar against Antony in this paragraph?

    perturbatio, -onis, f.

    disturbance, upheaval; confusion, disorder

    advolo, -are, -avi, -atum

    to fly towards; hasten towards

    to swoop on, snatch eagerly at

    sanctus, -a, -um

    (religious) sacrosanct, inviolate, sacred

    (moral), scrupulous, upright, blameless

    virtuous

    integer, -gra, -grum

    fresh, undecided; whole, complete, untouched

    morally unblemished, upright

    fundus, -i, m.

    bottom, base; basis, foundation

    a country estate, farm; homestead

    Casinas, -atis (adj.)

    of Casinum

    os, oris, n.

    face, countenance, expression

    heres, -edis, m. (f.)

    heir, successor

    praedium, -(i)i, n.

    a landed property, estate, land

    hasta, -ae, f.

    spear, javelin

    spear stuck in the ground at a public auction

    reliquus, -qua, -quum

    the rest of, remaining

    innumerabilis, -is, -e

    countless

    possessio, -onis, f.

    occupancy, possession; seizure, control

    (pl.) a holding, estate

    valeo, -ere, -ui, -itum

    to be powerful, be well, have force

    to have legal authority, be valid, apply

    debeo, -ere, -ui, -itum

    to be under an obligation to pay, owe to

    to be indebted for

    (I) ought, should

    libero, -are, -avi, -atum

    to free, release from, discharge, fulfil, cover

    veneo, -ire, -ii, (-itum)

    to be sold

    venditio, -onis, f.

    the action / process of selling, sale

    praeco, -onis, m.

    announcer; auctioneer

    emo, -emere, emi, emptum

    to buy, purchase; win over; procure

    § 104: Animal House

    Quis vero audivit umquam — nullius autem salus curae pluribus fuit — de fortunis Varronis rem ullam esse detractam? quid? si etiam scripsit ad te Caesar ut redderes, quid satis potest dici de tanta impudentia? remove gladios parumper illos quos videmus: iam intelleges aliam causam esse hastae Caesaris, aliam confidentiae et temeritatis tuae. non enim te dominus modo illis sedibus sed quivis amicus, vicinus, hospes, procurator arcebit. at quam multos dies in ea villa turpissime es perbacchatus! ab hora tertia bibebatur, ludebatur, vomebatur. o tecta ipsa misera, ‘quam dispari domino’ — quamquam quo modo iste dominus? — sed tamen quam ab dispari tenebantur! studiorum enim suorum receptaculum M. Varro voluit illud, non libidinum deversorium.

    Study Questions:

    • Parse nullius.
    • Identify and explain the case of curae and pluribus.
    • What kind of clause is ut redderet?
    • How does satis fit into the syntax of the sentence?
    • Parse remove.
    • Parse intelleges.
    • Identify and explain the case of illis sedibus.
    • What kind of accusative is multos dies?

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • What are the stylistic devices Cicero uses to underscore the disgraceful conduct of Antony and his mates at Varro’s villa?
    • What work is the tragic quote doing here?

    Discussion Points:

    • What would you do as a lodger in Varro’s villa?

    umquam (adv.)

    at any time, ever

    salus, -utis, f.

    personal safety, immunity from harm,

    well-being, security

    curae, -ae, f.

    anxiety, worry, care, distress; concern

    fortuna, -ae, f.

    fortune

    (pl.) wealth, property

    detraho, -here, -xi, -ctum

    to detach, strip off, remove, take away

    satis (indecl. noun / adv.)

    enough, sufficient; sufficiently, adequately

    removeo, -overe, -ovi, -otum

    to move back / away, remove, set aside

    gladius, -(i)i, m.

    sword

    parumper (adv.)

    for a short while, for a moment

    confidentia, -ae, f.

    assurance, self-confidence;

    audacity, temerity

    temeritas, -atis, f.

    recklessness, thoughtlessness, boldness

    sedes, -is, f.

    a place to sit, seat; dwelling, house

    quivis, quaevis, quodvis

    any that you please

    vicinus, -a, -um

    situated close at hand

    (as noun) neighbour

    hospes, -itis, m.

    guest, visitor; host

    procurator, -oris, m.

    occupant, manager, keeper

    arceo, -ere, -ui

    to prevent from approaching, keep away,

    repulse; hinder, stop

    turpis, -is, -e

    offensive, loathsome, foul, repulsive;

    morally repugnant, disgraceful

    perbacchor, -ari, -atus

    to carouse or revel through

    vomo, -ere, -ui, -itum

    to be sick, vomit; discharge

    tectum, -i, n.

    roof, ceiling; house, dwelling

    dispar, -aris

    unequal, dissimilar (in character)

    receptaculum, -i, n.

    repository

    deversorium, -(i)i, n.

    lodging

    § 105: Animal House: The Sequel

    Quae in illa villa antea dicebantur, quae cogitabantur, quae litteris mandabantur! iura populi Romani, monumenta maiorum, omnis sapientiae ratio omnisque doctrinae. at vero te inquilino — non enim domino — personabant omnia vocibus ebriorum, natabant pavimenta vino, madebant parietes, ingenui pueri cum meritoriis, scorta inter matres familias versabantur. Casino salutatum veniebant, Aquino, Interamna: admissus est nemo. iure id quidem; in homine enim turpissimo obsolefiebant dignitatis insignia.

    Study Questions:

    • What does the -que after omnis link?
    • What construction is te inquilino?
    • Parse salutatum.
    • Identify and explain the case of Casino, Aquino, and Interamna.

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • Discuss the stylistic devices Cicero uses to hail Varro’s learning.
    • Discuss the stylistic devices Cicero uses to lambast Antony’s depravity.

    Discussion Points:

    • Compare and contrast Cicero’s depiction of Antony’s conduct in Varro’s villa in §§ 104–05 with contemporary frat-boy comedies such as Animal House: what is (or isn’t) funny — and why?

    mando, -are, -avi, -atum

    to hand over, deliver, consign

    to commit to (writing / memory), entrust

    doctrina, -ae, f.

    instruction; learning

    inquilinus, -i, m.

    tenant, lodger

    persono, -are, -ui / -avi, -atum

    to make a loud / pervasive noise,

    to make resound

    ebrius, -a, -um

    intoxicated, drunk

    nato, -are, -avi, -atum

    to swim; (w. abl.) to be drenched / inundated

    pavimentum, -i, n.

    floor, surface, pavement

    madeo, -ere

    to be wet / sodden

    paries, -etis, m.

    wall

    ingenuus, -a, -um

    native; free-born; honourable

    meritorius, -a, -um

    let out for a price, hired

    scortum, -i, n.

    prostitute

    obsolefacio, -facere, -feci, -factum

    to make common, degrade

    insigne, -is, n.

    mark of rank, status, identity, honour

    distinction

    § 106: Antony Cocooned

    Cum inde Romam proficiscens ad Aquinum accederet, obviam ei processit, ut est frequens municipium, magna sane multitudo. at iste operta lectica latus per oppidum est ut mortuus. stulte Aquinates: sed tamen in via habitabant. quid Anagnini? qui cum essent devii, descenderunt ut istum, tamquam si esset consul, salutarent. incredibile dictu + sed cum vinus + inter omnis constabat neminem esse resalutatum, praesertim cum duos secum Anagninos haberet, Mustelam et Laconem, quorum alter gladiorum est princeps, alter poculorum.

    Study Questions:

    • Parse ei: whom does the pronoun refer to?
    • Who is the subject of processit?
    • What is a municipium?
    • What is the meaning of ut in ut mortuus?
    • Explain the syntax of qui (qui cum essent devii).
    • What is the significance of Cicero’s use of the imperfect subjunctive in tamquam si esset consul?
    • NB: We don’t know why the text here has become garbled beyond restoration (to date). It doesn’t happen often in Cicero’s classic speeches.
    • Parse and explain the syntax of esse resalutatum.
    • On what noun does the genitive poculorum depend?

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • What stylistic devices does Cicero use in his portrayal of Antony’s alleged mistreatment of locals on his journey back to Rome?

    Discussion Points:

    • Discuss the implications of Cicero challenging Antony’s status as consul (cf. tamquam si esset consul).

    accedo, -dere, -ssi, -ssum

    to draw near, approach, reach

    obviam (adv.)

    in the way / path of, so as to meet

    procedo, -dere, -ssi, -ssum

    to go / move forward, come forth, advance

    frequens, -ntis

    densely packed, crowded, populous

    municipium, -(i)i, n.

    municipality, community

    sane (adv.)

    certainly, truly

    (qualifying adjs. or advs.) very, decidedly, quite

    (w. concessive force) admittedly, certainly, to be sure

    multitudo, -inis, f.

    large number, large quantity, multitude

    population, the common people, the masses

    operio, -ire, -ui, -tum

    to shut, close, cover (from sight), conceal

    habito, -are, -avi, -atum

    to live in, inhabit, dwell

    devius, -a, -um

    out-of-the-way, remote; turning aside

    tamquam (conj.)

    in the same way as, just as

    (w. conditional clause) just as (if)

    saluto, -are, -avi, -atum

    to greet, hail, salute; to call on to pay respects

    consto, -are, -iti

    to stand together, take up a position

    constat

    a decision is taken

    it is apparent / plain

    it is an established fact, it is known

    resaluto, -are, -avi, -atum

    to return the greeting of

    praesertim (adv.)

    above all, first and foremost, especially

    praesertim cum

    (causal) especially since, seeing that

    (adversative) although

    in spite of the fact that

    alter … alter …

    the one … the other …

    princeps, -ipis, m.

    master, expert, chief man; person in charge

    poculum, -i, n.

    drinking-vessel, cup, bowl

    § 107: Symbolic Strutting after Caesar

    Quid ego illas istius minas contumeliasque commemorem quibus invectus est in Sidicinos, vexavit Puteolanos, quod C. Cassium et Brutos patronos adoptassent? magno quidem studio, iudicio, benevolentia, caritate, non, ut te et Basilum, vi et armis, et alios vestri similis quos clientis nemo habere velit, non modo illorum cliens esse. interea dum tu abes, qui dies ille collegae tuo fuit, cum illud quod venerari solebas bustum in foro evertit! qua re tibi nuntiata, ut constabat inter eos qui una fuerunt, concidisti. quid evenerit postea nescio — metum credo valuisse et arma; collegam quidem de caelo detraxisti effecistique non tu quidem etiam nunc ut similis tui, sed certe ut dissimilis esset sui.

    Study Questions:

    • Identify and explain the mood of commemorem.
    • Locate the Sidicini and the town of Puteoli on a map.
    • Who were C. Cassius and the (two) Bruti?
    • Who was Basilus?
    • Parse adoptassent and explain the mood.
    • What construction is qua re tibi nuntiata?
    • Explain the syntax of qua.
    • Parse evenerit and explain the mood.

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • What stylistic features help to underscore Cicero’s spitting contempt in illas istius minas contumeliasque commemorem?

    Discussion Points:

    • Why would the Sidicini and the inhabitants of Puteoli side with the liberators?
    • What does patronage of local communities by leading Roman aristocrats entail?
    • What episode does Cicero refer to when he talks about the destruction of the ‘tomb’ by Antony’s colleague Dolabella?

    minae, -arum, f.

    threats, menaces

    contumelia, -ae, f.

    insult, indignity, affront

    commemoro, -are, -avi, -atum

    to recall, mention, relate

    inveho, -here, -xi, -ctum

    to carry / bring in; import; to ride into attack

    (pass.) to attack with words, inveigh (against)

    vexo, -are, -avi, -atum

    to agitate, buffet; damage; attack constantly;

    to harass, trouble

    patronus, -i, m.

    patron; advocate

    adopto, -are, -avi, -atum

    to select, secure; adopt

    studium, -(i)i, n.

    earnest application, zeal, ardour;

    enthusiasm, eagerness

    devotion, goodwill, support

    iudicium, -(i)i, n.

    exercise of judgement; decision

    favourable opinion, esteem

    benevolentia, -ae, f.

    goodwill, benevolence, friendliness

    caritas, -atis, f.

    dearness, high price; love, affection, esteem

    veneror, -ari, -atus

    to worship, adore; pay homage to

    bustum, -i, n.

    funeral pyre; grave-mound, tomb

    everto, -tere, -ti, -sum

    to turn upside down; overturn; ruin

    unâ (adv.)

    unâ esse

    in one body, together; at the same time

    to be present

    concido, -ere, -i

    to collapse, fall; to die or be killed

    evenio, -enire, -eni, -entum

    to come out, emerge; to happen, come about

    metus, -us, m.

    fear

    valeo, -ere, -ui, -itum

    to be powerful, have strength

    to be well

    detraho, -here, -xi, -ctum

    to remove; to pull or force down

    to pull down, demolish

    § 108: Swords Galore, or: Antony’s Return to Rome

    Qui vero inde reditus Romam, quae perturbatio totius urbis! memineramus Cinnam nimis potentem, Sullam postea dominantem, modo Caesarem regnantem videramus. erant fortasse gladii, sed absconditi nec ita multi; ista vero quae et quanta barbaria est! agmine quadrato cum gladiis sequuntur, scutorum lecticas portari videmus. atque his quidem iam inveteratis, patres conscripti, consuetudine obduruimus. Kalendis Iuniis cum in senatum, ut erat constitutum, venire vellemus, metu perterriti repente diffugimus.

    Study Questions:

    • What kind of accusative is Romam?
    • Parse totius.
    • Explain the grammar and sense of agmine quadrato.
    • How do you account for the genitive in the phrase scutorum lecticas?
    • What construction is his … inveteratis?
    • Identify and explain the case of Kalendis Iuniis.

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • Analyze the design of the sentence memineramus … videramus.
    • Identify the stylistic devices that Cicero employs to contrast a bad past with a worse present in this paragraph.

    Discussion Points:

    • How do you think Antony would have advertised his return to Rome?

    inde (adv.)

    from that place, thence, from there

    from that time, from then on; next, then

    reditus, -us, m.

    return

    perturbatio, -onis, f.

    physical disturbance, agitation, upheaval

    disorder, disruption

    nimis (adv.)

    to an excessive degree, too much, unduly

    potens, -ntis

    having or exercising power over, powerful

    dominor, -ari, -atus

    to exercise sovereignty, act as despot, rule

    modo (adv.)

    just, only (now); recently

    fortasse (adv.)

    it may be, possibly, perhaps

    absconditus, -a, -um

    hidden, concealed; covert, disguised

    barbaria, -ae, f.

    the foreign world, uncivilized people

    barbarousness, brutality

    agmen, -inis, n.

    stream, current; mass, multitude, throng

    an army on the march, column

    quadro, -are, -avi, -atum

    to square up, to form a rectangular shape

    agmen quadratum

    an army marching in a rectangle, the baggage

    in the midst (= ready for any enemy attack from any direction);

    ‘hollow square formation’

    scutum, -i, n.

    shield

    lectica, -ae, f.

    a litter

    porto, -are, -avi, -atum

    to transport, convey; to carry, bear

    invetero, -are, -avi, -atum

    to become old or established;

    to make / become customary

    consuetudo, -inis, f.

    habit, custom

    obduresco, -escere, -ui

    to become hard, harden;

    to become hardened / callous

    metus, -us, m.

    fear

    perterreo, -ere, -ui, -itum

    to frighten greatly, terrify

    repente (adv.)

    without warning, suddenly; in an instant,

    all at once

    diffugio, -ugere, -ugi

    to run away, flee; scatter, disperse

    § 109: Playing Fast and Loose with Caesar’s Legislation

    At iste, qui senatu non egeret, neque desideravit quemquam et potius discessu nostro laetatus est statimque illa mirabilia facinora effecit. qui chirographa Caesaris defendisset lucri sui causa, is leges Caesaris easque praeclaras, ut rem publicam concutere posset, evertit. numerum annorum provinciis prorogavit; idemque, cum actorum Caesaris defensor esse deberet, et in publicis et in privatis rebus acta Caesaris rescidit. in publicis nihil est lege gravius; in privatis firmissimum est testamentum. leges alias sine promulgatione sustulit, alias ut tolleret promulgavit. testamentum irritum fecit, quod etiam infimis civibus semper obtentum est. signa, tabulas, quas populo Caesar una cum hortis legavit, eas hic partim in hortos Pompei deportavit, partim in villam Scipionis.

    Study Questions:

    • Identify and explain the case of senatu.
    • Why is egeret in the (imperfect) subjunctive?
    • What is the antecedent of qui?
    • Identify and explain the case of lucri sui.
    • What kind of clause is ut rem publicam concutere possit?
    • What kind of ablative is lege?
    • What is the antecedent of quod?
    • Identify and explain the case of infimis civibus.

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • In this paragraph, we get a cascade of main clauses, with the verbs in the perfect tense: desideravit – laetatus est – effecit – evertit – prorogavit – rescidit – sustulit – promulgavit – fecit – deportavit. What is the rhetorical effect? And what does the principle, stated in the present tense halfway through the paragraph (in publicis nihil est lege gravius; in privatis firmissimum est testamentum), add to the overall design and rhetorical impact?

    Discussion Points:

    • Is Cicero here making mountains out of molehills?

    egeo, -ere, -ui

    to need, want, require; to lack, be devoid of

    desidero, -are, -avi, -atum

    to long for, desire; to stand in need of, require

    to feel / notice the absence of, miss

    potius (adv.)

    rather, on the contrary; by preference

    discessus, -us, m.

    absence (from), departure, going away

    laetor, -ari, -atus

    to rejoice, be glad, be delighted (in)

    statim (adv.)

    immediately, at once, without delay

    mirabilis, -is, -e

    causing wonder, remarkable, extraordinary

    facinus, -oris, n.

    deed, act, event; misdeed, crime, outrage

    chirographum, -i, n.

    one’s handwriting; document, manuscript

    lucrum, -i, n.

    material gain, profit

    concutio, -tere, -ssi, -ssum

    to shake, agitate; distress, upset

    everto, -tere, -ti, -sum

    to turn upside down; overturn; ruin

    prorogo, -are, -avi, -atum

    to extend (a term of office)

    be added, prolong, keep going

    rescindo, -indere, -idi, -issum

    to remove by hewing, split, break open

    to cancel, revoke, rescind, annul

    gravis, -is, -e

    heavy, ponderous; stern, harsh

    grave, serious, earnest, weighty

    oppressive, troublesome

    testamentum, -i, n.

    will, testament

    promulgatio, -onis, f.

    official proclamation (of a proposed law)

    promulgo, -are, -avi, -atum

    to make known (the terms of a proposed law)

    to make widely known, publish

    irritus, -a, -um

    not ratified or valid, null and void; ineffectual

    infimus, -a, -um

    lowest in position

    most undistinguished, humblest, lowest

    obtineo, -inere, -inui, -entum

    to maintain, keep up, persist in

    to govern, hold, retain control of

    to cover, extend over

    to secure, gain, obtain, sustain one’s claim to

    signum, -i, n.

    mark; sign, emblem; statue

    tabulae, -ae, f.

    (here) painting

    una cum + abl.

    together with

    hortus, -i, m.

    garden

    lego, -are, -avi, -atum

    to send as an envoy

    to dispose of by legacy, bequeath

    partim … partim… (adv.)

    in part … in part…

    deporto, -are, -avi, -atum

    to bring, convey, transport

    § 110: Caesar: Dead Duck or Deified Dictator?

    Et tu in Caesaris memoria diligens, tu illum amas mortuum? quem is honorem maiorem consecutus erat quam ut haberet pulvinar, simulacrum, fastigium, flaminem? est ergo flamen, ut Iovi, ut Marti, ut Quirino, sic divo Iulio M. Antonius. quid igitur cessas? cur non inauguraris? sume diem, vide qui te inauguret: collegae sumus; nemo negabit. o detestabilem hominem, sive quod tyranni sacerdos es sive quod mortui! quaero deinceps num hodiernus dies qui sit ignores. nescis heri quartum in circo diem ludorum Romanorum fuisse, te autem ipsum ad populum tulisse ut quintus praeterea dies Caesari tribueretur? cur non sumus praetextati? cur honorem Caesaris tua lege datum deseri patimur? an supplicationes addendo diem contaminari passus es, pulvinaria contaminari noluisti? aut undique religionem tolle aut usque quaque conserva.

    Study Questions:

    • In the phrase in Caesaris memoria, what kind of genitive is Caesaris?
    • Explain the grammar of quem (quem is honorem…).
    • Parse inauguraris.
    • Parse sume.
    • Identify and explain the case of destestabilem hominem.
    • How is mortui to be construed?
    • Explain the syntax of the sentence quaero … ignores.

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • What is the tone of the initial question (Et tu … mortuum)?
    • Discuss the rhetorical force and arrangement of pulvinar, simulacrum, fastigium, flaminem. (Make sure you know what each of these items refers to.)
    • Analyze the design of est ergo flamen, ut Iovi, ut Marti, ut Quirino, sic divo Iulio M. Antonius.
    • Cicero shows a notable preference for asyndeton in this paragraph. Why?
    • What figure of thought does Cicero use in sive quod tyranni sacerdos es sive quod mortui and aut undique religionem tolle aut usque quaque conserva? Why is it effective?

    Discussion Points:

    • Cicero here blasts Antony for inconsistency in his attitude towards Caesar. What might account for such ‘qualified devotion’ to the dead dictator on Antony’s part?

    diligens, -ntis

    careful, attentive, diligent, scrupulous

    consequor, -qui, -cutus

    to go or come after, follow;

    to bring about, achieve, reach;

    (intr.) to succeed

    pulvinar, -aris, n.

    a cushioned couch for the statue of a god

    simulacrum, -i, n.

    likeness, image, statue

    fastigium, -i, n.

    tip, apex; top, summit

    a rigged or pointed roof, pediment, gable

    flamen, -inis, m.

    a flamen (a specially appointed priest)

    cesso, -are, -avi, -atum

    to hold back from, desist; be inactive

    inauguro, -are, -avi, -atum

    to consecrate by augury for a priesthood

    sumo, -mere, -mpsi, -mptum

    to take (up), to adopt

    detestabilis, -is, -e

    detestable, execrable, abominable

    deinceps (adv.)

    in succession, in turn; after that, next

    num (interrogative particle)

    introducing a question implying a negative answer

    (introducing indirect questions) whether by any chance

    hodiernus, -a, -um

    hodiernus dies

    of or belonging to this day

    this day

    ignoro, -are, -avi, -atum

    to be ignorant or unaware of, fail to recognize

    nescio, -ire, -ivi / -ii, -itum

    not to know, to be unaware of

    heri (adv.)

    yesterday

    fero, -rre, tuli, latum

    (here) to propose to (ad)

    praeterea (adv.)

    in addition to that, as well, besides

    tribuo, -uere, -ui, -utum

    to grant, bestow, award; allocate, devote

    praetextatus, -a, -um

    wearing the toga praetexta

    desero, -ere, -ui, -tum

    to forsake, leave, abandon; part company

    patior, -ti, -ssus

    to be subjected to, undergo, experience

    to suffer, put up with, tolerate, allow

    supplicatio, -onis, f.

    the offering of propitiation to a deity;

    thanksgiving

    contamino, -are, -avi, -atum

    to defile, pollute, befoul; corrupt

    to render ritually unclean, profane, desecrate

    undique (adv.)

    from all sides or directions

    usque quaque (adv.)

    everywhere, in every possible respect, wholly

    § 111: A Final Look at Antony’s Illoquence

    Quaeris placeatne mihi pulvinar esse, fastigium, flaminem. mihi vero nihil istorum placet: sed tu, qui acta Caesaris defendis, quid potes dicere cur alia defendas, alia non cures? nisi forte vis fateri te omnia quaestu tuo, non illius dignitate metiri. quid ad haec tandem? exspecto enim eloquentiam. disertissimum cognovi avum tuum, at te etiam apertiorem in dicendo. ille numquam nudus est contionatus: tuum hominis simplicis pectus vidimus. respondebisne ad haec, aut omnino hiscere audebis? ecquid reperies ex tam longa oratione mea cui te respondere posse confidas?

    Study Questions:

    • Parse vis.
    • What kind of ablative are quaestu and dignitate?
    • What is the verb in the sentence quid ad haec tandem?
    • How does the genitive phrase hominis simplicis fit into the sentence?
    • What is the antecedent of cui?

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • Cicero here blasts Antony for his lack of eloquence. What ensures that he does so eloquently?

    Discussion Points:

    • Explore the role of ancestors in Roman culture — and political oratory. Who was Antony’s avus?

    pulvinar, -aris, n.

    a cushioned couch for the statue of a god

    fastigium, -i, n.

    tip, apex; top, summit

    a rigged or pointed roof, pediment, gable

    flamen, -inis, m.

    a flamen (a priest specially appointed for a specific divinity)

    cur (adv.)

    (interr.) for what reason / purpose, why

    (relative) on account of which

    curo, -are, -avi, -atum

    to watch over, look after, care for, attend to

    forte (adv.)

    by chance, perhaps

    fateor, -eri, fassus

    to concede, admit, acknowledge, confess

    quaestus, -us, m.

    gainful occupation, profit, income, gain

    metior, -iri, mensus (metitus)

    to measure, mark off, estimate, gauge

    tandem (adverb)

    after all; at last

    disertus, -a, -um

    dexterous or skilled in speaking, eloquent

    cognosco, -oscere, -ovi, -itum

    to get to know, find out; to find to be

    avus, -i, m.

    grandfather; ancestor

    etiam (particle)

    still, yet, even now; even, actually

    apertus, -a, -um

    open; uncovered, unveiled, bare, naked

    open-hearted, frank

    numquam (adv.)

    at no time, never; not in any circumstances

    nudus, -a, -um

    naked

    contionor, -ari, -atus

    to deliver a public speech, address a meeting

    simplex, -icis

    simple, basic, plain, artless, simple-minded

    pectus, -oris, n.

    breast, chest; soul, mind, personality

    omnino (adv.)

    in every respect, absolutely, altogether;

    at all, in any degree, in any circumstances

    hisco, -ere

    to open, gape, open the mouth to speak

    audeo, -dere, -sus

    to have a mind, be prepared, intend

    to dare, venture

    ecquis, ecquid

    is there anyone who? is there anything that?

    reperio, -ire, repperi, -tum

    to find, discover, light upon; make up, devise

    § 112: The Senate Under Armour

    Sed praeterita omittamus: hunc unum diem, unum, inquam, hodiernum diem, hoc punctum temporis, quo loquor, defende, si potes. cur armatorum corona senatus saeptus est, cur me tui satellites cum gladiis audiunt, cur valvae Concordiae non patent, cur homines omnium gentium maxime barbaros, Ituraeos, cum sagittis deducis in forum? praesidi sui causa se facere dicit. non igitur miliens perire est melius quam in sua civitate sine armatorum praesidio non posse vivere? sed nullum est istud, mihi crede, praesidium: caritate te et benevolentia civium saeptum oportet esse, non armis.

    Study Questions:

    • Parse praeterita.
    • Identify and explain the mood of omittamus.
    • Parse inquam.
    • Parse Concordiae. What does it refer to?
    • Who are the Ituraeans?
    • Explain the syntax of perire.
    • What kind of ablatives are caritate and benevolentia?

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • Analyze the design and the rhetorical force of the accusative objects of defende.
    • Discuss the rhetorical power of the sequence of rhetorical questions introduced by cur (4x).

    Discussion Points:

    • Do you agree with Cicero that the best ‘bodyguard’ a statesman can have is the devotion and benevolence he inspires among his fellow-citizens?

    praeteritus, -a, -um

    past, bygone, former

    omitto, -ittere, -isi, -issum

    to let go off, release; discontinue

    to leave out of account, disregard

    to ignore, omit mention of, pass over

    punctum, -i, n.

    punctum temporis

    a small hole, prick, sting

    a moment, instant

    armatus, -i, m.

    an armed man, soldier

    corona, -ae, f.

    wreath, garland, crown

    a circle (of bystanders), spectators

    a ring (of soldiers)

    saepio, -ire, -si, -tum

    to surround with a hedge, fence round,

    enclose, encircle

    satelles, -itis, m.

    one of a bodyguard, henchman, attendant

    partisan, supporter, accomplice

    valvae, -arum, f. pl.

    a double door, a folding door

    pateo, -ere, -ui

    to be open; to be visible; to extend

    sagitta, -ae, f.

    arrow

    praesidium, -(i)i, n.

    means of security, defence, protection;

    bodyguard, escort

    miliens (adv.)

    a thousand times

    pereo, -ire, -ii (-ivi), -itum

    to vanish, disappear; to perish, die

    caritas, -atis, f.

    love, affection, esteem

    benevolentia, -ae, f.

    goodwill, benevolence, friendliness

    § 113: The Res Publica Has Watchers!

    Eripiet et extorquebit tibi ista populus Romanus, utinam salvis nobis! sed quoquo modo nobiscum egeris, dum istis consiliis uteris, non potes, mihi crede, esse diuturnus. etenim ista tua minime avara coniunx, quam ego sine contumelia describo, nimium diu debet populo Romano tertiam pensionem. habet populus Romanus ad quos gubernacula rei publicae deferat: qui ubicumque terrarum sunt, ibi omne est rei publicae praesidium vel potius ipsa res publica, quae se adhuc tantum modo ulta est, nondum reciperavit. habet quidem certe res publica adulescentis nobilissimos paratos defensores. quam volent illi cedant otio consulentes; tamen a re publica revocabuntur. et nomen pacis dulce est et ipsa res salutaris; sed inter pacem et servitutem plurimum interest. pax est tranquilla libertas, servitus postremum malorum omnium non modo bello sed morte etiam repellendum.

    Study Questions:

    • Explain the construction utinam salvis nobis.
    • Parse egeris.
    • Why does Cicero call Antony’s wife Fulvia minime avara?
    • Parse volent.
    • Identify and explain the mood of cedant.
    • What kind of genitive is pacis?
    • What kind of genitive is malorum omnium?
    • What kind of ablatives are bello and morte?

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • What makes the first two sentences (Eripiet … diuturnus) ‘a brilliant opening to a passage of high rhetoric’? (Lacey 1986: 240).
    • With the phrase gubernacula rei publicae Cicero brings the well-known metaphor of the ‘ship of state’ into play (with gubernacula as metonym for the ship): what does the metaphor contribute to his rhetorical agenda?

    Discussion Points:

    • Who are the political agents in this paragraph? Can you bring them into systematic correlation?
    • Do you agree with Cicero that slavery is worse than death?
    • What do you think freedom consists in?

    eripio, -ipere, -ipui, -eptum

    to seize, pull, tear from; snatch (away)

    extorqueo, -quere, -si, -tum

    to remove with a twist, wrench away

    to obtain by force; dislocate

    salvus, -a, -um

    safe, secure, unharmed; intact, undamaged

    still alive, existing, surviving, extant

    ago, agere, egi, actum + cum

    (here) to transact business (with), treat

    consilium, -(i)i, n.

    debate, discussion, deliberation, advice

    deliberative or advisory body; council

    decision; intention; deliberate action

    utor, -i, usus

    to use, employ, engage in

    diuturnus, -a, -um

    lasting for a long time, durable, lasting

    avarus, -a, -um

    greedy, avaricious, rapacious; miserly, mean

    coniunx, -ugis, m. / f.

    partner in marriage, spouse, husband / wife

    contumelia, -ae, f.

    insulting language or behaviour; affront

    describo, -bere, -psi, -ptum

    to represent, draw, describe

    pensio, -onis, f.

    a payment (of money), instalment

    gubernaculum, -i, n.

    steering-oar; the helm of the ship of state

    defero, -rre, detuli, delatum

    deferre ad

    to carry, convey, bring; transfer

    to entrust (something) to, put into the hands of

    ubicumque (adv.)

    in whatever place, wherever;

    in any place whatever

    adhuc (adv.)

    up to the present time, as yet, so far

    tantum modo

    only, merely, only just

    ulciscor, -cisci, -tus

    to inflict retribution / take revenge on

    to take vengeance on behalf of, avenge

    nondum (adv.)

    not yet

    recipero, -are, -avi, -atum

    to recover, regain, get back; restore, revive

    adulescens, -ntis, m. / f.

    a youthful person, young man or woman

    paratus, -a, -um [ppl. of paro]

    ready to hand, available; prepared, ready

    cedo, -dere, -ssi, -ssum

    to withdraw, go away, retire, depart

    to give in, yield, submit

    otium, -(i)i, n.

    leisure, relaxation; idleness;

    a state of public tranquility or peace

    consulo, -ere, -ui, -tum

    to consult, take counsel about, decide upon

    (intr. w. dat.) to consult the interests of, take thought for, look after

    revoco, -are, -avi, -atum

    to call upon to return, summon back, recall

    salutaris, -is, -e

    salutary, wholesome, promoting life / health

    servitus, -utis, f.

    servitude, bondage, slavery

    intersum, -esse, -fui

    to lie between, intervene

    to constitute a difference, be different, differ

    to make a difference, be significant

    postremus, -a, -um

    last, final; most recent

    (of an evil) extreme, worst

    malum, -i, n.

    trouble, distress, pain, hardship;

    evil, wickedness; harm, damage

    repello, -ere, reppuli, repulsum

    to push or thrust away, drive back, repel

    to fend off, deter, spurn, reject

    § 114: Caesar’s Assassination: A Deed of Unprecedented Exemplarity

    Quod si se ipsos illi nostri liberatores e conspectu nostro abstulerunt, at exemplum facti reliquerunt. illi quod nemo fecerat fecerunt. Tarquinium Brutus bello est persecutus, qui tum rex fuit cum esse Romae licebat; Sp. Cassius, Sp. Maelius, M. Manlius propter suspicionem regni appetendi sunt necati: hi primum cum gladiis non in regnum appetentem, sed in regnantem impetum fecerunt. quod cum ipsum factum per se praeclarum est atque divinum, tum expositum ad imitandum est, praesertim cum illi eam gloriam consecuti sint quae vix caelo capi posse videatur. etsi enim satis in ipsa conscientia pulcherrimi facti fructus erat, tamen mortali immortalitatem non arbitror esse contemnendam.

    Study Questions:

    • Who was Tarquinius?
    • What case is Romae?
    • Who were Sp. Cassius, Sp. Maelius, and M. Manlius?
    • Explain the construction regni appetendi.
    • In the phrase in regnum appetentem does the preposition in govern the noun regnum or the participle appetentem?
    • What noun does the genitive phrase pulcherrimi facti depend on?
    • What word does the partitive genitive fructus depend on?

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • How does Cicero differentiate the recent from the distant past?
    • Consider Cicero’s use of the verb facere in this paragraph: exemplum facti — fecerat — fecerunt — (impetum) fecerunt — ipsum factum — (in ipsa conscientia) pulcherrimi facti. Why does he insist so much on ‘deed’ and ‘done’?
    • Why is mortali immortalitatem ‘an effective use of adnominatio’ (Ramsey)?

    Discussion Points:

    • In what ways is the murder of Caesar particularly glorious?
    • What does immortality consist of for Cicero in this paragraph?
    • How would you justify tyrannicide?

    conspectus, -us, m.

    sight, view; appearance, look

    aufero, -rre, abstuli, ablatum

    to carry or fetch away, remove, take away

    withdraw

    persequor, -qui, -cutus

    to follow persistently, pursue, press hard

    to seek requital or restitution for, seek out

    licet, -cere, -uit / -itum est

    it is permitted, one may

    (w. subjunctive) although

    propter (prep. + acc.)

    because of, for the purpose of, on account of

    suspicio, -onis, f.

    suspicion, mistrustful feeling;

    a faint indication, suggestion

    regnum, -i, n.

    kingship, tyranny; kingdom

    appeto, -ere, -ivi / -ii, -itum

    to try to reach, stretch out for; desire, seek

    neco, -are, -avi, -atum

    to put to death, kill

    impetus, -us, m.

    onset, thrust, attack; violent impulse, urge

    cum … tum…

    (here) not only, as well as

    praeclarus, -a, -um

    radiant, brilliant, magnificent, glorious

    divinus, -a, -um

    divine, godlike

    expono, -onere, -osui, -ositum

    exponere ad

    to expose; to put on show, display

    to expose to

    § 115: Looking for the Taste of (Genuine) Glory…

    Recordare igitur illum, M. Antoni, diem quo dictaturam sustulisti; pone ante oculos laetitiam senatus populique Romani, confer cum hac nundinatione tua tuorumque: tum intelleges, quantum inter lucrum et laudem intersit. sed nimirum, ut quidam morbo aliquo et sensus stupore suavitatem cibi non sentiunt, sic libidinosi, avari, facinerosi verae laudis gustatum non habent. sed si te laus adlicere ad recte faciendum non potest, ne metus quidem a foedissimis factis potest avocare? iudicia non metuis? si propter innocentiam, laudo; sin propter vim, non intellegis, qui isto modo iudicia non timeat, ei quid timendum sit?

    Study Questions:

    • Parse recordare.
    • Parse senatus.
    • What noun governs the genitive tuorum?
    • Parse intelleges.
    • Why is intersit in the subjunctive?
    • Parse quidam.
    • What kind of dative is ei?

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • Analyze the rhetorical craftsmanship of sed nimirum … non habent.
    • What is the effect of the asyndetic paratactic opening sequence (three imperatives — recordare, pone, confer — followed by tum intelleges)?

    Discussion Points:

    • What does vera laus consist in for Cicero?
    • What is a stronger motivation for ethical conduct: desire for praise or fear of punishment?

    recordor, -ari, -atus

    to call to mind, recollect

    laetitia, -ae, f.

    joy, gladness, pleasure; delight

    confero, -rre, contuli, collatum

    to bring, take, carry, convey

    to bring together; to compare

    nundinatio, -onis, f.

    the action of trading or trafficking

    quantum (adv.)

    how much; to what extent

    lucrum, -i, n.

    material gain, profit

    laus, -dis, f.

    praise, commendation; renown;

    praiseworthiness, excellence

    nimirum (particle)

    without doubt, evidently, presumably

    quidam, quaedam, quoddam

    a particular, a certain

    morbus, -i, m.

    disease, illness, sickness, infirmity

    sensus, -us, m.

    capacity to perceive by the senses; sensation

    feeling

    stupor, -oris, m.

    numbness, stupefaction, dullness

    suavitas, -atis, f.

    pleasantness, charm

    cibus, -i, m.

    food, nutriment

    libidinosus, -a, -um

    arbitrary, capricious; lustful, licentious

    avarus, -a, -um

    greedy, avaricious

    facinerosus, -a, -um

    criminal, wicked

    gustatus, -us, m.

    the act of tasting; the sense of taste

    adlicio, -icere, -exi, -ectum

    to entice, attract, lure; to attract to, win over

    foedus, -a, -um

    offensive, foul, loathsome;

    hideous, unclean, repugnant, monstrous

    shameful, disgraceful, vile

    avoco, -are, -avi, -atum

    to call / summon away, turn aside, avert

    to dissuade

    innocentia, -ae, f.

    freedom from guilt, innocence

    uprightness, blamelessness, integrity

    § 116: Caesar You Are Not!

    Quod si non metuis viros fortis egregiosque civis, quod a corpore tuo prohibentur armis, tui te, mihi crede, diutius non ferent. quae est autem vita dies et noctes timere a suis? nisi vero aut maioribus habes beneficiis obligatos quam ille quosdam habuit ex eis a quibus est interfectus, aut tu es ulla re cum eo comparandus. fuit in illo ingenium, ratio, memoria, litterae, cura, cogitatio, diligentia; res bello gesserat, quamvis rei publicae calamitosas, at tamen magnas. multos annos regnare meditatus, magno labore, magnis periculis quod cogitarat effecerat; muneribus, monumentis, congiariis, epulis multitudinem imperitam delenierat; suos praemiis, adversarios clementiae specie devinxerat. quid multa? attulerat iam liberae civitati partim metu, partim patientia consuetudinem serviendi.

    Study Questions:

    • Parse ferent.
    • Identify and explain the case of dies et noctes.
    • What kind of ablative is ulla re?
    • What kind of accusative is multos annos?
    • Parse cogitarat.

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • What is the rhetorical effect of Cicero’s penchant for asyndetic enumerations in this paragraph? (See esp. ingenium, ratio, memoria, litterae, cura, cogitatio, diligentia and muneribus, monumentis, congiariis, epulis, but also magno labore, magnis periculis and suos praemiis, adversarios clementiae specie.)
    • What are your thoughts on Cicero’s repeated use of the attribute magnus? (res … at tamen magnas, magno labore, magnis periculis)?
    • After concluding two sentences with the verb (effecerat; delenierat), why does Cicero depart from standard word order in the last sentence and lead with the verb (attulerat)?

    Discussion Points:

    • Does Cicero get his assessment of Caesar right?
    • What accounts for the rise of autocratic demagogues? Are they born or made?

    metuo, -ere, -i, metutum

    to regard with fear, be afraid of, to fear

    egregius, -ia, -ium

    outstanding, excellent, pre-eminent

    prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum

    to keep off, hold at bay; prevent, preclude

    timeo, -ere, -ui

    (intr.) to experience fear, be afraid

    (w. dat.) to be afraid (on behalf of)

    (w. ab, unde) to fear harm (from)

    beneficium, -(i)i, n.

    service, kindness; favour

    obligo, -are, -avi, -atum

    to tie up, secure, place under obligation

    interficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum

    to do away with, put to death, kill; destroy

    ingenium, -(i)i, n.

    natural disposition, temperament;

    inherent quality or character

    mental powers, natural abilities, talent

    ratio, -onis, f.

    the act of reckoning, calculation; reason

    littera, -ae, f.

    letter (of the alphabet)

    litterae (pl.)

    letter, missive, dispatch

    literary works, writings; literary activities

    scholarship, erudition, culture

    cura, -ae, f.

    anxiety, worry, care; serious attention, zeal

    the administration, charge, command (of)

    cogitatio, -onis, f.

    reflection, thought

    diligentia, -ae, f.

    carefulness, attentiveness, assiduity

    quamvis (adverb)

    to any degree you like; no matter how

    (w. subjunctive) however

    (w. indicative) although

    calamitosus, -a, -um

    wretched, unfortunate, ill-starred

    causing disaster, disastrous, calamitous

    meditor, -ari, -atus

    to think about constantly, contemplate

    munus, -eris, n.

    function, task; duty; gift, tribute, token

    monumentum, -i, n.

    statue, trophy, building; monument

    congiarium, -(i)i, n.

    a quantity (of wine, oil, money) distributed as a gift

    gratuity, largesse, donation

    epulum, -i, n.

    a public feast, banquet

    imperitus, -a, -um

    lacking experience, ignorant, untutored

    delenio, -ire, -ii, -itum

    to soothe down, mollify, cajole; bewitch

    clementia, -ae, f.

    clemency, leniency

    species, -ei, f.

    spectacle, sight; appearance, look, display

    assumed appearance, veneer

    (specie + gen.) under the specious cover / on the pretext of

    devincio, -cire, -xi, -ctum

    to tie fast, bind; subjugate; oblige

    affero, -rre, attuli, allatum

    to bring with one, deliver, fetch; add, confer

    (+ acc. and dat.) to bring (a condition) about (for / upon)

    partim … partim… (adv.)

    partly … partly…

    patientia, -ae, f.

    endurance, hardiness; forbearance, tolerance

    apathy, passivity

    consuetudo, -inis, f.

    usage, custom, habit, convention

    servio, -ire, -ivi / ii, -itum

    to serve, wait on, be the servant of

    to be subservient, be subject to servitude

    § 117: Once Burnt Lesson Learnt!

    Cum illo ego te dominandi cupiditate conferre possum, ceteris vero rebus nullo modo comparandus es. sed ex plurimis malis quae ab illo rei publicae sunt inusta hoc tamen boni est quod didicit iam populus Romanus quantum cuique crederet, quibus se committeret, a quibus caveret. haec non cogitas, neque intellegis satis esse viris fortibus didicisse quam sit re pulchrum, beneficio gratum, fama gloriosum tyrannum occidere? an, cum illum homines non tulerint, te ferent?

    Study Questions:

    • What kind of ablatives are cupiditate and ceteris … rebus?
    • What are the subject and the verb of the sentence starting sed ex plurimis malis…?
    • What kind of ablative is ab illo?
    • Parse inusta.
    • What does the genitive boni depend on?
    • Explain the syntax of satis.
    • What kind of ablatives are re, beneficio, and fama?
    • Parse ferent.

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • What do the stylistic devices on display here, such as alliteration or asyndetic tricola, contribute to the tone of the passage?

    Discussion Points:

    • Do you share Cicero’s view of tyrannicide?
    • ‘We don’t get fooled again’. This passage is often thought to be the nub of the whole speech. Does it read that way?

    dominor, -ari, -atus

    to exercise sovereignty, act as a despot, rule

    inuro, -rere, -ssi, -stum

    to burn, scorch; to make / imprint by burning

    to impress indelibly, brand on

    disco, -ere, didici

    to acquire knowledge of, learn, get to know

    credo, -ere, -idi, -itum

    to commit, entrust; trust, rely on

    to give credence to, believe

    committo, -ittere, -isi, -issum

    to bring together, join, connect; entrust to

    caveo, -ere, cavi, -tum

    to take precautions, be aware, take care

    (w. acc. or ab + abl.) to guard against, beware of

    pulcher, -chra, -chrum

    pleasing, beautiful; excellent, fine

    morally beautiful, honourable, noble

    beneficium, -(i)i, n.

    service, kindness; favour

    gratus, -a, -um

    grateful, thankful; welcome, popular

    gloriosus, -a, -um

    boastful, vainglorious; glorious, illustrious

    occîdo, -dere, -di, -sum

    to cause the death of, kill, slaughter

    § 118: Here I Stand. I Can Do Naught Else

    Certatim posthac, mihi crede, ad hoc opus curretur neque occasionis tarditas exspectabitur. respice, quaeso, aliquando rem publicam, M. Antoni; quibus ortus sis, non quibuscum vivas, considera. mecum, ut voles: redi cum re publica in gratiam. sed de te tu videris; ego de me ipse profitebor. defendi rem publicam adulescens, non deseram senex: contempsi Catilinae gladios, non pertimescam tuos. quin etiam corpus libenter obtulerim, si repraesentari morte mea libertas civitatis potest, ut aliquando dolor populi Romani pariat quod iam diu parturit!

    Study Questions:

    • What tense is curretur?
    • Why are ortus sis and vivas in the subjunctive?
    • Parse considera.
    • How are we to construe mecum?
    • Parse voles.
    • Parse redi.
    • Parse videris.
    • Parse defendi.
    • Parse obtulerim and explain the mood.

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • What is the rhetorical effect of the impersonal passive curretur?
    • How does Cicero pile pressure on Antony?

    Discussion Points:

    • What do you think of Cicero’s self-promotion, i.e. that he has led a life devoted to selfless service to the state?
    • Would you sacrifice your life for the welfare of the state?
    • What do you make of Cicero’s birth imagery?

    certatim (adv.)

    with rivalry, in competition, emulously

    posthac (adv.)

    from this time, from now on, hereafter

    occasio, -onis, f.

    convenient or favourable circumstances;

    the right or appropriate moment

    tarditas, -atis, f.

    slowness, delay

    exspecto, -are, -avi, -atum

    to wait for, await, expect

    respicio, -icere, -exi, -ectum

    to look round, look back;

    to turn one’s thoughts or attention to

    to take notice of, heed

    quaeso, -ere

    to ask for, pray for, request

    aliquando (adv.)

    at some time or other; sometimes

    (in commands) now at last

    orior, -iri, -tus

    to rise, emerge, arise;

    to come into existence, be born

    (of persons) to be born (of), be descended (from)

    gratia, -ae, f.

    in gratiam redire

    favour, goodwill, kindness, friendship

    to become reconciled

    profiteor, -iteri, -essus

    to state openly, declare, avow

    to promise, guarantee, lay claim to

    defendo, -dere, -di, -sum

    to ward off, fend off; defend, protect

    desero, -ere, -ui, -tum

    to forsake, leave, abandon; part company

    contemno, -nere, -psi, -ptum

    to regard with contempt, despise

    pertimesco, -escere, -ui

    to become very scared of

    quin etiam (adv.)

    yes, and…; and furthermore

    libenter (adv.)

    with pleasure, willingly, gladly

    offero, -rre, obtuli, oblatum

    to put in the path of, expose to;

    to present, provide, supply; offer

    repraesento, -are, -avi, -atum

    to give immediate effect to;

    to present to view, manifest

    to bring back into the present, revive

    pario, -ere, peperi, partum

    to give birth to, bear, produce, bring forth

    parturio, -ire, -ivi

    to be on the point of giving birth; be in labour

    to be pregnant with

    § 119: Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death!

    Etenim si abhinc annos prope viginti hoc ipso in templo negavi posse mortem immaturam esse consulari, quanto verius nunc negabo seni! mihi vero, patres conscripti, iam etiam optanda mors est, perfuncto rebus eis quas adeptus sum quasque gessi. duo modo haec opto, unum ut moriens populum Romanum liberum relinquam — hoc mihi maius ab dis immortalibus dari nihil potest — alterum ut ita cuique eveniat ut de re publica quisque mereatur.

    Study Questions:

    • What kind of accusative is annos … viginti?
    • Parse consulari and seni and explain how they fit into the syntax of the sentence.
    • What kind of ablative is quanto?
    • What kind of dative is mihi?
    • Parse perfuncto and explain how it fits into the sentence.
    • Identify and explain the case of hoc (mihi maius).

    Stylistic Appreciation:

    • Discuss the effect of the numerous reiterations of the same word (negavi / negabo; mortem immaturam / mors; optanda … est / opto; cuique / quisque) in the final paragraph.
    • Explore Cicero’s pregnant use of the letter ‘m’ in this paragraph (mortem immaturam; mihi [… optanda] mors [est]; moriens; mihi maius [ab dis] immortalibus). How does sound reinforce sense?

    Discussion Points:

    • Did Cicero reap what he sowed?
    • Should Antony have got the message?

    abhinc (adv.)

    back from the present, ago

    prope (adv.)

    near, nearby; close; almost

    viginti (indeclinable)

    twenty

    nego, -are, -avi, -atum

    to say (that  … not); deny

    immaturus, -a, -um

    unripe, immature; premature, untimely

    consularis, -is, -e

    of or proper to a consul

    (as noun) former consul, a man of consular rank

    vere (adv.)

    really, truly; correctly, truthfully

    senex, -is, m.

    an old man

    opto, -are, -avi, -atum

    to desire, pray for

    perfungor, -gi, -ctus

    to carry through / discharge one’s part

    (in perfect + abl.) to have finished one’s part, be done (with)

    adipiscor, -ipisci, -eptus

    to overtake, catch up with, arrive at, attain

    to obtain, acquire, achieve, win, secure

    gero, -rere, -ssi, -stum

    to bear, carry; perform; conduct

    modo (adv.)

    not more than, only, just

    evenio, -enire, -eni, -entum

    to come out, emerge

    (w. dative) to fall by lot, be allotted (to); happen to

    mereo, -ere, -ui, -itum

    mereri bene / male (de) (deponent)

    mereri (de)

    to earn, procure, gain; deserve

    to deserve well / ill of,

    to behave (towards)

    quisque, quaeque, quidque

    each

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