Chapter 19: The Rise of Nation-States

Section 1: Nation-States and Sovereignty
Section 2: Spain and Catholicism
Section 3: England and Parliamentary Monarchy
Section 4: France and Authoritarianism
Richelieu’s successful policies leading to the consolidation of royal power, centralization of the state, and strengthening of the international position of France paved the way for the authoritarian rule of Louis XIV.
Section 5: War of Spanish Succession
Section 6: The Modernization of Russia
The early years of Peter the Great were marked by power struggles among multiple heirs to the Russian tsardom as well as Peter’s European travels, which greatly inspired his modernizing reforms.