8.2: Set 1, with notes
- Page ID
- 89671
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)名字 叫 地方 美 吧
3+3 3+3 3+2 3+3 4+0 3+5 3+4
míng zì jiào dì fāng mĕi ba
name-character be named; place region beautiful BA
name be called; call [USA] consensus
國 英 過 氣 想 去 兩
3+8 4+5 3+9 4+6 4+9 2+3 2+6
国 英 过 气 两3+5 3+5 3+3 4+0 1+6
guó yīng guò qì xiǎng qù liǎng country hero pass air; spirit think; go 2 [+M]
[England; UK] ever feel like
[format above in table]
Notes
a) 名 contains the elements 夕 ‘evening’ (originally a drawing of the setting moon?) and the ‘mouth radical’ (口); for mnemonic purposes, think ‘moon, low in the sky at evening, so you need to call out your name to identify yourself’.
b) 字 zì ‘character’ contains 子 zĭ (‘child’) as phonetic; think ‘a pupil under a roof, studying characters’. (Míngzì means ‘the characters which form the name’.) Distinguish 字 from 子 zĭ and 了 le.
c) 叫 mouth plus ‘4’, so: ‘calling out ‘4’ on the golf course’.
d) 地 is a third character to show 也 as right-side element; cf. 她 and 他. The presence of 也in these characters seems to have resulted from orthographic confusion, and does not represent its use as a phonetic element. 地 exhibits the radical form of 土 tǔ ‘earth, called tǔzìpáng.
e) 美 is a compound made up of 羊 ‘sheep; goat’ (with its stem truncated) and 大 ‘big’, and the usual ordering of its strokes (with 大 beneath truncated 羊) reflects that fact. 美 obeys the ‘rule of 5’ if the top two strokes are made to count as a horizontal.
f) Like many of the other final particles (吗, 呢, 啊), 吧 is phonosemantic, with 巴bā as phonetic, and 口 as radical.
g) The inner part of 國, 或, is phonetic: huò. The simplified 国 (a Japanese innovation) has been formed with an entirely different inner constituent, 玉 yù (jade), which has neither a semantic nor a phonetic connection to the word guó.
h) 英 contains 央 yāng as phonetic; the radical is cǎozìtóu ‘grass character on top’, a combining form of the graph 艸. 美 měi ‘beautiful’ and 英 yīng ‘hero’ are selected for the country names of Měiguó and Yīngguó both for sound and for meaning. Students have observed the similarity of 英 to the shape of Britain (cǎozìtóu representing Scotland, etc.)
i) 過, with phonetic element shared by eg 鍋 guō (a word that comes into English through Cantonese as a ‘wok’, or ‘frying pan’), substitutes the non-phonetic (and semantically irrelevant but suitable simple) 寸 cùn ‘inch’ for the complicated 咼.
j) 氣 has 气 as radical; also found with eg the gaseous elements, such as 氫 qīng ‘hydrogen’, 氖 nǎi ‘neon’ etc. The internal element in 氣 is 米 mǐ ‘(husked) rice’, so the compound graph suggests ‘steam rising from cooking rice’. The simplified form simply omits the internal element. Contrast 气, with two upper strokes, and 吃, with only one; ‘the other’s been eaten.’
k) 想 contains the elements 相 as phonetic (seen also in 箱子 xiāngzi ‘trunk; box’) and 心 ‘heart’ as radical. 相, in turn, contains the basic components 木 ‘tree; wood’ and 目 ‘eye’, both pronounced mù. Think ‘sitting under a branch, eying the horizon, and contemplating the curvature of the earth’, hence ‘think; feel like’.
l) 去 looks like a yacht ‘skimming across the water, going from island to island’.
m) 兩/两 derives from a drawing of a balance (or pair of scales). The innards of the fántǐzì and jiǎntǐzì differ; the first has 入, which is also assigned as radical, but the second has 人, which is not the assigned radical; instead, the first stroke of the simplified character, the horizontal, is the assigned radical.
3.1.1 Phrases
名字 叫什么 地方 美国 美国人 走吧
míngzi jiào shénme dìfang Měiguó Měiguó rén zǒu ba
英国 很想去 两个 天气 去过 有名
Yīngguó hěn xiǎng qù liǎng ge tiānqì qùguo yǒumíng
好吧 没吃过 英国人 姓方的 看过 不对
hǎo ba méi chīguo Yīngguó rén xìng Fāng de kànguo bú duì
哪国人 那个地方 中英字典 天气好了 英文 姓名
něiguó rén nèi ge dìfang Zhōng-Yīng zìdiǎn tiānqì hǎo le Yīngwén xìngmíng
3.1.2 Short descriptions
1. 小白,女的,名字叫美文,中国人,去过美国;没去过英国,不过很想去。
2. 老高,男的,名字叫英明,美国人,去过中国,中文很好。
3. 周老师,男的,名字叫以天,中国人,昨天很紧张,现在好了。
4. 李四方,男的,中国来的,以前是小学的老师,现在是大学的。
5. 姓陈的,名字叫现中,英国的中国人,英文中文都很好;去
过美国,很想上美国的大学。
6. 美国的天气,现在有的地方冷,有的地方热;中国呢,一样,有的地方冷,有的 地方热。英国呢?
Exercise 1
Answer the questions given below, according to the information given in the chart:
第- 姓 名字 男/女 哪国人? 今天怎么样? 吃过饭了没有?
1 王 美月 女 中国人 很累 还没吃过饭呢
2 高 太白 男 中国人 很忙 已经吃过饭了
3 陈 贵儿 男 美国人 现在好了 还没吃过饭呢
4 周 班贵 女 美国人 很紧张 吃过了
5 张 林生 男 中国人 很饿 还没吃饭呢
6 毛 在中 女 英国人 不冷不热 吃过了
7 林 明月 女 美国人 还好,不累 吃了
Questions
1. 姓高的名字叫什么? 他是哪国人? 他今天怎么样? 他吃过饭了吗?
2. 第一个人姓什么,名字叫什么? 是女的吗? 是什么地方来的? 她今天怎么样? 她吃过饭了吗?
3. 陈贵儿是男的吧! 是哪儿的人? 他以前怎么样? 现在呢? 他吃过饭了没有?
4. 姓毛的名字叫什么? 在中是不是他的名字? 他是美国人吧。 你去过那个地方吗? 他今天怎么样? 他很饿吧!?
5. 第七个姓林,对吗? 那,她的名字是什么? 她是哪国人? 她吃过饭了吗? 她怎么样?
6. 那,第五个也姓林吗? 是女的吗? 是不是美国人? 他饿不饿? 他吃过了吗?
7. 是不是有三个女的四个男的? 有没有姓王的? 有姓马的吗?