4.12: Action Verbs and Associated Function Words
- Page ID
- 89629
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)| 吃 | 飯 | 已 | 經 | 課 | 班 |
| 3+3 | 8+4 | 3+0 | 6+7 | 7+8 | 4+6 |
| 饭 | 经 | 课 | |||
| 3+4 | 3+5 | 2+8 | |||
|
chī |
fàn |
yǐjing |
kè |
bān |
|
| eat | rice; food; meals | already | class; lesson | (a shift; a class) | |
| 上 | 下 | 沒 / 没 | 有 |
| 1+2 | 1+2 | 3+4 | 1+5 |
| shàng | xià | méi | yǒu |
| on; upper; go up | under; lower; go down | [not] | have |
a) 吃 is a compound of 口 kǒu ‘mouth’ and the element 乞, pronounced qǐ on its own. It suggests ‘mouth, teeth and tongue’. 饭/飯 is a compound of the food radical (whose independent form is 食) and phonetic 反 fǎn. Hint: ‘customer on the left with a cap on, with FOOD on the right behind a sneeze shield’. 课/課 contains the speech radical (言 in its independent form) and 果 guǒ (meaning ‘fruit’) as an imperfect phonetic element. Hint: ‘board on an easel in a classroom’.
b) Contrast 已 yǐ with 己 jǐ, 巳 sì, and 乙 yǐ.
c) The right hand side of the traditional graph, 經 , is said to derive from the drawing of a loom used to represent the root meaning of jīng, ie ‘warp [of a loom]’. From the movements and result of weaving, the word derives meanings such as ‘pass through’ or ‘regulate’ as well as ‘classic texts’ [cf. English ‘text’ and ‘textile’]. The etymological meaning of the compound 已經 is harder to see, but probably derives from a notion of ‘completing the task’.
d) 没 (whose traditional form, 沒, is only slightly different) has a version of the water radical on the left (three strokes in contrast to the two of 冷) and an element pronounce shū on the right (with 4 strokes). The graph is also used for the word mò ‘submerge’, which probably explains the presence of the water radical.
Phrases
a) Jiǎntǐzì ‘simplified set’
| 吃饭 | 吃了 | 还没 | 没有 | 你呢 |
| chīfàn | chī le | hái méi | méiyou | nĭ ne |
| 上课 | 已经 | 走了 | 下班 | 饭很好 |
| shàngkè | yĭjing | zŏu le | xiàbān | fàn hĕn hăo |
| 没有了 | 上课 | 没课 | 明天 | 很累 |
| méiyou le | shàngkè | méi kè | míngtiān | hĕn lèi |
| 上班 | 还没吃呢 | 已经吃了 | 走了没有 | 还没 |
| shàngbān | hái méi chī ne | yǐjing chī le | zǒu le méiyou | hái méi |
b) Fántǐzì ‘traditional set’:
| 熱了 | 上課 | 還好 | 吃飯 | 已經走了 |
| rè le | shàngkè | hái hǎo | chīfàn | yǐjing zǒu le |
| 明天沒課 | 不太餓 | 你們 | 不餓了 | 下課了 |
| míngtiān méi kè | bú tài è | nĭmen | bú è le | xiàkè le |
Reading
a) Jiǎntǐzì
| 甲 | 乙 | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
吃了吗？ 还没，我不饿。 |
吃了。你呢？ |
| 2 |
吃了没有？ 没有，我不饿。 |
还没，你呢？ 我也不饿，今天太热了。 |
| 3 |
你吃饭了吗？ 我已经吃了。 |
还没。你呢？ |
| 4 |
今天好不好？ 吃饭了吗？ 我也已经吃了。 |
还好。 吃饭了。你呢？ |
| 5 |
他们走了没有？ 哦，上课了。 |
已经走了，上课了。 |
| 6 |
他吃了没有？ 他不饿吗？ |
没有，太忙了。 不饿，还好。 |
| 7 |
他们已经上课了吗？ 哦，没吃饭呢。 |
还没，他们还没有吃饭呢。 没有。 |
| 8 |
明天有没有课？ 二号呢？ |
没有，明天十月一号。一号 没课。 二号有，三号也有。 |
b) Fántǐzì
| 甲 | 乙 |
|---|---|
| 我今天很累！ | 吃飯了嗎？ |
| 還沒呢，太忙了。 | 餓嗎？ |
| 很餓。你呢？ | 我不餓，已經吃了。 |
| 李白呢，他已經上課了嗎？ | 他今天很忙，沒有上課。 |
| 你熱嗎？ | 熱！？ 我不熱，昨天很熱 今天好了。 |
| 昨天很熱，今天也很熱。 | 今天還好，不熱。 |
Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks:
| 1 | 我___ 没吃饭呢，你呢？ / 我___ 经吃了。 |
| 2 | 今天很好，不___ 也不冷。/ ___ 天也很好。 |
| 3 | 昨天不___ 冷，还好。 / 昨天很好，可是今天热___。 |
| 4 | 我姓林，她___ 姓林。 / 是吗？你们姓林？我也___ 林。 |
| 5 | 我昨天很忙，今天也很___ 。 / 明天___ ？ |
| 6 | 吃___ 了没有？ / 吃___ 。 |
Notes
可是 kěshì ‘but’
是 shì ‘be the case’